The use of goal-oriented strategies in the building of water governance in Brazil

Water policy in Brazil has delivered few positive outcomes in terms of the sustainable use of water resources, in spite of real progress in the consolidation of a democratic water governance system over the past decades. There are many reasons for this, most of them related to unsuccessful attempts to consolidate integrated water resources management practices. Water managers have a critical decision to make in the next years: to strengthen the existing decentralized and participatory water governance system, using innovative approaches to promote integrated water resources management; or to replace it with another, more centralized institutional model focusing on state actors.     

跨流域调水生态补偿研究述评

跨流域调水生态补偿研究是尝试从生态补偿市场角度解决跨流域调水工程的持续发展问题。从内涵、目的、标准、实施机制、保障制度这5方面分别对国内外相关研究进行了归纳总结,梳理了对跨流域调水生态补偿的认识过程,总结了国内外研究进展、研究侧重点与研究不足并评述了国外典型案例,基于此对国内外研究进展进行了比较。发现跨流域调水生态补偿只是近些年才得以重视,但国外已经形成了从内涵到保障制度的初步理论体系,与国外相比较,我国研究尚处于初级阶段,应从跨流域调水生态服务的特点与生态补偿的市场特征来进行相应研究是今后研究的重点。     

Application of payments for hydrological ecosystem services to solve problems of fit and interplay in integrated water resources management

This article assesses the role of payments for hydrological ecosystem services for integrated water resources management within the water–energy–food nexus. Current challenges of implementation are structured according to spatial fit and institutional interplay. An empirical analysis of several case studies of locally self-organized payments for hydrological ecosystem services in Nicaragua reveals potential contributions to operationalization of integrated water resources management and the water–energy–food nexus.     

面向污染水体的底泥环保疏浚技术与资源化利用

环保疏浚是清除水体内污染源的一项工程技术,在水体污染控制与治理领域发挥着重要的作用。本文介绍了环保疏浚技术的特点、环保疏浚设备的研制概况和国内环保疏浚工程的现状。同时对疏浚底泥的资源化利用途径进行了综述,并重点介绍了农业利用和湖滨带基底生态修复两种方式。     

中国环境污染现状分析及防治管理措施

分析了我国水体污染、大气污染、噪声污染、固体废弃物的现状,并对其提出了相关的防治对策及管理措施。     

Current practices for establishing environmental flows in Brazil

This paper addresses current practices adopted by Brazilian states for establishing environmental flows. At the national level, the newly created National Water Agency has not yet recommended a standard practice. Confronted with the requirement to grant or deny water rights to users, states have set minimum instream flows using low flow frequency analysis. However, efforts are currently being made to include ecological variables in the decision‐making process. One difficulty with the process is the dearth of information regarding instream flow needs for Brazilian species and recreation. International experience on setting environmental flows is valuable, but care must be taken in its application to the Brazilian reality. Finally the authors express their views on the directions that Brazilian regulatory agencies are likely to adopt in the near future for setting environmental flows. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

河流水环境容量预测方法研究

本文强调了水环境容量预测是水环境总量控制的基础，也是水环境治理优化方案的决策依据.文中针对中、小河流河宽和深度相对较小，污染物在断面上分布较均匀的特点，对其水环境容量的预测方法及必须考虑的条件进行了研究，提出了一套河流水环境容量的预测模式。     

The relation between water pollution and economic growth using the environmental Kuznets curve: a case study in South Korea

The relation between economic growth and two key water quality indicators is assessed for South Korea’s four principal rivers. The growth of the national economy accompanied a shift in environmental and industrial policy that fostered improved water quality. The relations between biochemical oxygen demand and GDP in the Geum and Nakdong Rivers and between chemical oxygen demand and GDP in the Yeongsan and Nakdong Rivers support the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis. In general, the turning point for improved water quality occurred at later economic development stages for industrial pollution than for biological pollution.     

城市水体有机污染类型的三维荧光光谱分析法

运用三维荧光光谱技术对深圳市4种水体的有机污染类型进行了分析研究。实验结果表明,深圳市甲水库主要表现为内源污染;深圳市乙水库主要表现为外源污染;大沙河和校园池塘既有内源污染又有外源污染。有机污染的程度由高到低依次为:大沙河、校园池塘、甲水库、乙水库。     

底洞沟流域污染溯源及水环境容量研究

为了使底洞沟入嘉陵江断面水质达标,通过现场勘查、资料收集和野外同步监测,构建一维非恒定流数学模型,耦合Thomas算法,对底洞沟的水环境现状进行研究。结果表明：构建的模型拟合精度高,计算结果可靠;底洞沟水体主要超标因子为氨氮和总磷,氨氮、总磷入河量分别为43.1、3.9 t/a;在污染源构成方面,城镇生活源对污染物入河量的贡献最大,达76.5%;在空间位置方面,上游的贡献最大,占比达92%;底洞沟的氨氮、总磷水环境容量分别为16.3、2.2 t/a。建议对流域内污水管网进行整治,提高污水接管率,减少污染负荷,使入嘉陵江断面水质稳定达标。     

大庆龙虎泡污染现状及治理对策

研究了大庆龙虎泡水库的水环境特点及污染现状，分析了水污染的原因，针对龙虎泡水域周边农业生产、旅游和社会经济情况，提出了以法治管理为基础，工业措施、生态措施相结合治理污染的合理化建议。     

突发重金属水污染事故环境风险评价模型研究

为降低我国重金属突发水污染事故发生频率、减轻事故危害,针对目前突发水污染事故环境风险评价缺乏系统性研究的现状,构建了基于蒙特卡洛模拟法的突发水污染事故环境风险评价模型,提出了一套计算突发水污染事故环境风险的方法。该模型由突发水污染事故概率分析模型、重金属迁移转化分相模型、突发水污染事故损失评估模型耦合而成。应用该模型对佛山市的环境风险进行了评价,结果表明:计算时间段为固定值时,重大风险值和特大风险值之和为8%;计算时间段为区间值时,重大风险值和特大风险值之和为21%,说明该地区的环境风险已经十分严峻。     

大王滩水库饮用水水源污染状况及治理对策

大王滩水库于1996年被列为南宁市备用水源地,2002年列为供水功能区,2008年列为南宁市饮用水水源地,然而,大王滩水库长期以来遭受周边城镇企业排污和居民生产生活废水影响,许多水域水质还达不到饮用水标准,饮水安全也日益成为政府职责部门保障民生的突出问题。文章分析了大王滩水库饮用水水源的污染现状．探讨了水源污染的来源及具体治理对策,为水库型饮用水水源的保护利用提供理论参考。     

A case study of water retention and ecosystem functioning restoration in Wenying Lake (China)

Wenying Lake in Datong, China, has been drying for the last several years. Analysis of standard penetration test data revealed that a missing waterproof layer of silt soil and silty clay in the south part of the lake, resulting from frequent flood flushing, was responsible for the water loss from the lake. Accordingly, 6.7 × 10⁵ m² of geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) was used in May 2010 to repair the area of sediment exhibiting the water leakage, equivalent to 15.6% of the total lake bottom area. Approximately 4.1 × 10⁶ m³ of floodwater was then diverted from upstream rivers to the lake. Eight months later, about 0.9 × 10⁶ m³ of the water was retained, with the water loss being reduced from 4.0 to 1.1 m³ m^?2 year^?1. Ecologically safe and cost‐effective clay materials also can be used to furthermore improve the water retention characteristics. Modelling results indicated that capping the whole lake with a 2 cm layer of bentonite with a permeability coefficient of 5.0 × 10^?9 cm s^?1 could reduce the sediment water leakage to 0.04 m³ m^?2 year^?1. The quality of the retained water after GCL treatment project was poor, with a total nitrogen concentration of 11.0 mg L^?1 and sulphate 307.0 mg L^?1, which were 5 and 300 times higher, respectively, than the Chinese class V surface water standard. Restoration of aquatic vegetation in the lake and constructed wetlands near the lake inlets could be helpful to improve the lake’s water quality over the long term.     

Fish community alterations due to pollution and damming in Tietê and Paranapanema rivers (Brazil)

The Tietê River crosses the metropolitan region of São Paulo (Brazil) and receives a large amount of pollution, in contrast to Paranapanema River which runs in a less populated area. In the inferior portions of the basins of these rivers, a series of reservoirs has been built for hydroelectric energy generation which improve the water quality due to the decantation of suspended soils and aeration in the water spills. Twenty‐nine sampling sites were established along the two rivers and in each sampling site, two groups of eight gillnets were used with standardized sizes in two seasons: winter (dry season: June–September 1994) and summer (rainy season: December–March 1995). The fishes were measured and weighed. Twenty‐five parameters related to the water were recorded. PCA and cluster analysis helped to identify two groups of sampling sites. The first one corresponds to the rainy season samples, while the second corresponds to the dry season samples, so evidencing strong seasonal environmental variation. However, the dry season group is still divided into polluted and non‐polluted sites, showing that during drought there are larger effects of pollutant concentration due to the decreased flow. A total of 415 kg of fish were caught, corresponding to 8324 individuals belonging to 64 different species, in 22 families and four orders of Teleostei. The largest catches occurred in the middle Tietê River. The catches in the reservoirs of the Tietê River during the rainy season are superior to those of the dry season. On the other hand, sampling sites located in running water presented an inverse pattern with the largest catches in the dry season. In river Paranapanema, catches are lower than in the Tietê River, except in Rosana Reservoir during the rainy season. Fish diversity was shown to be a good indicator of environmental stress. In Tietê River an expressive fall in species richness was detected in the polluted stretches, with dominance of one or two species. In the intermediary stretches, the presence of rapids increases the amount of dissolved oxygen, allowing the development of the most abundant and diverse fish community of the river. Fish communities in the reservoirs of the inferior stretch of Tietê River are more diverse. On the other hand, the damming of the superior reaches of Paranapanema River provoked a decrease in diversity. O the whole, types of local fish communities detected, showing different compositions and specific abundances, revealed different ecological situations. A discriminant analysis revealed that the parameters of the water influencing the fish community were: dissolved oxygen, conductivity, nitrogen (nitrate, ammoniacal and albuminoid), phosphate, alkalinity, hardness and iron. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

农村水污染成因及其治理对策研究

根据我国农村水土流失严重、生态环境恶化、面源污染严重等水污染现状以及污染物控制收集困难、先进的处理技术难以应用等农村污染治理现状 ,提出发展污水无害化资源化技术 ,加强生态农业的建设 ,改革农业运作方式 ,加强人工及自然生物处理技术研究等水污染治理对策。     

南宁市城市应急供水系统建设探讨

为应对突发性水源污染事件,建立南宁市应急供水系统,对南宁市城市饮用水源状况、城市供水现状及城市需水量进行了分析,从应急水源选择、应急技术设施建设与水厂改造、城市供水管网建设与维护等方面,对南宁市城市应急供水系统建设进行了探讨。     

徒骇河(德州段)水污染现状及防治对策研究

根据徒骇河（德州段）历年来水质监测数据及污染源调查结果，经统计分析，确定了水污染类型和相应程度，较全面地揭示了水污染的原因及水污染造成的危害。选用适当的教学模型对未来水质进行预测分析，提出解决水污染的可行性措施。     

水环境污染总量控制回顾、现状及发展探讨

首先阐述了水环境污染物排放总量控制的基本思想、核心内容；并对环境污染物排放总量控制思想的形成及其在国内外的发展和已取得的成果进行了回顾总结；然后根据我国的情况提出了在我国水环境管理中实施水环境污染物排放总量控制所存在的一些问题及其可能的解决方法；最后对我国水环境污染物总量控制的发展前景进行了探讨。     

河长制长效治污路径研究——以江苏省为例

水环境污染是经济社会发展过程中难以避免的现象,我国环境污染同经济发展间的矛盾日渐凸显,传统的科层化管理难以完全适用于新形势下的治水实践。河长制作为河湖治理新模式,近几年已在全国多地显现成效。为深入推动河长制的可持续发展,促进水环境整体改善,结合江苏省相关环境、经济数据,分析江苏省河长制的创新实践,阐明其与地区经济发展的关系,揭示其在治理主体、社会监督及考核激励等方面的待解难点,提出了主体职责再明确、社会力量再覆盖、考核激励再完善等具体建议,以期为河长制的全面有效实施提供参考。