Water Balance of the Upper Jordan River Basin

Sharing water in the Jordan basin has been a key topic in the recent peace talks between Israel and its neighbors. Knowing the quantity of water available is a prerequisite to water sharing. Many different values have been published in recent years. Different sources report Jordan's discharge flow into Lake Kinneret anywhere from 460 to 800 Mm³/year. The aim of this article is to present a water balance for the Jordan basin for a 15-year period. The years 1977–1978 to 1991–1992 were studied for the basin's water budget, as they represent the present day (1998) land use. The results show that Lake Kinneret has a yearly average input (= output) of 770 Mm³. Israel uses some 800 Mcm³/year from the entire Jordan basin, of which 440 Mm³ is used within the basin and the rest outside. There is about 100 Mm³ for future utilization in the watershed. The yearly Jordan's discharge to the Dead Sea is 220–250 Mm³. Reporting by various secondary data sources is compared to primary data findings to illustrate the great variability of data reporting and to provide annual flow estimates, based largely on primary sources, for the Upper Jordan River.     

Optimal Use of Irrigation Water in the Jordan Valley: A Case Study

Water shortage is a serious problem in most countries in theMiddle East. Irrigation water consumes about three-fourths of theavailable fresh water resources in Jordam and many othercountries in the region. This article presents a practical approachto manage and optimize the irrigation water use in the region.The ultimate objective is to minimize the outside water and tomanage the irrigation water use under geographic,socio-economic, and demographic constraints. This approach usesthe added value (net revenue) of one cubic meter of waterconcept in evaluating different irrigation water use management.This concept has been demonstrated, based on a case study in theJordan Valley.This case study shows that water scarcity can be incorporated inirrigation water management by proper choice of crops andfarming patters. The objective function is to maximize the netrevenue from the agricultural production process subjected tolimitation on water and other production and marketing factors.Results of analysis showed that a net water saving of about9%occurred if the objective function is to minimize water useunder the same level of profitability. This example shall beuseful for water and agricultural planners. Sometimes virtualwater is widely exported in form of crops that consumes largeamounts of water without full economic consideration to theadded value of water. In some cases, food imports may be afeasible option in water-poor countries instead of water import.     

Application of Expert and Decision Support Systems for Optimizing Water Supply in the Jordan Valley

Abstract

Expert System (ES) and Decision Support System (DSS) are becoming essential tools that support decision makers, professionals, and managers in their efforts to operate, control, and develop decisions on a sound and integrated basis. Applications of ES and DSS are not limited to a certain sector or field, but are typically used in sectors that involve management and planning. The purpose of this paper is to elaborate on the application of these systems in Jordan and specifically in managing and operating the water demand and supply of the main water carrier in the Jordan Valley, the King Abdullah Canal (KAC). This canal extends from the upper part of the valley at Adasiya down to the Dead Sea with a total length of 110 km connecting one of the most complicated irrigation and conveyance systems in the region. At present, the Jordan Valley Authority (JVA), which is responsible for all the activities in the Jordan Valley, is operating and managing the water of KAC using the JVA Water Management Information System (WMIS) and JVA Hydraulic Model. After five years of implementing this management system, there was enough information to analyze and evaluate it as well as to determine the areas of shortcomings. This paper focuses on analyzing these results and providing the necessary recommendations. These recommendations are in the form of software and hardware that will improve using both the Expert System and Knowledge Base System and make it a successful model of water optimization for the country and region.     

Development of a Master Plan for Water Pollution Control Using MCDM Techniques: A Case Study

Abstract

Excessive demand for water due to a growing population, agricultural, and industrial development, along with climate change and depletion of nonrenewable resources have intensified the need for integrated water resources management and water pollution control. This paper presents different aspects of a master plan for water pollution control and the results of a case study for developing a master plan for water resources pollution control in Isfahan Province in Iran. Different components of the water resources system and pollution sources in the study area were identified and the effects of each of the pollution sources on surface and groundwater resources contamination were investigated. Two Multiple Criterion Decision Making (MCDM) techniques, namely Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method and Analytical Hierarchy Structure (AHP) were used in order to determine the share of agricultural, industrial, and domestic sectors in polluting the water resources. In the application of MCDM techniques, engineering judgments and the information gathered from brain storming sessions with engineering experts and the agencies' officials have also been incorporated in order to overcome the data deficiency in this region for this type of analysis. Based on this study, several specific major categories of water pollution reduction projects were defined and in each category, several projects were identified. The total cost of implementation of the projects was also estimated and the projects were prioritized based on their potential impact on water pollution control.     

层次分析法在土料场选择中的应用

以土料场的选择为例,对层次分析法进行了简要介绍并建立模型选出最佳方案,论证了该方法的实用性.结果表明:层次分析法提供的定性和定量结合的分析方法,使工程方案的选择过程更具科学性、合理性,对指导除险加固工程的料场选择具有重要意义.     

基于不确定型AHP法的南水北调中线工程对河南省水源区经济影响评价

南水北调中线工程的兴建与运行在缓解我国北方地区水资源短缺的局面的同时,对水源区的经济发展和环境保护提出了更高的要求。中线工程对于水源区经济发展的影响是多方面的,因此很难采用单一指标进行描述和定量测算。以河南省水源区为研究对象,采用不确定型层次分析方法(AHP),构建南水北调中线工程对河南省水源区经济影响评价的指标体系,并在此基础上确定指标相互间的区间判断矩阵,最后,利用最优传递矩阵的方法计算得出了各层指标的权重,计算中线工程对河南省水源区各产业的影响效应。测算结果表明,南水北调中线工程对于河南水源区第二产业发展影响效应最大,其次是第一产业,最后是第三产业。     

层次分析法在水环境承载力评价中的应用

根据评价指标筛选原则,从资源、环境、社会等角度建立了水环境承载力评价指标体系。介绍了AHP法（层次分析法）的基本原理和方法步骤,并对影响水环境承载力的各指标的重要性进行逐层比较,获得评价指标的总排序,说明了AHP法是一种简单而实用的多准则评价决策方法。     

疏勒河流域昌马灌区水资源脆弱性分析

依据疏勒河流域昌马灌区水资源现状,运用层次分析法,建立了水资源脆弱性评价指标体系和脆弱度判定标准,分析了灌区水资源的自然脆弱性、人为脆弱性和承载脆弱性等敏感指标,结合2008年资料对灌区脆弱性进行了评价。结果表明:昌马灌区的自然脆弱性、人为脆弱性、承载脆弱性和综合脆弱性指标值分别为1.17、4.11、4.48和4.05,综合属微脆弱态势,但自然脆弱性较强,较符合灌区现状。     

A GIS Database for Sustainable Management of Shallow Water Resources in the Tulul al Ashaqif Region, NE Jordan

The Tulul al Ashaqif region is an arid area in northeastern Jordan that contains renewable shallow perched aquifer water. The study of these aquifers has led to better understanding of the recharge process as well as other hydrological issues related to management of water resources in similar areas. The use of geographic information system (GIS)-based predictive mapping to locate areas of high potential for shallow perched aquifer sites is explored in this paper. Knowledge of the hydrologic, geologic and geomorphic variables influencing the development of shallow aquifer formation is used to produce GIS layers representing the spatial distribution of those variables. The GIS layers are then analyzed to identify locations where combinations of environmental variables match patterns observed at known sites. In addition, information can be deduced on the volume of water that is available and the best locations to site recharge facilities. Moreover, future development of these resources requires consideration of possible adverse affects of usage on these resources. The database developed can be used for this purpose as well.     

南水北调中线工程水源区流域生态环境可持续发展研究

根据调查资料和南水北调中线工程水源流域区生态环境发展的现状，指出水源流域区生态环境发展存在的主要问题是水土流失和水体污染，并分析了形成这种现象的原因，在此基础上提出南水北调中线工程水源流域区生态环境可持续发展的一些建议。     

基于层次分析法的水源地上游农村生活污水处理技术综合性能评价

通过分析影响农村生活污水处理技术综合性能的相关因素,应用层次分析法(AHP)建立了包含1个目标层、3个准则层和12项指标的水源地上游农村生活污水处理技术综合性能评价指标体系,并确定了各指标权重。对水源地上游8类农村生活污水处理技术性能进行综合评价的结果表明,采用组合工艺的处理技术综合性能优于采用单项工艺的技术;小型一体化污水处理装置、土地处理系统、小型人工湿地的综合性能优于生物接触氧化池、净化沼气池和稳定塘。生物+生态组合工艺处理技术比较适合于水源地上游农村生活污水处理应用。针对特定地区,可参考基于层次分析法的技术综合性能评价结果,并综合考虑当地自然、经济和社会条件等因素,因地制宜选择先进适用的农村生活污水处理技术。     

豫园荷花池换水前后水质对比及其恶化原因探讨

通过对上海豫园荷花池换水前后水质进行监测对比,查找水质恶化的原因。经过分析比较发现荷花池在换水之后,水质并没有象预想的那样得到好转,反而水质有比原来更差的趋势。因此,荷花池水质恶化的主要原因可能是由于外源引起的,对此给出了一些治理和改善水质的建议。     

平湖市古横桥水厂三期工程工艺优化

浙江省平湖地区地表水源受到有机物污染,主要污染指标为CODMn、氨氮.在对古横桥水厂二期工程的运行效果进行跟踪分析后,认为生物预处理-常规处理-深度处理工艺对原水的适应性较好,所以在三期工程中仍采用此工艺流程,结合二期工程的运行情况,提出了进一步提高出厂水水质的处理措施.     

Evaluation of Economic and Hydrologic Impacts of Unified Water Flow Regulation in the Yellow River Basin

Unified water flow regulation has been implemented in the Yellow River, Hei River and Tarim River in China since 1999 as a result of institutional reforms. It has been one of the most important water resources management practices in China during recent years and has generated significant impacts. Based on the data of such an experiment in the Yellow River during 1999 to 2004, a “with-without” scenario analysis method is employed in the paper to evaluate the economic and hydrological impacts of regulation through a holistic model coupling economic water use and hydrologic cycle applied to the study basin. The results show that about 2.5% of GDP was increased every year and the Flow Cutoff Events were avoided as a result of the unified water flow regulation.     

Application of System Dynamics with Impact Analysis to Solve the Problem of Water Shortages in Taiwan

The major two concerns for planning a successful water strategy in Taiwan are the modification of water shortages and a total financial cost, construction, and operating costs. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to formulate an appropriate strategy to seek a balance between mitigating water shortages and total financial cost. Accordingly, we propose a process for combining a system dynamics approach and impact analysis to evaluate water strategy systematically and quantitatively. Water shortages and total financial cost are referred to, as governments are responsible for the management of regional water resources. System dynamics is one approach that can help decision makers build a simulation model of a complex water supply system. The value of a water shortage and total cost to all possible planning strategies for future water demand can be obtained from system dynamics model simulation. The content of proposed impact analysis is used to design indexes that are able to indicate (1) the severity of a water shortage and (2) total financial cost. Examining the performance of proposed indexes, we can understand the interactive impact between these two objectives in every strategy and then select appropriate strategies. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed methodology is verified by solving a problem of water shortage and total financial cost in central Taiwan.     

衡水湖水质现状评价及趋势分析

衡水湖是河北省国家重点湿地自然保护区之一,是衡水市区生活用水、电厂工业用水及周围灌区的重要水源地,对衡水市的持续发展具有极其重要的作用。从水质现状评价、水质趋势分析进行研究并得出结论和建议。     

南水北调东线江苏段水污染防治现状及水质保证措施探讨

通过对2000年-2007年以来南水北调东线江苏段的水质情况、污染物排放情况的逐年分析,表明江苏省水污染防治成效显著.同时,为更好地适应南水北调东线调水水质要求,从江苏治污的现状出发,从进一步强化政府责任、加强截污导流水质管理、加快经济政策的研究等方面提出了一些对策措施.     

对南水北调工程解决中国北方用水问题的分析

简要介绍了南水北调工程,分析了调水后我国北方用水情况,对今后的用水及缺水情况进行了预测。分析了预测结果表明：调水后,黄河上游（西线受水区）基本能满足正常来水年年份用水;在中等枯水年份,2030年和2050年分别缺水80亿m^3和50亿m^3。整个中线受水区2020年缺水量高达207亿m^3。淮河流域（东线受水区）基本能满足2030年水平的需水要求,但2050年将缺水20～40亿m^3;山东半岛依然为严重缺水区,缺水量达38.911亿m^3。     

寒冷天气条件下珠海市供水管网爆管分析及应对措施

2008年春节前后,珠海市供水管网连续发生爆管事故,对其进行了统计分析。分析认为珠海市寒冷天气DN75以上的供水管道爆管主要发生在接口(焊缝)和管身锈蚀处;低温、管道材质差、锈蚀、刚性接口、管道地基不均匀下沉等是爆管的主要原因。针对不同情况的爆管列出了相应的抢修方法,并提出预防爆管的措施和建议,为及时处理和预防爆管提供科学依据。     

南水北调中线沿线劣质地下水对输水水质的潜在风险分析

确保南水北调中线工程供水水质安全是工程运行成功的关键。现通过对中线工程总干渠沿线地下水进入渠道可能性分析的基础上,建立典型渠段数值模型定量计算地下水与渠系水在水量与水质的转化。研究结果表明：工程内排排水的布设使地下水与渠系水存在水量与水质的紧密联系;地下水向渠道的排入量取决于地下水水位与总干渠渠道水位之间水位差的变化情况以及区域水文地质条件;根据现有资料基础上的河北磁县境内渠段模拟计算结果,即使在假定的污染风险达到极大的情况下,排入渠道的劣质地下水对渠系水水质基本不构成影响。