Management of International Waters: Opportunities and Constraints

Global water demands are likely to increase steadily in the foreseeable future due to increases in population growth in the developing world and changes in per capita demand as a result of changing lifestyles in nearly all parts of the world. Since all exclusively national sources of water that could be used economically have already been developed, or are in the process of development, there would be tremendous pressure to develop international water bodies, which are often the only new sources of water that could be used cost-effectively. These international water sources have not been developed in the past, primarily because of absence of agreements on water allocations between the countries concerned. Thus, the potential for conflicts in the 21st century between the countries on various international water bodies is likely to be much higher than at present. International organizationscan play an important role as mediators in conflicts on international water bodies. However,except for Eugene Black, President of the World Bank, who played a critical role in the 1950s on the formulation of the Indus Water Treaty between India and Pakistan, their contributions have been somewhat marginal. These organizations have become increasingly risk-averse during the past three decades, and their leaderships have given the potentially thorny issue of development of international rivers a wide berth. In 1970, the United Nations decided to take up the case of the law of the non-navigable uses of international watercourses. Some 27 years later, the UN General Assembly approved, on 8 July 1997, a convention on this subject. The convention, though a useful step, is very broad, general and vague, and thus is likely to be of only limited help to the negotiators on the various international watercourses.Even when the convention is ratified, agreements on the development and management of international water bodies are likely to be achieved only through protracted negotiations between the countries concerned, as has been the case in the past.     

莱茵河流域水环境管理的经验对长江中下游综合治理的启

以欧洲莱茵河流域近 5 0年的综合治理经验 ,尤其是近 10年相继开展的一系列流域管理行动计划的成果 ,介绍莱茵河从传统的单一流域水管理向以生存质量可持续发展为目标的可持续综合管理转变过程 ,即流域有关国家跨国协调的经验 ,流域内各国为共同治理莱茵河签署的控制化学污染公约、控制氯化物污染公约、防治热污染公约、2 0 0 0年行动计划、洪水管理行动计划等一系列协定 ,由此展望莱茵河流域可持续管理的未来。建议我国在长江三角洲经济发达地区尽快采用严格的欧洲环境管理标准 ,严密监测 ,强化监督 ,依法治理。     

流域水资源水量水质集成管理模型研究进展

将流域水资源水量水质集成管理模型分为优化模型、模拟模型、优化和模拟相结合模型以及决策支持系统四大类,按此分类总结了目前国内外研究的相关进展,并针对模型中出现的水量水质耦合项,分析了直接求解法、大系统分解协调技术、逐步求解法和情景优选法等水量水质变量的解耦原理和技术,并展望了流域水资源水量水质集成管理模型在水资源优化配置、生态环境需水配置和水资源冲突协调领域中的应用前景。     

水资源资产负债表编制理论与方法研究进展

水资源资产负债表编制是水资源环境保护的重要举措。本文系统梳理了国内外水资源环境综合核算的发展历程,借鉴国际先进经验,分析了我国编制水资源资产负债表的理论基础、技术方法中存在的问题,就水资源资产负债的确定原则、表式原型设计和水价值核算体系提出了解决思路,初步构建了符合我国水资源管理实际需求的水资源资产负债表技术路线,并对水资源资产负债表在水资源综合管理中的作用进行扩展讨论。这些研究期望有助于探索编制水资源资产负债表提供帮助。     

我国利用外资大型水利水电工程建设管理的改革

通过利用外资的大型水利水电工程的实例，说明中国大型国际工程建设管理体制的演变过程。从几项已建工程和在建工程的经验教训出发， 论述了成功进行建设项目管理的一些通行做法和要求。     

加快水价改革促进水利发展

对广西现行的水价制度的缺陷和由此对水利工程造成的影响进行分析 ,提出了水价制定应遵循的原则和理顺水价制度管理体制的建议。     

引大济湟工程建设与管理体制初探

本文初步探讨了引大济湟工程的建设与管理体制。扼要地分析和总结了建设与管理方面目前存在的主要问题,阐明了制定建设和管理体制的目标和原则,并提出了"准市场化"的管理方式的构想,包括政府宏观调控、股份制运作、企业化管理、用水户参与、层次化管理与合同化管理相结合等。按照建设与管理既要分开又要结合的要求提出了管理机构的设置,并论述了各部分机构的作用。根据工程特点和受水区的实际情况提出了水价模式和供水、发电等多种经营的业务管理模式。     

The relevance of international water law to later-developing upstream states

The relevance of the main instruments of international water law to the hydraulic development projects of later-developing upstream states is explored, for a non-legal audience. Relevance is gauged by querying common misperceptions, checking the compatibility of the instruments, and considering their effect along the Nile, Jordan and Tigris Rivers and associated aquifers. Specific principles of international water law are found to support upstream development in theory, though its relevance is threatened by incompatibility of clauses between the instruments, the erosion of norm-building processes, and a shift away from the idea that territorial sovereignty over a fluid resource should be limited.     

水资源监测数据的质量控制

对省界断面水量、取用水户实时水量、省界断面和重要水功能区的水质以及饮用水水源地的实时水质等水资源监测类型及监测方式方法展开了分析。基于分析结果,总结出了适用于水资源考核要求的水文站水量监测数据、取用水户在线水量监测数据、水质实验室水质监测数据以及水质自动监测数据的特点及其存在的问题。同时,提出了有关水资源监测数据质量控制方面的原则和方法,并对现有的水资源管理系统提出了一些有待改进的合理化建议。     

水利利用外资工作的几点思考

当前国内外经济形势的变化为我国水利利用外资工作创造了条件。同时在水利利用外资工作中还面临着国际金融组织赠款减少、外资项目配套资金和还贷能力不足、项目管理体制不顺等问题。结合新时期水利发展思路和外国政府、国际金融组织对华援助战略，提出了今后一个时期水利利用外资工作的重点领域。     

水利水电企业施工设备信息化 管理水平问题的思考

基于水利水电企业的工程实践及发展的需求,对施工设备管理的信息化建设的必要性进行了论述,分析了有关施工设备管理现状,讨论了信息化建设在施工设备管理中的作用以及有关设备管理的原则,而且提出了有关信息化建设的具体措施。     

Growing controversy over "wise international water governance".

This article takes the perspective that when political relationships are strained, there seem to be few examples of wise international water resources governance. The Middle East is a striking example. Much effort has been put into policy development and the design of international principles, but very little into the translation of those into concrete and lasting governance. One of the theses of the article is that politics--whether domestic or international--in most cases overrides these principles and standards. Moreover readymade regional co-operation models of water managements are not directly applicable to every geographical, political, economic and social setting. Certain factors are often under-estimated in international water negotiations, such as: the complexity of any hydro-political negotiations, and need to develop commonly accepted standards; the difficulty of translating policy--either politically or legally--into an operational and realistic negotiations strategy; the format of the procedures and meetings; recognition that third parties should have a long-term perspective on any conflict they get involved in. With reservations, the lessons learned indicate that the following factors have an impact on grid locked situations, such as: new substantive information; new trade-offs between the parties; and changed political climate or relationship with external power-brokers.     

基于文献计量的国际河流水资源研究发展态势

以ISI Web of Science论文数据库为数据源,采用美国汤姆森科技信息集团开发的专业数据分析工具TDA(Thomson Data Analyzer)对1951年至2011年(数据入库时间至2011年)国际河流水资源研究研究论文进行数据挖掘和分析.结果表明:国际河流水资源研究持续增长,特别是近20年增速显著;美国在该领域居于引领优势;国际河流水资源研究主要集中于发达国家所属国际河流的可持续发展和水资源管理、关注河流与环境变化之间的问题、河流的跨界及水资源综合管理等.建议密切关注国际河流水资源的发展态势与进展,鼓励我国环境生态学家、水资源学家、生物学家、地质学家、气象学家加强交流合作开展研究,为我国赢取更广泛参与国际河流事务的发展空间.     

尼尔基水电站蜗壳结构三维分析及应力配筋

尼尔基水利枢纽工程发电厂房为河床式厂房,在其蜗壳结构分析中采用了有限元结构分析及常规结构分析两种方法,同时结合厂房设计和施工等方面的要求,进行了结构和配筋设计。     

国际水条约对我国西南国际河流开发保护的影响

为了分析国际水条约对我国西南地区国际河流开发与保护的影响,对我国与西南国际河流相关国家签订的主要法律、条约以及下湄公河流域主要管理机构进行了系统的梳理,分析了各条约对我国水能开发可能产生的影响,明确了我国享有的权力和利益以及相关限制和所需承担的义务。在此基础上,提出了对相关影响可采取的对策,可供我国与相关国家进行磋商和谈判作为参考。     

变化环境下中国水安全问题研究与展望

变化环境下水安全问题是国际上关注的热点,也是保障我国水安全战略和实现可持续发展面临的重大挑战性问题。本文归纳总结了国内外有关水安全的定义;针对全球变化影响下我国面临的水安全问题,综述了变化环境下水安全问题研究最新的进展,包括水资源安全的评价研究和气候变化背景下水安全研究与实践的新进展,强调了水安全保障的水文水资源及其与社会科学的交叉应用基础研究,提出了水与人类未来发展的水安全保障的若干对策与建议。     

用水总量控制指标制定与制度建设

基于最严格水资源管理制度的要求,探讨了在我国实行用水总量控制的必要性;从制度设计和最严格水资源管理的需要,讨论了用水总量控制制度构建的主要内容;结合目前全国用水总量控制指标分解情况,探讨了用水总量控制指标制定的原则、依据、方法和技术流程;针对目前我国用水总量控制制度建设与控制指标分配工作,提出相关对策建议。     

Harmoniousness analysis of total amount control of water use简

Based on the fundamental principles of total amount control of water use, the harmony theory was used in this study to develop a concept of the degree of harmony of total amount control of water use. Based on this concept, the harmoniousness of total amount control of water use was analyzed in terms of the supply and demand of water resources, water resources management, water use benefits, and water-saving level. An evaluation index system of the degree of harmony of total amount control of water use was established, and a method for calculation of the degree of harmony of total amount control of water use was developed based on the analytic hierarchy process （AHP） and fuzzy comprehensive analysis （FCA） methods. The new evaluation index system was applied to a certain area in Jiangsu Province, China. The degree of harmony of total amount control of water use over this area was calculated for different years. Results indicate that the evaluation index system and calculation method proposed in this study are feasible, and such a harmoniousness analysis can provide scientific references for the strict water resources management system that will be implemented in China in the near future.     

长江水资源可持续利用方式的思考

通过分析长江水资源及其利用现状和问题,面对水资源的供求矛盾,重新审视我们对水资源的利用方式及消费行为,指出过去我们在水资源利用方面存在的问题,从新的角度提出对水资源利用的要求及原则,并提出要调整和优化水资源利用方式,重视构建流域综合管理体系,认为实施综合管理是水资源可持续利用的保证,提出了当前建立综合管理方面知识创新机制的保障措施.     

国外水权制度的政府管理实践经验与特点研究

通过分析对比研究日本、美国、澳大利亚、智利、俄罗斯等国家在政府管理方面的实践、经验和特点,表明:水权制度的政府管理应顺应经济发展演变过程,水权制度的政府管理遵循优先性原则;水权制度的政府管理在水权许可范围内行政;政府管理下的正规水市场成功潜力大;通过推动水权管理优化水资源管理制度。国外的经验为我国实践水权制度提供了有益参考。