Conjunctive Use of Surface and Underground Water in the Istra Peninsula,Yugoslavia

ABSTRACT

Based on an analysis of jive types of water issues in China, this article presents a picture of the present condition of water problems in China, which are worsening with social and economic development. From the viewpoint of water resources, four important concepts about water issues have been formulated and a policy for coordinating water issues and sustainable social and economic development has been proposed.     

Trends and prospects in the Yangtze River Basin research: A bibliometric analysis

The management and protection of the world's major river basins have received increasing attention, and a series of related measures, including fishing bans and ecological engineering restoration, has been pioneered in the Yangtze River Basin (YRB). This paper provides a quantitative and qualitative analysis of research trends and hotspots in the water environment of the YRB through bibliometric means. The database period was from its inception to December 31, 2020. This review combines the changing trends in the water environment of the YRB in the form of keywords. The results show that the governance of the YRB is based on the relationship between “water” and “sediment” as an entry point, focusing on changes in the “temporal” and “spatial” allocation of water resources; further, when considering the problem of “eutrophication” caused by the release of “nitrogen” and “phosphorus” from “sediments,” water quality factors such as “heavy metal pollution” and “organic pollution” are becoming more prominent; then water quality factor affects “biodiversity,” aquatic ecology becomes more and more concerned, and “ecological risk” factor is taken into consideration. Therefore, future management of the YRB requires consideration of all elements of the basin, including water resources, water quality, and aquatic ecology, and how to coordinate these all material elements is the obstacle and breakthrough point. In addition, further studies on research frontiers have revealed that ecological risk, emerging bioinformatics technologies, and, source apportionment will become the new and popular directions and trends in research. This review is intended to provide insights into the management of other large river basins around the world.     

Management of Watersheds and Water Resources Planning

ABSTRACT

Siltation of reservoirs is a consequence of poor management of watersheds. Four case studies have been highlighted in this study to indicate the reasons for increased siltation, such as population growth, deforestation, extensive agricultural operations, cattle grazing and soil erosion. Nizamsagar and Sriramsagar are reservoirs heavily silted due to lack of proper management practices in the watershed. Machkund and Tungabhadra are reservoirs in which siltation has been contained through systematic management of the watersheds. Procedures needed for managing watersheds in water resources projects have been derived based on the four case studies     

环境生态用水基本概念

在我国长期供用水制度中，形成工业、农业、生活传统的供用水制度，唯独环境生态用水没有列入我国的用水制度。环境生态用水是保障人民生活与健康质量的不断提高，维护国家生态安全、水生态安全、环境安全和社会可持续发展的必备用水。本文从环境生态用水的角度来界定国内外研究动态、用水设计及水资源供需中计算调节等，首次提出尽快建立我国的环境生态用水制度。     

Effect of Climate Change on Streamflows in the Mahanadi River Basin,India

ABSTRACT

In wet tropical regions, study of climate warming effects on water resources is important due to the socioeconomic and ecological implications. Observed changes in river flows of a major Indian river basin called the Mahanadi during the period 1926–1980 arepresented in relation to climatic changes that have occurred there. The Mahanadi River Basin is located in the monsoon region of India; its area is 141,600 km² and its mean annual flow is 66,640 million m³ . An earlier study by the author revealed that the surface air temperature over the basin has increased at a rate of 1.1 C° per century, which is highly significant However there has been no considerable change in the precipitation regime, though a slight decreasing trend is observed. In this article, an analysis of the trends in the runoff of the upper catchment and the whole catchment gauged at Hirakud and Naraj is presented. The results show a steady decrease in the river flows at these locations during the 55 year period of the study; this is significant statistically at the 1 per cent level. In order to increase confidence in this result, the moisture indices for the catchment have been computed and examined. Time series of these indices also show a clear declining trend during the period 1901–80. The main result obtained here is that climate warming that occurred over the basin, without being offset by an increase in precipitation (in fact a slight decrease in precipitation was observed), has resulted in a gradual decrease of river flows of the upper catchment as well as of the entire basin during the period 1926–1980. As a backdrop to future climate change scenarios over the Indian region, studies related to its impacts on water resources in the basin are important. However General Circulation Models (GCMs) at present are not capable of simulating adequately at regional and subregional scales. Nevertheless, it is hoped that recent efforts toward development of nested regional climate models may soon make it possible to have acceptable climate simulations for regions and subregions of this scale. The results of this article may be useful at that stage in hydrological forecasting studies for the basin.     

河流生态流修复的新理念和目标

混凝土“包”起来的河道治理工程导致城市河流自我净化能力降低。目前我国河流治污项目多偏重修复受污染的水体,注重水质的改善,而不强调河流生态系统结构、功能的修复。提出河流生态修复的新理念和目标,并指出,为顺利开展河流生态修复实践,我国需要在理论、技术、水利工程设计规范、水法等方面进行的研究工作。     

The Yellow River Basin: Water Accounting,Water Accounts,and Current Issues

Abstract

There is increasing recognition of the problems facing China in meeting the growing water demand in the Yellow River basin, the “cradle of Chinese Civilization” and a critically important agricultural and industrial region. Meaningful debate on the range and relative costs of options available to policy-makers in addressing the problem depend fundamentally on an accurate understanding of basin water resources. Unfortunately, the ability of outsiders to participate in the de bate and for Chinese, with their long history of water management, to contribute to similar discussions elsewhere in the world is hindered to some extent by a lack of understanding of differences in water accounting systems and concepts. This paper attempts to address this problem by describing the water accounting system used in the Yellow River basin and elsewhere in China. The paper shows that the primary difference between water accounting methodologies in the Yellow River and those typically applied elsewhere is related to supply accounting in general and groundwater accounting in particular. Although not currently included in its water accounting system, Chinese concepts of environmental water use, when included, will also differ substantially from those familiar to outside researchers. In terms of actual Yellow River balances, the paper highlights the apparent declining trend in basin rainfall and runoff and the dramatic growth in industrial and domestic water use. Together declining supply and rising demand will increasingly cause policy-makers to face hard choices in assessing their water planning options. These choices will only become more difficult as managers in the Yellow River, as elsewhere in the world, try to incorporate ecological needs in the water accounting equation.     

Water Supply and Groundwater Issues in Developing Countries

Abstract

The growing populations of most developing countries occur disproportionally in urban areas. This places considerable pressure on already overburdened budgets to increase the water supply and wastewater infrastructure. Moreover, little or no resources are left to supply, let alone, improve rural water supplies. To add to the problems, money has been spent on studies that have never been implemented. Projects have been constructed that have not fulfilled their purpose. This paper examines some of these problems, emphasizing groundwater, and suggests ways to prevent them in the future     

Water markets as coupled infrastructure systems: comparing the development of water rights and water markets in Heihe,Shiyang and Yellow Rivers

ABSTRACT

A Coupled Infrastructure Systems perspective is applied to three cases in north-western China to explain how and why water rights systems and water markets have changed since 1949. The evolution of water rights systems has been shaped by periods of water-supply projects and periods that emphasized regulatory and institutional measures to manage water resources. We argue that water supply infrastructure and water markets have been developed not in sequence but in parallel. The development of water diversion projects and nationwide market-oriented water allocation reform programmes will continue to co-evolve in the future as part of complex coupled infrastructure systems.     

基于生态安全的阿瓦提灌区生态需水量研究

阿瓦提灌区地处塔里木盆地西北边缘,气候极端干旱,降水稀少,蒸发强烈。近年来,由于大批开荒、水资源不合理利用、土壤盐渍化等导致灌区生态环境越发脆弱,阻碍其经济的可持续发展。在灌区实地考察、分析整理多年新疆统计资料的基础上,考虑灌区生态用水安全,针对不同植被生态需水特点,分别采用彭曼公式法、定额法和比值法等相适宜的生态需水研究方法,计算其生态需水量。结果表明:阿瓦提灌区生态需水总量为13. 37×10~8m~3,其中,河道外生态需水量为6. 8×10~8m~3,河道内生态需水量为6. 57×10~8m~3。通过生态需水量研究,提出适宜的用水建议,为阿瓦提灌区生态系统的健康与稳定提供一定的理论依据。     

A Case Study of Minqin Oasis in China

Abstract

The paper analyzes the causes of desertification of Minqin Oasis, Hexi Corridor, Gansu, China on an ecological point of view and found that the poor water management has led to water mineralization, vegetation degeneration, soil desertification, and ecosystem deterioration. In Minqin Oasis, the type of predatory management used traditionally was: reclamation, irrigation, cultivation, salinization, abandonment, and desertification. The strategies to save Minqin Oasis are a) to increase the public awareness of ecology and water resources; b) to develop water-saving agriculture; c) to adjust plant structure; d) to control the exploitation of groundwater; and e) to reduce the waste of water resources and establish a high efficiency structure of the oasis ecosystem.     

Integrated Catchment Management in China

Abstract

As industries develop and waste discharge increases in China, the water quality in many rivers becomes a serious issue. Although the Chinese government has taken river pollution control as the top priority in enviornmental management, pollution still occurs in many locations regularly. One of the reasons is that the policy used for pollution control in China is more or less like “cure the problems, but not take radical measures.” An integrated catchment management (ICM) approach has been implemented in Australia as a fundamental measure for resource management and water pollution control since the 1980s. The ICM approach has been proved to be an effective means for pollution control in Australia. Is it possible to use the ICM approach in China? This paper describes an investigation on the possibility by comparing the conditions for implementing ICM programs in Australia and China. It is suggested that the Australian ICM model cannot be directly used in China because of: (1) difficulty of coordinating authorities at different levels, (2) unclear ownership of resources, (3) small farming scales, and (4) poor education of resources users. However, it may be possible to implement the ICM approach in China by: (1) establishing a clear ownership system of resources (land, water, and vegetation), (2) extending the function of existing catchment management committees, (3) establishing strong acts of catchment management, and (4) establishing monitoring and audit systems for resource use andconservation. The detailed implementation procedure for China needs to be further studied.     

Environmental resilience and intergovernmental collaboration in the Pearl River Delta

Abstract

Water resource management is a crucial issue in the rapidly urbanizing Pearl River Delta. Numerous studies have examined transboundary water management, but those focusing on Hong Kong are largely technical, with little consideration for political dynamics or collaboration. This study’s contribution is a systematic analysis of water governance in China’s ‘one country–two systems’ setting. Through interviews and historical analysis, the study applies Ostrom’s Institutional Analysis and Development framework to a setting with political complexity and environmental vulnerability. The principal finding is that cooperation on supply infrastructure reflects a regional interdependence that builds the multiparty trust needed for more strategic governance.     

Progress and Problems of Irrigation Investment in South and Southeast Asia

ABSTRACT

Irrigated area in the world has increased from 40 million ha in 1900 to more than 225 million ha. Irrigation investment has accounted fro 28 percent of all World Bnk funding during the past decade. However, since 1980 there has been a distinct diminishing in the rate of irrigation development. Irrigation investments have not proven to be as productive as originally expected. In fact, problems of funding for O & M and overall irrigation managent have become so acute that major donors are starting to seriously question the wisdom of additional irrigation investment. How well third world countries are able to develop and implement programs to increase funding for O & M and improve the quality of management will determine the level of future investment in irrigation     

Stream regulation in Argentina,including the superior Paraná and Paraguay rivers

Argentine water resources are located in three hydrologically contrasting regions: the so-called Del Plata basin, the Arid Central Andean area, and Patagonia. About 150 dams and impounding reservoirs that exceed a capacity of 150 × 103 m³, have been built. Most limnological studies of regulated rivers have been conducted recently. In the Del Plata basin, Argentine dams are scarce, although many have been built or are projected upstream, mainly in Brazil. The ecological problems of the reservoirs are related to decomposition of inundated terrestrial vegetation; algae blooms, dissolved oxygen depletion phenomena, eutrophication, impaired fish migrations, overproduction of water hyacinth Eichhornia spp., and schistosomiasis. The importance of examining the influence of the projected middle Paraná dams on downstream sediment regimes, especially as it affects the delta, is emphasized. In the Arid or Central Andean region, the main development of the Grande-Tercero rivers includes dams, reservoirs, and the operation of a nuclear power plant. One of the most important effects will be a slight increase in the water temperature of the Rio Tercero reservoir as a consequence of water use in the cooling system of the nuclear power plant. In the Patagonian region, the main dams are those built and projected for the Colorado and Negro basins. In the Negro basin studies are being carried out mainly in the Ramos Mexia Reservoir, on different aspects of zooplankton and phytoplankton, benthos, and fishes. Commercial fishing is not permitted and fishing is based mainly on the introduced salmonids which show symptoms of undernourishment because of a lack of forage fishes. Indigenous fishes have been decimated by the introduced salmonids. Although studies have been conducted in several areas, much work remains to be done in relation to the environmental effects of dams on streams in Argentina. Results from ecological studies are still insufficient to solve the multiple problems associated with them, such as climatic influences, retention of suspended solids, deforestation, schistosomiasis and other aquatic diseases, pollution, eutrophication, fish-ways and fish migrations, accumulations of the water-hyacinth, salt and nutrient regimes, and siltation. Even partial solutions to these problems will require an ensemble of urgent measures to assure the maximum benefits with minor risks and ecological costs.     

Energy for water utilization in China and policy implications for integrated planning

Abstract

Significant energy resources are needed for traditional and nontraditional water utilization in China. Yet the interlinkages between water and energy have not received adequate attention in the country. To address this gap, this article disaggregates and quantifies the magnitude and direction of energy and water flows in China at the national level through Sankey diagrams. Spatial distributions of energy use by different components of the water supply were further mapped at the provincial level to discern regional differences. The results of this study show that the total energy consumption by water abstraction, treatment and distribution, as well as waste treatment and reuse, amounts to 193.5 TWh of electricity, or about 4% of the total national electricity usage. The outcome of this study offers important policy implications for integrated water and energy planning and management and will contribute to achieving the goal of low-energy water utilization in the future.     

Hydrology and Hydraulics in Planning and Operation of Water Resources Systems

ABSTRACT

A number of water supply schemes in developing countries have been observed to fail to yield water at the design capacity rates well before the elapse of the design period. Such failures frustrate the efforts of a nation in its water supply development programmes.

In this paper the causes of failures o f some typical components o f a water supply scheme have been discussed citing case studies from Tanzania in East Africa. It is observed that the elements o f design and maintenance are largely responsible for the failures o f water supply schemes.

Rehabilitation of failing water supply schemes in developing countries can substantially increase the number of people served with safe and adequate water supply. Clear national policies and adequate budgetary provision are required for successful implementation of water supply projects.     

Potential ecological effects of water extraction in small,unregulated streams

River regulation can have various effects on the natural flow regime, however the most obvious and perhaps pronounced hydrological effect is the reduction of total water discharge. Whilst there has been an increasing number of studies investigating the impacts of river regulation on lowland rivers, few studies have specifically investigated the effects of water extractions on small upland streams. In this study, we experimentally examined the effects of short‐term, summer water extractions from small, unregulated streams. Five 30 m reaches were experimentally manipulated to divert a proportion of the total stream flow, and another five 30 m reaches were designated as controls, in the Yea River catchment, Victoria, Australia. The percentage of total discharge diverted from each experimental reach varied through time and between creeks (28–97%), with discharge always significantly reduced compared to control locations. All sites were monitored for available habitat, biofilm, water quality and macroinvertebrate diversity and density, fortnightly during February and March 2004. Despite the range of total stream volumes being extracted, the manipulation altered important ecological components of these unregulated creeks, including changes in physical habitat features (reduced stream wetted area and maximum stream depth) and reduced dissolved oxygen concentrations. Biofilm parameters showed a slight increase in diverted reaches, but were not statistically different from the controls. There was no statistical difference in total density of macroinvertebrates or EPT taxa; however, the density of Austrocercella mariannae (Notonemouridae) was significantly reduced in diverted reaches. Macroinvertebrate family level diversity, and the family diversity of grazers and shredders was reduced in diverted reaches. This study demonstrates that there are likely to be significant ecological impacts of extracting water in unregulated creeks. Whilst this study has demonstrated the need to consider environmental water requirements in unregulated streams, further studies are required to inform the debate about the volume, timing and predicted ecological response with improved environmental water. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

广西澄碧河水库下游河道年生态需水量的计算对比研究

针对河道生态需水量的计算问题,以广西澄碧河水库下游河道为例,分别采用了3种不同的水文学计算方法进行了概算,并对传统Tennant法和月保证率法进行了适当改进。针对传统Tennant法的不足,对用水期进行了重新划分,同时引入修正系数对流量百分比进行了重新修正,使其更适用于河道的现实情况;此外对月保证率法的部分缺点也进行了两方面的改进,使其计算结果更加合理可靠。计算结果表明:3种方法均适用于该河道的生态需水量计算,在平水年(P=50%)情况下,利用改进的Tennant法和改进的月保证率法计算得到的河道适宜需水量分别为4.99×10~8m~3、3.80×10~8m~3。利用径流年内展布法得到的计算结果为3.17×10~8m~3,较以上两种方法偏小,但尚属合理范围之内,仍具有一定的推广使用意义。     

新疆水库大坝70年建设成就

新中国成立以来,为促进绿洲农业灌溉和生活供水的需要,截止2019年全疆和兵团已建、在建及拟建水库724座、总库容290亿m~3。为展示在该领域取得的伟大成就,本文综述了在复杂地质环境和脆弱生态环境等条件下,新疆水库建设的探索与实践。新疆水库建设中,筑坝材料不断改进,面板坝、沥青心墙坝、常态及碾压混凝土坝等各类坝型不断涌现,过鱼设施及鱼类保护措施多样化发展,新技术、新材料、新工艺的引进吸收不断创新。新疆水库工程的建设在灌溉、供水、防洪、发电、水产养殖、旅游等方面发挥了重要的社会、经济和生态效益。