连花清瘟胶囊对急性肺损伤小鼠炎症因子的影响

目的探讨连花清瘟胶囊对脂多糖诱导的急性肺损伤小鼠炎症因子的影响。方法 60只昆明小鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型组、地塞米松组、连花清瘟高(8.04 g生药/kg)、中(4.02 g生药/kg)、低剂量组(2.01 g生药/kg),除正常对照组外,均气管滴注细菌脂多糖(LPS)5 mg/kg进行造模,造模后24 h取血,流式细胞术检测全血肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白介素1β(IL-1β)、白介素8(IL-8)表达;取肺组织,Western blot法检测肺组织磷酸化p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p-p38 MAPK)蛋白表达。结果与模型组相比,连花清瘟高、中剂量组TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-8的表达水平显著降低(P0.05);连花清瘟高剂量组p-p38 MAPK蛋白表达显著下调(P0.05)。结论连花清瘟胶囊对LPS诱导的小鼠急性肺损伤有一定的保护作用,其机制可能与调控p38 MAPK通路,抑制炎症因子释放有关。     

骆驼蓬多糖以自噬途径免疫调节炎症细胞模型

目的：以骆驼蓬多糖干预小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞RAW264.7炎症反应模型,探讨骆驼蓬多糖调节炎症反应的生物活性及意义。方法：利用稳定表达GFP-LC3的NRK细胞,用不同浓度的骆驼蓬多糖干预,诱导细胞自噬,用激光共聚焦显微镜进行观察自噬体,筛选出骆驼蓬多糖诱导细胞自噬的最佳干预浓度和时间范围;利用RAW264.7细胞,以1μg/mL脂多糖构建炎症反应细胞模型;参照骆驼蓬多糖诱导细胞自噬的最佳浓度和时间进行干预,以CCK-8试验检测细胞活性,选择Hoechst和PI双重染色方法观察细胞凋亡,用ELISA试剂检测炎症因子IL-1β和TNF-α的分泌量。结果：骆驼蓬多糖对NRK细胞诱导自噬的最佳时间为12h,浓度为50μg/mL-100μg/mL范围。骆驼蓬多糖干预LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞炎症模型后,抑制细胞增殖活性,诱导细胞凋亡,呈剂量依赖性,细胞培养液中,TNF-a和IL-1β分泌量降低,与模型组有显著差异(p<0.05)。结论：骆驼蓬多糖能抑制LPS刺激诱导的巨噬细胞增殖,诱导细胞自噬和凋亡,能抑制LPS诱导的炎症因子。     

骆驼蓬多糖调节细胞自噬及巨噬细胞炎症反应的活性研究

目的探讨骆驼蓬多糖调节细胞自噬及巨噬细胞炎症反应的活性。方法用不同浓度的骆驼蓬多糖干预,诱导NRK细胞自噬,用激光共聚焦显微镜观察自噬体,筛选出骆驼蓬多糖诱导细胞自噬的最佳干预浓度和时间范围;利用RAW264.7细胞,以1μg/mL脂多糖(lipopolysaccharides, LPS)建立体外细胞炎症模型;在骆驼蓬多糖诱导细胞自噬的最佳浓度和时间下进行干预,以CCK-8试验检测细胞活性,用Hoechst和PI双重染色方法观察细胞凋亡,用ELISA试剂盒检测炎症因子IL-1β和IL-6的分泌量。结果骆驼蓬多糖对NRK细胞诱导自噬的最佳时间为12 h,浓度范围为50～100μg/mL。骆驼蓬多糖干预LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞炎症模型后,对细胞活力均无明显影响,诱导细胞凋亡,呈剂量依赖性,细胞培养液中IL-6和IL-1β分泌量降低,与模型组有显著差异(P(27)0.05)。结论骆驼蓬多糖能抑制LPS刺激诱导的炎症因子的释放,诱导细胞自噬和凋亡,在50～100μg/mL范围内对巨噬细胞RAW264.7具有良好的免疫调节作用。     

大蒜素对脂多糖诱导腹腔巨噬细胞炎症反应的抑制作用及机制

目的:探讨大蒜素对脂多糖(LPS)诱导小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞炎症反应的抑制作用及机制。方法:建立LPS诱导小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞炎症反应细胞模型,并用地塞米松和不同浓度大蒜素处理,MTT法检测细胞活力,中性红吞噬实验检测吞噬能力,Griess法检测一氧化氮(NO)及ELISA法检测COX-2酶活性和IL-6的分泌,qPCR检测环氧合酶2(COX-2)、一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)和IL-6的mRNA表达水平,Western Blot检测COX-2、iNOS和IL-6的蛋白表达以及核转录因子NF-κB p65及其磷酸化产物的相对表达。结果:大蒜素浓度在40~160 μg/mL范围内对腹腔巨噬细胞均无细胞毒性;与LPS组比较,大蒜素处理组能促进腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬能力,能显著(P<0.05)抑制炎症因子COX-2酶活性、NO和IL-6的分泌,能显著(P<0.05)抑制基因COX-2、iNOS和IL-6 mRNA和蛋白的相对表达,并极显著(P<0.01)抑制NF-κB p65信号通路的磷酸化。结论:大蒜素能显著抑制LPS诱导的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的炎症反应,其机制可能与抑制NF-κB信号通路激活有关。     

羊栖菜多酚通过核转录因子-κB/丝裂原活化蛋白激酶通路缓解脂多糖诱导的RAW264.7细胞炎症反应

目的：研究羊栖菜多酚对脂多糖（lipopolysaccharide,LPS）诱导小鼠单核巨噬细胞白血病细胞RAW264.7细胞炎症反应的影响。方法：噻唑蓝法测定细胞活力;Griess法测定一氧化氮（NO）水平;实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应测定白细胞介素（interleukin,IL）-6、IL-1β、肿瘤坏死因子（tumor necrosis factor,TNF）-α、环氧合酶2（cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2）和诱导型一氧化氮合酶（inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS）的基因相对表达量;流式细胞术测定细胞吞噬能力;蛋白免疫印迹法测定信号通路丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（mitogen-activated protein kinases,MAPKs）和核转录因子（nuclear factor,NF）-κB信号通路关键蛋白表达水平。结果：羊栖菜多酚对RAW264.7细胞的安全质量浓度范围为0～160 μg/mL。与LPS组相比,羊栖菜多酚剂量依赖性降低巨噬细胞吞噬能力并抑制NO的生成。同时,羊栖菜多酚下调促炎细胞因子（IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α）和炎症诱导酶（iNOS、COX-2）的mRNA水平,且作用效果与给药剂量及LPS刺激时间相关。这些炎性介质的表达与羊栖菜多酚抑制p38 MAPK和NF-κB p65的激活有关。结论：羊栖菜多酚可通过减弱p38 MAPK和NF-κB p65信号通路的激活水平,抑制下游炎症介质的转录表达,从而缓解LPS诱导的巨噬细胞炎症反应。     

儿茶素对巨噬-脂肪细胞共培养体系中细胞因子基因表达及AMPK/SIRT1磷酸化水平的影响

基于巨噬-脂肪细胞共培养体系研究儿茶素对细胞炎性因子、炎性酶基因表达及AMPK、SIRT1磷酸化水平的影响,初步阐明儿茶素的抗炎作用机制。儿茶素的添加质量浓度为0,50,100μg/mL,采用定量PCR方法检测细胞炎性因子及炎性酶基因的表达水平,采用Western blotting方法检测AMPK及SIRT1的磷酸化水平。结果表明,各处理组中,儿茶素明显抑制促炎性因子(IL-1、IL-6和IL-12)及炎性酶(iNOS和COX-2)基因的表达,促进抗炎性因子(IL-4和IL-10)基因的表达,并且提高AMPK和SIRT1的磷酸化水平,AMPK和SIRT1两者之间呈协同作用。共培养体系中巨噬细胞TNF-α的分泌可诱导脂肪细胞的分化与成熟,儿茶素通过AMPK/SIRT1信号途径调节细胞炎性因子基因的表达实现其抗炎作用。     

蜂胶乙醇提取物对小鼠主动脉内皮细胞损伤的保护作用

目的:探究蜂胶乙醇提取物（ethanol extracts of propolis,EEP）对脂多糖（lipopolysaccharide,LPS）诱导的小鼠主动脉内皮细胞（mouse aortic endothelial cell,MAEC）炎症因子损伤的保护作用。方法:将细胞分为对照组,LPS模型组,蜂胶低（2.5 μg/mL）、中（5 μg/mL）、高（10 μg/mL）剂量组。采用CCK-8检测MAEC的细胞增殖率,ELISA酶联免疫吸附实验测定MAEC炎症细胞中TNF-α、IL-6的含量,Western Blot法测定MAEC炎症细胞中ICAM-1、VCAM-1、MCP-1的表达水平。结果:与对照组相比,LPS组MAEC的细胞增殖率极其显著降低（P<0.001）,ICAM-1、VCAM-1、MCP-1、TNF-α以及IL-6的水平极其显著升高（P<0.001）。经不同浓度EEP处理后,MAEC的细胞增殖率显著上升（P<0.05或P<0.01）,TNF-α、IL-6的含量以及ICAM-1、VCAM-1、MCP-1表达水平降低,各蜂胶组与LPS组相比均有显著性差异（P<0.01或P<0.001）。结论:EEP能够抑制LPS诱导的MAEC中炎症因子的表达,对血管内皮细胞具有保护作用。     

多穗柯三叶苷对脂多糖诱导小鼠炎症反应的保护作用

探讨多穗柯三叶苷对脂多糖（lipopolysaccharide,LPS）诱导的小鼠炎症反应的抗炎症作用。以3、30、300 mg/（kg·d）3 个剂量组的多穗柯三叶苷灌胃小鼠3 d后,腹腔注射0.1 mg/kg LPS,观察三叶苷预处理对LPS诱导的炎症因子表达的影响。酶联免疫反应测定小鼠血清中炎症因子肿瘤坏死因子（tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α）和白细胞介素-6（interleukin-6,IL-6）的含量,实时定量聚合酶链式反应法检测肝组织中TNF-α和IL-6的mRNA水平,免疫组织化学染色检测小鼠肝组织中TNF-α和IL-6蛋白水平。结果表明,3 mg/（kg·d）三叶苷剂量组可显著抑制LPS诱导的小鼠血清中TNF-α和IL-6的分泌,降低肝组织中TNF-α和IL-6的表达水平。多穗柯三叶苷对小鼠的炎症反应具有一定的保护作用。     

辣木油脂对多糖诱导小鼠肠道炎症的改善作用

探讨辣木油干预对LPS诱导雄性ICR小鼠肠道炎症的改善作用及机制。采用脂多糖（LPS,3.5 mg/kg）腹腔注射建立小鼠肠道炎症模型后,连续7 d给予辣木油灌服,玉米油为对照。观察小鼠体重、结肠组织变化情况。酶联免疫吸附测定法（ELISA）分别测定血清及结肠中细胞因子[IL-1β,IL-6,IL-18,肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）]水平。qRT-PCR法检测结肠内NOD样受体蛋白3(Nlrp3),凋亡相关斑点样蛋白（Asc）,半胱氨酸蛋白酶-1（caspase-1）和白介素（Interleukin, IL）-1β的mRNA水平。辣木油显著抑制LPS造成的小鼠体重下降,降低小鼠结肠重量与长度比（p<0.05）。辣木油干预同时也显著降低模型小鼠血清炎性因子（IL-1β：175.44 ng/L,IL-6：82.12 ng/L,IL-18：82.91 ng/L和TNF-α：51.75 ng/L）和结肠中（IL-1β：184.12 ng/L,IL-6：58.19 ng/L,IL-18：52.32 ng/L和TNF-α：81.31 ng/L）水平,且能够显著降低模型小鼠结肠中髓过氧化物酶（MPO）水平至86.32 ng/L（vs 损伤组：113.59 ng/L,p<0.05）。与损伤组相比,辣木油分别抑制Nlrp3（39.31%）,Asc（42.81%）,caspase-1（35.59%）和IL-1β（28.62%）的mRNA表达。结论提示,辣木油具有改善LPS所致小鼠肠道炎症的效果。而这一机制可能与辣木油能够抑制结肠组织内NLRP3小体的过度活化有关。     

紫甘蓝总花色苷提取物抑制脂多糖诱导RAW264.7细胞的炎症反应

探讨紫甘蓝总花色苷提取物对脂多糖(LPS,1μg/mL)诱导RAW264.7细胞炎症反应的影响。以不同质量浓度(1μg/mL、10μg/mL、50μg/mL)的紫甘蓝总花色苷提取物处理RAW264.7细胞后,试剂盒法分别检测一氧化氮(NO)和前列腺素E2(PGE_2)的分泌水平。酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、IL-6和IL-8分泌水平。实时定量PCR(Quantitative real-time PCR,qRT-PCR)检测细胞中诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)、环氧合酶-2(COX-2)、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-8的m RNA表达水平。结果显示,紫甘蓝总花色苷提取物能有效下调iNOS与COX-2的m RNA表达,抑制NO和PGE_2的释放。特别地,高浓度的紫甘蓝总花色苷提取物(50μg/mL)能显著地抑制LPS所诱发的iNOS(65.80%)与COX-2(48.28%)的m RNA表达,降低NO(58.81%)和PGE_2(46.26%)的释放水平。同时,紫甘蓝总花色苷提取物还能显著下调TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-8的m RNA表达水平,并抑制TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-8的分泌。结果表明,紫甘蓝总花色苷提取物具有较强的抗炎活性,能够抑制LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞所发生的炎症反应。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the