黄原胶对莲藕淀粉糊化性质及流变与质构特性的影响

为探究亲水性胶体对淀粉性质的影响,将不同比例的黄原胶添加到莲藕淀粉中,研究两者复配后莲藕淀粉的糊化、流变、质构特性及微观结构的变化。结果表明：黄原胶提高了淀粉糊终值黏度、糊化峰值时间并降低淀粉的崩解值和回生值,复配体系有更好的热稳定性和抗老化性。添加不同比例的黄原胶使莲藕淀粉糊的剪切应力不同程度降低,稠度系数K增大,流体指数n降低,加入黄原胶后的淀粉糊仍为假塑性流体,但是具有更好的增稠作用;加入黄原胶提高了淀粉的贮能模量、损耗模量,降低了损耗角正切值tanδ,体系的黏弹性和稳定性增强,其中莲藕淀粉与黄原胶配比为8.0∶2.0（g/g）的复配体系增稠效果、黏弹性、稳定性最好。复配体系的硬度、内聚性、黏着性、咀嚼性降低,弹性略有增大,添加黄原胶形成的凝胶质地更柔软。扫描电子显微镜观察到添加黄原胶后淀粉内部形成更加均匀稳定的结构。     

黄原胶对馒头质构影响的研究

研究不同添加量的黄原胶对馒头质构的影响,采用TPA(Texture ProfileAnalysis)技术,研究黄原胶对馒头的硬度(Hardness)、弹性(Springiness)、粘着性(Adhesiveness)、内聚性(Cohesiveness)、咀嚼性(Chewingness)、回复性(Resilience)的影响。结果表明,馒头制作中添加一定量的黄原胶能够改善馒头的质构,提高馒头的品质。结果发现,黄原胶三个水平的添加量中0.10%的黄原胶改善馒头质构的效果最好。     

卡拉胶与黄原胶复配对小麦麸皮粉丸子品质的影响

以小麦麸皮粉丸子为研究对象,基于单因素实验,通过质构分析、感官评分及扫描电镜观察,综合研究了水分添加量、卡拉胶添加量、卡拉胶与黄原胶复配比对丸子质构及感官特性的影响。结果表明,丸子黏度随卡拉胶用量的增加呈下降趋势,丸子硬度、弹性及感官评分随卡拉胶用量的增加先增大后减小;固定卡拉胶添加量,随着黄原胶复配比例增大,丸子黏度、硬度、弹性及感官评分变化趋势与卡拉胶单独作用的影响趋势相同;扫描电镜观察发现,随黄原胶用量提高,丸体微观网络结构增多,组织结构更加紧密,表面平滑,孔隙变小。综合以上分析结果,拟定小麦麸皮粉丸子的水分添加量为53%,卡拉胶添加量为0.6%,卡拉胶与黄原胶配比为1∶0.40。在该拟定条件下生产的丸子,微观组织紧密光滑,孔隙少,结构品质优良。因此,通过卡拉胶和黄原胶复配能显著提高小麦麸皮粉丸子的品质,可应用于产业化生产。     

食品胶对西式灌肠质构特性的影响

以猪肉和鸭肉为原料加工西式灌肠,研究魔芋胶、卡拉胶、黄原胶的加入量对产品质构特性的影响。结果表明:综合硬度、弹性、内聚性三个指标,三种食品胶单独添加,最佳添加量分别为魔芋胶0.9%、卡拉胶0.7%、黄原胶0.5%;三种食品胶复配后添加,比例为魔芋胶∶黄原胶∶卡拉胶=3∶2∶3时(总胶浓度0.8%),西式灌肠的质构特性最好。     

阴离子多糖对大豆蛋白乳状液乳析稳定性的影响

研究了卡拉胶、黄原胶和羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)3种阴离子多糖对大豆蛋白乳状液乳析稳定性的影响。结果表明:添加0.03%卡拉胶的乳状液乳析稳定性较好,而添加CMC或0.06%以上黄原胶的乳状液乳析稳定性则较差;随着阴离子多糖浓度的增加,添加CMC的乳状液顶部粒径d3,2增大,添加卡拉胶或黄原胶的大豆蛋白乳状液顶部粒径d3,2先减小后增大;添加阴离子多糖的乳状液的顶部粒径d3,2与乳析率呈较好的正相关性。     

黄原胶对冷冻熟面冻藏品质的影响

研究添加黄原胶对冷冻熟面质构特性和蒸煮品质的影响,并采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和低场核磁共振(NMR)探究了添加黄原胶对冷冻熟面冻藏过程中可冻结水含量和水分分布的影响;利用激光共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)观察了冻藏过程中蛋白质网络结构的变化。结果表明:添加黄原胶可以提高冷冻熟面的硬度、咀嚼性和拉伸性能,降低复煮损失率和吸水率,减缓在冻藏过程中质构品质和蒸煮品质的降低趋势。黄原胶的加入可以使冻藏过程中冷冻熟面的蛋白质网络结构更加连续致密,抑制深层结合水向弱结合水方向的转移,减少可冻结水的含量,从而减少冰晶的形成,减轻因冰晶带来的机械损伤,从而改善冷冻熟面的冻藏品质。     

亲水胶体对包心鱼丸冻融后理化品质及汤汁损失的影响

为解决包馅类鱼糜制品冻融后导致的汤汁损失、口感下降等品质劣变问题,研究不同亲水胶体添加量及其添加方式对包心鱼丸汤汁损失率、质构特性、微观结构等品质特性的影响。结果表明,以预乳化形式添加亲水胶体的包心鱼丸的汤汁损失率、质构、白度、微观结构等均优于以粉末形式直接添加组。随着卡拉胶、魔芋胶和可得然胶添加量的增加,包心鱼丸汤汁损失率呈先降低后增加的趋势。以预乳化形式添加0.3%(质量分数)魔芋胶和0.4%(质量分数)可得然胶的包心鱼丸汤汁损失率较低,外皮鱼糜凝胶中汤汁渗入程度较小,白度较大,同时能显著提高鱼糜凝胶硬度和咀嚼性(P<0.05),凝胶三维网络结构更加致密,孔洞较少且分布均匀。随着黄原胶添加量的增加,包心鱼丸汤汁损失率持续下降,但对鱼糜凝胶质构和白度没有明显改善作用。     

3 种不同亲水胶体对鲜面条品质的影响

为解决鲜面条存在的黏弹性差和蒸煮损失大等问题,研究不同添加量（0%、0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%、0.5%）和不同种类亲水胶体（黄原胶、海藻酸钠、果胶）对鲜面条品质（面条蒸煮特性、质构拉伸特性、水分分布）、面粉粉质特性、面团流变特性和微观结构的影响。蒸煮试验结果表明,当黄原胶添加量0.3%、海藻酸钠添加量0.2%、果胶添加量0.4%时,鲜面条蒸煮损失率最低,分别为5.70%、5.67%、6.81%,吸水率均较高。质构结果表明,当黄原胶添加量为0.3%、海藻酸钠添加量0.3%、果胶添加量0.3%时,鲜面条的硬度、胶着性、弹性和回复性得到综合改善。面粉粉质特性分析结果表明,当黄原胶和果胶添加量0.4%、海藻酸钠添加量0.1% 时,稳定时间最高分别为18.8%、18.3%、11.5%,弱化度较低,形成时间较短。面团流变结果表明,当黄原胶和海藻酸钠添加量0.1%、果胶添加量0%时,tan δ 最低。低场核磁共振结果表明,当黄原胶和果胶添加量0.3%、海藻酸钠添加量0.5% 时,结合水峰面积最高。扫描电子显微镜结果表明,当黄原胶和海藻酸钠添加量0.3%、果胶添加量0.4%时,面团结构最致密。综上所述,黄原胶、海藻酸钠和果胶的最适添加量分别为0.3%、0.3%和0.4%,能够有效改善鲜面条品质、面粉粉质特性、面团流变特性和微观结构,其中果胶对于鲜面条制品的改良效果最好。     

黄原胶对变性淀粉冻融稳定性的影响

采用正交实验确定在复配体系中黄原胶与木薯羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯b淀粉(变性淀粉)质量浓度分别为0.2%和2.0%时，稠度适宜，具有较好流动性。通过对比复配体系与对照组的析水率、稠度、透明度、热稳定性、老化程度、微观结构等结果研究黄原胶对变性淀粉冻融稳定性的影响。结果表明，随冻融次数增加，添加黄原胶的复配体系较变性淀粉糊的理化性质出现显著差异。变性淀粉在6次冻融前后稠度差值为120.68 g·s,添加黄原胶后，其稠度差值为4.14 g·s。添加黄原胶的变性淀粉在冻融循环后透明度从1.17%提高至1.53%、析水率由8.34%降低至6.75%且微观孔洞减少、结构更加紧密。因此，添加黄原胶有效地改善了变性淀粉的冻融稳定性。     

文献导读

正质构化大豆蛋白对面粉糊化特性及面条品质的影响大豆蛋白氨基酸组成合理,添加到面粉中可以提升面制品的营养价值。采用快速黏度法和质构分析法研究了质构化大豆蛋白对面粉糊化特性及面条品质的影响规律,结果表明:随着质构化大豆蛋白添加量的增加,面粉糊化时的黏度降低,回生值减小。添加质构化大豆蛋白对面条的质构特性无显著影     

Improving the quality of meat‐free sausages using κ‐carrageenan,konjac mannan and xanthan gum

High consumption of processed red meat can cause health issues. Therefore, production of high‐quality meat‐free food alternatives is necessary. The main objective of this study was to use hydrocolloids including κ‐carrageenan, konjac mannan and xanthan gum at 0, 0.3, 0.6, 1.0 and 1.5% w/w to improve the quality of meat‐free sausages formulated by soy protein isolated, texturised soy protein, corn starch, vegetable oil and spices. With the addition of the tested hydrocolloids, the lightness of the sausages improved. κ‐Carrageenan and konjac mannan significantly improved the water‐holding capacity and texture and reduced the cooking loss of the samples, while xanthan gum showed no considerable effect on these parameters. Konjac mannan and κ‐carrageenan (up to 0.6%) improved the general acceptability of the sausages, while inclusion of xanthan gum made no significant difference. Unlike xanthan gum, κ‐carrageenan followed by konjac mannan was highly successful in improving the overall quality of meat‐free sausages.     

超声波协同冷冻保护剂对速冻饺子馅持水性及质构的影响

为降低速冻饺子馅在冻藏过程中产生的品质劣变,本文研究了超声波协同复合配方冷冻保护剂(抗冻蛋白复合配方:0.3%抗冻蛋白、5%海藻糖、0.05%茶多酚和0.03%V_C;大豆分离蛋白复合配方:6%大豆分离蛋白、0.4%卡拉胶、0.05%茶多酚和0.03% V_C;黄原胶复合配方:0.2%黄原胶、0.4%卡拉胶、0.05%茶多酚和0.03% V_C)对速冻饺子馅抗冻性能的改善作用。研究发现,在冻藏90 d后,与仅添加抗冻蛋白复合配方、大豆分离蛋白复合配方和黄原胶复合配方冷冻保护剂的肉馅相比,超声波协同处理60 min后的肉馅解冻损失率分别降低了58.3%、63.0%和52.0%,蒸煮损失率分别降低了18.5%、67.6%和32.6%。超声波协同抗冻蛋白复合配方和大豆分离蛋白复合配方处理60 min后,肉馅的硬度和弹性提高、咀嚼性和粘聚性增加,质构特性得到改善,但是超声波协同黄原胶复合配方组对肉馅的质构特性有不利影响。超声波协同抗冻蛋白复合配方、大豆分离蛋白复合配方和黄原胶复合配方处理60 min组比仅添加复合配方组的硫代巴比妥酸(TBARS)值分别降低了17.2%、24.0%和33.3%。超声波处理能显著(P<0.05)提高复合配方冷冻保护剂对速冻饺子馅持水性的改善效果,增强复合配方冷冻保护剂对饺子肉馅脂肪氧化的抑制作用,且在一定程度上改善速冻饺子肉馅的质构性能。     

黄原胶对卤肉酱品质及风味的影响

摘 要：为提高卤肉酱产品品质和风味,本文通过低场核磁共振、游离氨基酸测定和气相色谱-离子迁移谱（gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry,GC-IMS）以及主成分分析（Principal component analysis,PCA）等方法对添加不同浓度黄原胶的卤肉酱的品质及风味物质进行研究。研究结果表明,不易流动水是卤肉酱体系中最为主要的水分状态,加入黄原胶能更好地束缚住体系内结合水并降低脂肪流动性;添加黄原胶的卤肉酱样品中共发现了21种氨基酸且其含量呈显著性增加趋势（P＜0.05）;GC-IMS 的差异图和指纹图谱研究结果表明,挥发性风味物质数量随着黄原胶浓度增加而增加,添加黄原胶后卤肉酱主要风味成分从醛类和酮类化合物变为醛类和醇类化合物。结合主成分分析（principal component analysis,PCA）发现,添加黄原胶后卤肉酱风味化合物之间存在明显差异。综上,添加浓度为0.8%和1.0%黄原胶的卤肉酱品质和风味物质最佳,黄原胶能够提高肉制品保水保油的品质特性并丰富产品风味,该研究为卤肉酱产品开发及应用提供一定的理论依据。     

The microstructure and textural properties of Australian cream cheese with differing composition

Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to compare the microstructure of six Australian commercial cream cheese products. The optimal conditions for cryo scanning electron microscopy (cryo SEM) analysis of cream cheese microstructure were also examined. These complementary techniques revealed a typical cream cheese microstructure of homogenised fat globules embedded in a non-continuous protein network. The association between fat and protein within the microstructure was influenced by product composition (fat:protein ratio, moisture content) and ingredients. The addition of emulsifier led to a softer product with distinct microstructure. Cryo SEM also revealed a “honeycomb”-like structure, which was interpreted as a eutectic artefact formed by the addition of gum(s). Product hardness and gel strength generally correlated with high fat, low moisture content and a compact microstructure. Overall, this study shows how product composition affects the microstructure, texture and rheological properties of cream cheese.     

Molecular migration in high-protein intermediate-moisture foods during the early stage of storage: Variations between dairy and soy proteins and effects on texture

Effect of molecule migration on the hardening of high-protein intermediate-moisture foods (HPIMF) in the early stage of storage was investigated through low-field NMR, texture analysis, confocal laser scanning microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and protein solubility analysis. Model systems were made of water, glycerol and sorbitol, together with sodium caseinate (NaCN), soy protein isolate (SPI) or whey protein isolate (WPI), and stored at 25 °C to monitor molecular migration and the changes of texture, microstructure, and protein solubility. Both yield strain and yield stress of NaCN and SPI systems increased rapidly right after preparation, together with decreases in small molecules mobility and changes of microstructure, while WPI system showed more uniform structure without significant change of small molecules mobility. In addition, changes in protein solubility were observed in the SPI systems, but not in NaCN and WPI systems. These results suggested that the migration of small molecules (water, glycerol, and sorbitol) into protein particles during the early stage of storage could reduce the mobility of small molecules and might cause changes in microstructure, which could further cause hardening of HPIMF. In addition, the variation in protein sources was also a major factor contributing to the difference in texture properties.     

Gelling property of soy protein–gum mixtures

Gelling properties of soy protein–gum mixtures were determined by small deformation oscillation measurement and the experimental data were analyzed with blending laws of polymers. Gel strength of soy protein–carrageenan mixture was found to follow either upper or lower bounds depending on the concentration of the constituents, suggesting the occurring of phase shift. G′ of soy protein–xanthan mixed gel always followed the upper bound, indicating that soy protein was the continuous phase regardless variations of the gum concentration. Combination of soy protein with propylene glycol alginate (PGA) produced a mixed gel with high gel strength and stayed above the upper bound at all gum concentrations examined. Covalent bonds between PGA and soy protein was suggested to contribute to the rigidity. Storage modulus of the mixture of soy protein–locust bean gum (LBG) was below the lower bound at low gum concentrations due to the limited demixing process of LBG. G′ values of the mixture of soy protein and LBG–xanthan followed the lower bound but approached upper bound on reducing protein concentration, suggesting that the presence of soy protein might inhibit LBG–xanthan mixture from forming continuous networks.