油炸时间和温度对模拟马铃薯片油脂吸收的影响

为了研究油炸时间与温度对油炸样品的油脂吸收的影响,以马铃薯淀粉和水为原料,配制出模拟马铃薯片,以此简单体系为研究对象,采用染色油的方法来测定不同分布的油脂含量,从而得出表面油脂、表面渗透油脂、结构油脂、总油脂的含量。结果表明,样品总油脂和结构油脂含量随着油炸时间的增加而增加,表面渗透油脂含量随着时间的增加先上升后下降,而油炸时间对表面油脂的含量影响不显著。随着油炸温度的上升,总油脂含量显著增加,结构油脂含量呈现上升趋势;在180℃和200℃下,表面油脂含量之间没有显著性差异;140℃和其他温度下的表面渗透油脂含量存在显著差异。      

油脂饱和度对油炸马铃薯片品质的影响

以玉米油、花生油、大豆油、大豆棕榈调和油、棕榈油5种不同饱和度油脂作为煎炸用油,以马铃薯片为煎炸内容物,于140℃循环煎炸。考察马铃薯片的油脂含量、水分含量、色泽、酥脆性以及感官评分的变化,综合分析油脂饱和度对油炸马铃薯片品质的影响。结果表明:煎炸油脂的饱和度显著影响油炸马铃薯片的品质(p 0.05),随着煎炸油脂饱和度的增加,油炸马铃薯片的油脂含量呈降低的趋势,水分含量呈增加的趋势,L值呈增大的趋势,表明马铃薯片颜色随着煎炸油脂饱和度的增加而越发鲜亮;油炸马铃薯片的酥脆性、感官评分亦随煎炸油脂饱和度的增加呈显著增加的趋势(p 0.05)。由此可知,相对于不饱和度较高的玉米油、花生油、大豆油,饱和度较高的棕榈油更加适合马铃薯片的煎炸。     

大豆热损对其油脂品质及组成的影响

旨在为热损大豆的加工提供理论支撑,以不同热损程度的巴西大豆为原料,采用索氏抽提法制备大豆油,分析其酸值、过氧化值、茴香胺值、全氧化值、氧化诱导期、甘油酯和游离脂肪酸组成及含量、磷脂及生育酚组成及含量、色素含量,探明大豆热损对其油脂品质及组成的影响。结果表明：随着大豆热损程度的增加,其油脂的酸值、过氧化值、茴香胺值、全氧化值显著升高(p<0.05),氧化诱导期显著下降(p<0.05),与正常大豆相比,重度热损大豆油脂酸值和全氧化值的增长率分别高达557%、148%;热损导致大豆油水解,甘三酯相对含量降低,甘二酯和游离脂肪酸相对含量上升,以Sn-1,3位水解为主;氧化反应导致多不饱和脂肪酸相对含量显著降低(p<0.05),且热损程度越深变化越明显;热损导致大豆油总磷脂含量下降,磷脂酸相对含量显著上升,生育酚含量降低,重度热损大豆油脂中总生育酚的损失率高达19%;未成熟大豆更易发生热损现象,不同热损程度大豆油脂中的叶绿素、叶黄素及β-胡萝卜素含量具有显著性差异(p<0.05)。综上,大豆热损会导致其油脂组成发生变化,品质降低。     

酵母油脂的脂肪酸组成的研究

采用气相色谱法测定了分类地位上不同的４株酵母油脂的脂肪酸组成及其含量比例。结果表明，酵母油脂的不饱和程度比较高，菌株间脂肪酸组成相近，但含量比例不同。有的菌株的脂肪酸组成及含量与常用植物油相似。有一菌株的棕榈油酸的含量占总脂肪酸量的５０．１４％，属首次发现。因此，从医药和营养观点考虑，酵母油是一种适宜的油源。     

水分含量对马铃薯淀粉凝胶体系脂肪吸收的影响

以马铃薯淀粉为原材料,与水进行模拟,在180 ℃条件下对马铃薯淀粉凝胶样品进行常压油炸,研究油炸样品中总油脂含量,以及各部分油脂含量的分布情况。结果表明：随着水分含量的增加,马铃薯淀粉凝胶体系油炸样品的总油脂含量、表面油脂含量和表面渗透油脂含量呈逐渐增加的趋势。随着油炸时间的延长,马铃薯淀粉凝胶体系油炸样品的总油脂含量和组织结构油脂含量呈逐渐增加的趋势,表面渗透油脂含量呈逐渐降低的趋势。随着水分含量的增加,表面渗透油脂含量在油炸样品总油脂含量中占据最大部分,其次是组织结构油脂含量,最少的是表面油脂含量。不同部分油脂含量的变化呈现一定的规律性,但变化幅度有一定的差异。     

不同大豆源油脂体对蛋黄酱组成及性质的影响

本研究为了实现大豆油脂体部分替代蛋黄以研发出低脂低胆固醇的蛋黄酱,以高油和低油大豆源油脂体为研究对象,用大豆油脂体部分(油脂体和蛋黄比例为8:2和9:1)及全部替代蛋黄制作蛋黄酱,比较分析了油脂体对蛋黄酱的基本成分、脂肪酸、磷脂及V_E含量的影响,并对蛋黄酱的粘度、质构及流变性进行了分析。结果表明,油脂体蛋黄酱蛋白质含量显著高于普通蛋黄酱(p<0.05),而水分、脂肪、胆固醇、棕榈油酸、磷脂含量均显著低于普通蛋黄酱(p<0.05),油脂体蛋黄酱含有更多的DL-α-生育酚和γ-生育酚;同源油脂体蛋黄酱随油脂体含量增大,水分和蛋白质呈上升趋势,脂肪和胆固醇呈下降趋势;同比例下高油大豆油脂体水分、脂肪和蛋白质含量均显著低于低油大豆油脂体蛋黄酱(p<0.05),而胆固醇含量则显著高于低油大豆油脂体蛋黄酱(p<0.05);油脂体蛋黄酱的粘度、质构和流变性低于普通蛋黄酱;同源油脂体蛋黄酱随油脂体含量增大,粘度和质构性质表现越好,而油脂体含量大小对蛋黄酱流变性影响不大,同比例不同源油脂体蛋黄酱的粘度、质构和流变性无显著差异(p>0.05);流变性分析表明,蛋黄酱为假塑性流体,呈现出弱凝胶性。本研究实现了低脂低胆固醇蛋黄酱的开发,主要采用低油大豆油脂体制作蛋黄酱,油脂体与蛋黄添加比例为9:1。     

不同源大豆油脂体对蛋黄酱组成成分及稳定性的影响

以高油和低油大豆源油脂体为研究对象,比较分析了油脂体对蛋黄酱基本组成成分及贮藏稳定性的影响,并对蛋黄酱进行了感官评价。结果表明,油脂体蛋黄酱蛋白质含量显著高于普通蛋黄酱(p<0.05),而水分、脂肪、胆固醇、棕榈油酸含量均显著低于普通蛋黄酱(p<0.05);相同比例下高油油脂体蛋黄酱水分、蛋白质含量显著低于低油油脂体蛋黄酱(p<0.05),而胆固醇含量则显著高于低油大豆油脂体蛋黄酱(p<0.05);全高油和全低油油脂体蛋黄酱胆固醇含量(768.942%±0.892%,601.639%±2.330%)均显著低于纯蛋黄蛋黄酱(808.157%±0.603%)(p<0.05);油脂体蛋黄酱与普通蛋黄酱相比具有更好的贮藏稳定性,相同比例下低油大豆油脂体蛋黄酱具有更好的贮藏稳定性;普通蛋黄酱和油脂体蛋黄酱在外观形态和气味上差异不显著(p>0.05),在色泽和口感上差异显著(p<0.05);除色泽外,相同比例下油脂体蛋黄酱在其他感官上无显著差异(p>0.05)。本文实现了大豆油脂体低胆固醇蛋黄酱的开发,提高了蛋黄酱的贮藏稳定性,为大豆油脂体更好地应用于食品工业生产提供理论基础。     

枯茗种子的油脂组成

从枯茗子(cuminum cyminum L伞形科)中提取的总油脂量为干品的14.5%。总油脂含有84.8%的中性油脂、10.1%糖脂和5.1%磷脂、中性油脂中有大量的甘油三酯(89.4%)和少最的甘油二酯、游离脂肪酸、甾醇、甾醇的酯类和碳氢化合物。至少已确定含有5种糖脂和5种磷脂。糖脂的主要成分是酰基单半乳精甘油二酯和酰化葡萄糖甾甙,而单半乳精甘油二酯、单半乳糖甘油一酯和双半乳糖甘油二酯仅以少量存在。磷脂的主要成分是磷脂础乙醇胺和磷脂酰胆碱,而磷脂酸肌醇、溶血磷脂酰乙醇胺和磷脂酸甘油仅以少量存在。这些各不相同的中性油脂、糖脂和磷脂,其脂肪酸的组成已被检测出。     

添加油脂对重组肉干硬度和持水性的影响

采用重组成型的方法制作中式肉干产品,研究不同油脂添加量(0%、3%、6%、9%和12%)对重组肉干产品硬度的影响,并拟合不同样品的解析等温线,分析添加油脂对产品持水性的影响。结果表明,样品在55℃干燥24 h时,添加的油脂能够阻碍水分的扩散,从而提高产品的含水量,降低产品的硬度值;同时通过对六种常用模型的非线性拟合,得出GAB模型获得了重组肉干产品的解析等温线;该等温线表明,恒定某一aW,随着油脂添加量的增加,产品的干基含水量先降低后增加,说明油脂的增加有促进水分游离的作用,而高油脂的添加可能会通过油膜层的形成来减少水分的挥发。      

Effect of pore characteristics on oil absorption behavior during frying of potato chips

Developing an adequate understanding of oil absorption helps in producing healthier fried foods, however mechanism of oil absorption is required to be clarified. In this study, influence of porous structure on oil penetration and distribution of potato chips during frying was investigated. The results showed that pores with diameters 10–100 μm owned 49.37%–67.36% of total pore volume and its proportion increased during frying. Oil content increased to 61.20% at the frying time of 160 s, and oil gradually permeated samples during frying. Additionally, the pores with diameters of 10–100 μm and 100–200 μm possessed the positively correlation with oil content (p < 0.01). While pores with diameters of 0.3–10 μm was negatively correlated with oil content (p < 0.05). Bulk density decreased, while porosity, pore volume, and pore size increased during frying. This study provided a new insight into illustrate oil absorption of fried foods.     

Changes in oil and potato chips during frying

The effect of frying of potato chips (batch processing during 12 h) on the chemical characteristics and fatty acid composition of the used oil were determined. Samples of the fried oil and potato chips were taken at various time periods. The volatile carbonyl compounds of the aroma concentrate of each sample were isolated and their oxime derevatives were prepared and subsequently estimated by UV absorption for the total oximes and conjugated diene carbonyl oximes. The development of the volatile carbonyl compounds in both frying oil and fried potato chips was increased on continued frying. Concerning the frying oil this increase was found to be in coincident with the decrease in the linoleic and linolenic acid percent.     

控制油炸甘薯片含油量方法的研究

通过对油炸甘薯片的工艺过程和工艺参数的研究,确定了控制油炸甘薯片含油量和品质的最佳工艺条件:甘薯片厚度3mm,油炸前水分含量75%,在180℃油炸4min。     

Plasticized methylcellulose coating for reducing oil uptake in potato chips

BACKGROUND: As a result of consumers' health concerns and the trend towards healthier and low‐fat food products, research has been undertaken to reduce the amount of fat absorbed in fried foods. This work focused on studying the efficacy of sorbitol and glycerol as plasticizers of methylcellulose coatings used to reduce oil uptake during the frying process of potato chips RESULTS: Changes in color, mechanical properties, water activity and lipid oxidation during storage were monitored. Also, an explanation regarding the different performances between both methylcellulose coatings with and without plasticizer was attained and techniques from the field of packaging films such as dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were applied to analyze the behavior of coatings submitted to the frying operation. The application of a methylcellulose coating was an adequate choice to reduce oil absorption in fried potato chips. The most effective formulation was 10 g L^?1 methylcellulose with the addition of 7.5 g L^?1 sorbitol. With the incorporation of this formulation, oil absorption was reduced by 30%. Neither the sorbitol concentration nor the presence of the MC coating affected the puncture maximum force and color parameters L and a*. The results of the sensory analysis indicated that the panelists could not distinguish between the coated and uncoated potato chips. CONCLUSION: Methylcellulose‐based coating plasticized with sorbitol could be an alternative for obtaining healthier potato chips. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Using hydrocolloids to decrease oil absorption in banana chips

The aim of this research was to investigate the influence of hydrocolloids (alginate, CMC and pectin) on the oil absorption in fried banana chips. The control banana chips (no hydrocolloid treatment) had oil content as high as 40 g/100 g sample, whereas the sample blanched in 0.5 g CaCl₂/100 ml water and following with immersion in 1 g alginate/100 ml water exhibited a small decrease of oil uptake (p ≤ 0.05) to 38 g/100 g sample. The others which treated with 0.5 g CaCl₂/100 ml and 1 g pectin/100 ml water, and with 0.25 g CaCl₂/100 ml water and 1 g CMC/100 ml water absorbed much less oil (p ≤ 0.05), approximately 23 g/100 g sample. Besides, pectin-treated chips had higher sensory scores in all attributed than CMC-treated sample. These resulted showed that pectin was the most effective hydrocolloid for low fat fried banana chip production. Scanning electron microscope photographs indicted that coating banana chips with pectin was effective in protecting the cellular structure of the banana tissue from damage during deep-fat frying.     

预干燥时间对微波低油薯片的影响

传统油炸马铃薯片的含油量高达30%以上,降低薯片的含油量很有必要。通过单因素试验探讨了预干燥时间对微波低油马铃薯片脆度、色泽和含油量的影响,结果表明:利用微波生产马铃薯片可以降低薯片含油量到20%以下;不同的预干燥时间能得到不同初始水分含量的半成品;预干燥温度85℃时,干燥时间对产品的脆度、色泽和油含量都有影响,干燥时间在35min时,马铃薯片的脆度最好;干燥时间长,产品的色泽相对较浅;产品的含油量大体上是随着干燥时间的增加而减少。     

Influence of raw material on storage behaviour of potato chips (author's transl)

The influence of storage duration on the lipid and fatty acid content of potato tubers and on the concentration of volatile aroma substances in potato chips were studied. An increase in the unsaturated fatty acids of potato tubers was found during the first months of storage. The higher lipid content of early maturing varieties as compared with late maturing ones may be explained by decreased physiological maturity of these potatoes. Among the aroma substances the constituents hexanal, pentanal, and pentane are possible important indicators for the rancidity of potato chips. Relationships between differing storage conditions of chips and their reeping quality were indicated by volatile aroma substances, especially hexanal.     

低油马铃薯片工艺参数的研究

传统工艺生产的马铃薯片含油量高达30%以上,降低薯片含油量已成为必要.选择马铃薯品种、预干燥时间、食盐水溶液浓度和裹衣料用量四个因素,其中品种为三水平,其他各因素两水平L12(31×24)进行正交试验,对微波生产低油马铃薯片的最佳工艺参数进行了优化设计.结果表明:微波工艺可以降低成品含油量至12%以下.