采珠后三角帆蚌肉和外套膜的营养成分分析

三角帆蚌为一种中国特有的河蚌资源,常用于珍珠的人工培育。经它育成的珍珠产量高、质量好,但珍珠采收后,其壳、肉和外套膜均被视作废弃物而丢弃。为了有效利用三角帆蚌采珠后的废弃物,本论文对三角帆蚌肉和外套膜的营养成分进行了分析。结果表明,三角帆蚌肉和外套膜中含有丰富的蛋白质(蚌肉：54．07％;外套膜：45．74％)、糖类(蚌肉：35．85％;外套膜：45．56％)以及矿物质元素,特别是钙(蚌肉：168．60mg/100g;外套膜：406．59mg/100g)。在三角帆蚌肉和外套膜的含氮成分中,97％以上为蛋白氮,其中大部分为水溶性和碱溶性蛋白,蚌肉中二者的总和占全氯量的90．59％。外套膜达65．23％。就氨基酸组成而言,三角帆蚌肉的营养价值高于大豆蛋白,而外套膜因含有大量的胶原蛋白(40．07％),其营养价值低于大豆蛋白。除此之外,三角帆蚌肉和外套膜的脂肪中还含有较高比例的不饱和脂肪酸(蚌肉：72．71％;外套膜：77．73％),比一般淡水鱼的62．23％高10％以上。可见,三角帆蚌肉和外套膜均具有一定的开发利用价值。      

采珠后河蚌副产物的营养成分分析及评价

对采珠后河蚌的副产物—蚌肉、外套膜和蚌泪(蚌内体液)进行了成分分析,并对其营养价值进行综合评定。结果表明,新鲜蚌肉、外套膜和蚌泪的含水量分别为76.92%、82.44%和89.31%。干基表示其余指标,蚌肉、外套膜和蚌泪中粗蛋白含量分别为51.07%、47.72%和43.84%;灰分含量7.19%、15.01%和4.34%;粗脂肪含量分别为7.45%、6.37%和4.57%;总糖26.65%、22.9%和42.46%。蚌肉、外套膜和蚌泪中氨基酸总量分别41.54%、37.61%和32.56%,其中必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的44.43%、42.75和45.02%,接近FAO/WHO推荐的最佳模式;矿质元素如Ca、P、Fe、Mg等含量丰富,蚌肉中铅、汞、铬、砷等几种重金属含量远低于食品卫生标准限量;不饱和脂肪酸含量较高,分别占脂肪酸总量的64.05%、70.39%和57.49%。河蚌浑身是宝,是一种低价、优质的可用资源。      

三角帆蚌多糖的超声波辅助提取及体外抗菌活性

运用超声波辅助热水浸提、乙醇沉淀、Sevag法脱蛋白的方法提取三角帆蚌多糖。在单因素实验基础上,运用响应面法中的Box-Behnken设计对三角帆蚌多糖的超声辅助提取参数进行优化。牛津杯-抑菌圈法测量三角帆蚌多糖的体外抗菌活性。结果表明:超声波辅助提取三角帆蚌多糖的最优提取条件为超声功率600W、超声提取温度50℃、超声提取时间48min、水料比12mL/g。使用此操作条件,多糖的得率为4.61%。当质量浓度小于40mg/mL时,三角帆蚌多糖对大肠杆菌、藤黄微球菌无抑制作用;质量浓度大于10mg/mL时,对蜡样芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌均有抑制作用,并且呈现出剂量-效应关系。三角帆蚌多糖对3种细菌抑制作用的强弱顺序是:金黄色葡萄球菌>蜡样芽孢杆菌>枯草芽孢杆菌。      

三角帆蚌肉和外套膜中可溶性蛋白的回收与性质比较

以采珠后的三角帆蚌肉和外套膜为原料,分别采用纯水和5％的NaCl溶液对其中的水溶性和盐溶性蛋白（合称为可溶性蛋白）进行提取,并对所获得蛋白质的一些性质进行比较研究。实验结果表明,运用1：10（m／V）纯水提lh（沉淀再重复提取1次1和1：10（m／V）5％NaCl提取24h所得的可溶性蛋白回收率均达到65％以上,SDS．PAGE电泳显示,三角帆蚌外套膜和蚌肉的水溶性蛋白较一致,而两者的盐溶性蛋白则不同,差异表现在：外套膜的盐溶性蛋白在82~97kD有4条带,而蚌肉的盐溶性蛋白质只在97kD处有一条带。氨基酸分析结果表明,所提取的可溶性蛋白必需氨基酸含量较高,均达46％以上,外套膜可溶性蛋白的呈味氨基酸（Glu和Asp）占氨基酸总量的28％以上,蚌肉的高达35％以上。     

三角帆蚌多糖的提取及其抗氧化功能研究

通过对三角帆蚌肉进行营养成分分析,测得其总糖含量为11.32%,占干基含量的45.26%。采用水煮醇沉工艺提取粗多糖,然后对MCP、MCP-1和MCP-2进行抗氧化活性试验,三者在DPPH体系和烷基自由基引发的亚油酸氧化体系中具有明显的清除自由基能力,在羟基自由基体系和超氧阴离子自由基体系中则呈现负清除能力,其中MCP-2要优于MCP-1,因此选用酶解法除蛋白。经透析工序后得到三角帆蚌多糖MPa,测得其抗氧化活性强于MCP、MCP-1和MCP-2。     

蒽酮-硫酸比色法测定三角帆蚌软体组织多糖含量

目的 测定三角帆蚌动物多糖的含量,为三角帆蚌质量控制及资源开发提供科学依据.方法 以葡萄糖为对照品,采用硫酸-蒽酮比色法测定三角帆蚌多糖的含量.结果 在580 nm波长处有最大吸收峰,葡萄糖在0.02～0.10 mg/mL范围内线性关系良好,r=0.9997,回收率100.02％,RSD为0.29％.结论 该方法快速准确重现性好,可用于三角帆蚌多糖的含量测定.     

三角帆蚌糖蛋白的盐溶液浸提及抗氧化活性

以三角帆蚌脏器为试验材料,以Na Cl溶液为提取溶剂,研究三角帆蚌脏器糖蛋白的低温提取、分离及抗氧化活性。通过单因素试验和正交试验,确定三角帆蚌脏器糖蛋白最优提取条件为:提取温度4℃、Na Cl溶液浓度0.3 mol/L、料液比1∶15、提取时间9 h。在此条件下,糖蛋白得率(以糖含量计)为(9.259±0.083)%,糖蛋白得率(以蛋白质含量计)为(3.763±0.107)%。提取液经硫酸铵分级沉淀得三个组分糖蛋白粗品。体外抗氧化实验表明,三个组分都具有清除超氧阴离子自由基和羟基自由基的能力,但清除能力不同。10%SDS-PAGE电泳后经考马斯亮蓝R250和PAS染色,表明3个组分含有不同的糖蛋白谱带。     

岭南特色水果副产物中活性成分的提取技术及综合利用研究进展

岭南特色水果副产物富含膳食纤维、果胶、多酚、功能性油脂、色素和精油等活性物质,对这些活性成分进行提取和利用,可变废为宝,提高原料的利用率和附加值。该研究综述了岭南特色水果副产物中活性成分的提取技术包括微波提取、超声波提取、酶法提取、脉冲电场提取、高压静电场提取、射频提取、超临界萃取和多技术协同提取;另外讨论了将这些活性成分作为功能性配料综合利用于健康食品、抗菌保鲜、生物材料、化妆品领域,以期为水果副产物中功效成分的挖掘和利用提供参考。     

三氮唑合铬(Ⅲ)配合物应激下三角帆蚌生化指标及营养组分的变化

本文以1,2,3-三氮唑-4,5-二羧酸为配体诱导合成了一种新型细胞小片处理剂—三氮唑合铬配合物,并对其结构进行了表征分析。采用体外模拟应激方式,探讨了三氮唑合铬配合物对三角帆蚌生化指标和营养组分的影响情况。结果表明:三氮唑铬配合物在浓度2.5 μg/g和10 μg/g时可以促进三角帆蚌蛋白质合成,在浓度40 μg/g时可以促进蛋白质代谢和增强碱性磷酸酶活性;三氮唑合铬配合物应激后,三角帆蚌体内的牛磺酸和不饱和脂肪酸相对含量显著提高(p<0.05);而且血清生化指标、氨基酸组分、脂肪酸组分之间分别存在一定相关性。由此表明,三氮唑合铬配合物能够促进三角帆蚌伤口愈合,促进珍珠质分泌,有助于珍珠的形成,同时能提高其免疫活性,从而提高珍珠的产量和质量。     

岭南特色水果副产物中活性成分的提取技术及综合利用研究进展

岭南特色水果副产物富含膳食纤维、果胶、多酚、功能性油脂、色素和精油等活性物质,对这些活性成分进行提取和利用,可变废为宝,提高原料的利用率和附加值。该研究综述了岭南特色水果副产物中活性成分的提取技术包括微波提取、超声波提取、酶法提取、脉冲电场提取、高压静电场提取、射频提取、超临界萃取和多技术协同提取;另外讨论了将这些活性成分作为功能性配料综合利用于健康食品、抗菌保鲜、生物材料、化妆品领域,以期为水果副产物中功效成分的挖掘和利用提供参考。     

Olive by-products for functional and food applications: Challenging opportunities to face environmental constraints

This comprehensive review points out the major developments on the recovery of bioactive compounds of olive by-products, intending innovative food applications and enhanced technological functions. Nutritional and sensorial factors influencing consumers' acceptance are also discussed. Besides being an economic burden for producers, olive oil by-products also represent a severe environmental problem. Simultaneously, these are rich in bioactive compounds, which are remarkable added-value ingredients for other industries. New applications have been focused in ameliorating the food nutritional profile, replacing or improving technological properties/functions of food additives, and extending food products shelf life. Eco-friendly food packaging is also a promissory application field. The improvement of nutritional functionality and sensory quality of enriched food is another challenging task. Despite the large chemical characterization of olive products and olive oil processing by-products, further research is still needed to fully understand the potential of this valuable raw material.Industrial relevanceHigh added-value ingredients can be obtained by recovering bioactive compounds from olive by-products. Those can be used by food industry to improve food product nutritional profile and/or with a technological functionality. This review presents food applications developed with ingredients and bioactive compounds derived from olive processing by-products. It aims to be useful for food industries and other agro-industrial stakeholders in order to encourage and expand the utilization of olive by-products in the development of innovative food products.     

Bioactive peptides generated from meat industry by-products

There is a large generation of meat by-products, not only from slaughtering but also in the meat industry from trimming and deboning during further processing. This results in extraordinary volumes of by-products that are primarily used as feeds with low returns or, more recently, to biodiesel generation. The aim of this work was to review the state of the art to generate bioactive peptides from meat industry by-products giving them an added value. Hydrolysis with commercial proteases constitutes the typical process and a variety of peptides result from such extensive proteolysis. This review focuses on the potential of meat by-products for the generation of bioactive peptides through enzymatic hydrolysis. The potential of some of the identified peptides to be used as bioactive supplements in foods has also been considered.     

紫贻贝足丝蛋白与活性肽的开发应用研究进展

我国是世界上最大的贻贝生产国,养殖面积高达3.5万公顷,年产量超过90万t。紫贻贝味道鲜美,营养丰富,干基中蛋白含量高达60%,是一种优质的海洋蛋白质资源,可作为生物功能蛋白和活性肽等生物活性物质资源的重要来源。国内紫贻贝主要以鲜销为主,腐蚀性高、销量少、效益低,提高紫贻贝的高值化利用是目前亟需解决的主要问题。研发紫贻贝蛋白资源利用的新途径,既可以开发紫贻贝的潜在市场,扩大紫贻贝的应用领域,又能带来显著的经济效益。紫贻贝蛋白的研究主要集中在贻贝足丝蛋白和活性肽2个方面,本文系统收集国内外相关研究报道,对其研究与应用现状进行综述,旨在为紫贻贝足丝蛋白及其活性肽相关生物制品、功能性食品等产品的进一步研发提供参考。     

养殖珍珠质量影响因素分析

通过对珍珠的表面和内部结构特征的观察,对产出珍珠的蚌的大小、体色、健康状况、产珠部位与珍珠的质量（光泽、颜色、形状、大小等）的关系进行了统计分析,认为珍珠的质量主要由珍珠的成分和结构决定。蚌或贝的种类、生长条件、养殖技术以及养殖厂的管理技术水平对珍珠的质量也有一定的影响。     

鹿源生物活性肽的研究进展

生物活性肽在食品和医药领域的广泛应用为鹿产品的深加工提供了新思路、新挑战,如何从鹿茸及鹿副产品中提取分离纯化出具有生物活性的鹿源活性肽并转化为具有高附加值的产品已成为当前亟须解决的问题。该文综述了鹿源生物活性肽的制备分离、纯化及鉴定等研究方法,阐述了鹿源生物活性肽的抗氧化、增强免疫调节、抗炎、抗菌、抗癌、降低高血压、治疗骨质疏松等多种功能活性的研究进展,最后对目前鹿源生物活性肽研究中发现的问题进行总结并提出展望,旨在为鹿源生物活性肽的功能活性研究和产品开发提供参考。     

Recent development on recovering bioactive peptides and phenolic compounds from under-utilised by-products during production of certain edible oil plants: current situation and future perspectives

During the edible oil production process, massive amounts of by-products are generated each year that are not efficiently utilised, posing economic and environmental challenges. Under-utilised products derived from valuable oil-plants such as oil-extracted wheat germ, oil-extracted moringa seed, oil-extracted walnut and flaxseed meal will be increased, and new integration concepts will be required as soon as possible. These underutilised products can be rich sources of phenolic compounds and bioactive peptides with appropriate health-promoting properties such as anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antibacterial properties, according to this review. The recovery of bioactive compounds from these by-products can go a long way toward ensuring a sustainable food supply. Current challenges and requirements for recovering bioactive peptides and phenolic compounds from underutilised products derived from valuable oil-plants as well as the relationship between their biological activity and structure are discussed in this study.     

鱼类下脚料在工业中应用的研究进展

水产品加工业每年产生大量的下脚料,但下脚料的有效利用率很低,随意丢弃这些下脚料既会对环境造成危害也会使资源大量浪费。所以从这些下脚料中提取具有生物活性的功能性成分不仅可以减少污染而且可以再生产出高附加值的产品应用到整个工业领域。本文综述了鱼加工下脚料研究现状,尤其是其工业应用,希望能对鱼加工下脚料的高效开发利用提供有益借鉴。      

Broccoli-Derived By-Products—A Promising Source of Bioactive Ingredients

ABSTRACT: The regular dietary intake of broccoli on a weekly basis has been related to better health, but industrial use of broccoli by-products (crop remains) is negligible. Adding value to broccoli by-products in a country such as Spain, one of the main broccoli producers for the EU, is of scientific and economic interest. The present article is focused on the bioactive compounds (glucosinolates, phenolic acids, and flavonoids) and nutrients (vitamin C, minerals, and trace elements), as well as the in vitro radical-scavenging capacity (DPPH· test), of the broccoli products (harvest remains) resulting from greenhouse cultivation using 80 mM NaCl treatment, representative of the currently available irrigation water in the production areas of Murcia (SE Spain). The bioactive compounds and nutrient contents varied according to the cultivar, organ (leaves or stalks), and the saline stress (80 mM NaCl), in the cultivars Marathon, Nubia, and Viola. Cultivar Nubia was not affected dramatically by 80 mM NaCl and the contents of phytochemicals and nutrients in the by-products of Nubia fell within the range of health-promoting levels of edible commercial parts (inflorescences or flower heads). Therefore, adding value to broccoli agrowaste by obtaining bioactive ingredients and nutrients could benefit the food and drug industry. Practical Application: Many by-products of the agrifood industry may be useful as sources of nutrients and potentially functional ingredients, giving the opportunity to obtain added-value products. Previous studies have been focused on edible florets, but in this case we are interested in adding value to broccoli by-products that represent a real problem in the production sites because no intended use for this material has been envisaged. Therefore, the aim of this study was to add value to the broccoli-derived by-products, since recycling all this agrowaste to obtain bioactive ingredients for industry can boost profits and reduce costs and environmental problems.     

玉米多酚提取工艺及其生物活性研究进展

玉米多酚是从玉米生产或加工的副产品中提取的一种生物活性成分,具有抗氧化和抑菌活性,在功能食品、保健品以及医药等领域具有潜在的应用价值,以近年来国内发表的文献为依据,总结概述了玉米多酚的提取工艺及其生物活性研究进展,并指出存在问题,展望其研究方向,为玉米多酚的深入研究及开发利用提供了参考依据.     

Fruit Wastes Fermentation for Phenolic Antioxidants Production and Their Application in Manufacture of Edible Coatings and Films

Agro-industrial by-products are important sources of potent bioactive phenolic compounds. These compounds are of extreme relevance for food and pharmacological industries due to their great variety of biological activities. Fermentation represents an environmentally clean technology for production and extraction of these bioactive compounds, providing high quality and high activity extracts, which can be incorporated in foods using coatings/films wax-based in order to avoid alterations in their quality. In this document is presented an overview about importance and benefits of solid-state fermentation, pointing out this bioprocess as an alternative technology for use agro-industrial by-products as substrates to produce valuable secondary metabolites and their applications as food quality conservatives.