白萝卜薄层热风干燥特性及其数学模型

以新鲜白萝卜为原料,研究在不同的热风温度、热风风速和切片厚度条件下,白萝卜的热风干燥特性。通过试验数据拟合,比较7种数学模型在白萝卜热风干燥过程中的适用性。结果表明:白萝卜热风干燥以降速过程为主,无明显的恒速阶段。干燥温度、切片厚度对白萝卜的干燥速率影响较大,风速影响较小。干燥温度越高、切片厚度越薄、风速越快,干燥用时越短。通过比较各模型的相关系数(R~2)、卡方值(χ~2)和均方根误差(RMSE),结果显示Page模型的拟合效果最好,该模型的R~2为0.997 6、χ~2为2.615×10~(-4)、RMSE为0.014 6。且用模型外的试验数据进行验证,也表现出较好的拟合度。白萝卜的有效水分扩散系数(Deff)为7.560×10~(-10)~2.130×10~(-9),随着干燥温度、风速和切片厚度的增加而增大。白萝卜的干燥活化能为26.34kJ/mol。此外,还对白萝卜片干燥前后的色差进行了测定和分析,结果表明:在50~80℃时,随着温度的增加,干燥成品的L~*值逐渐降低,而b~*、a~*以及总色差ΔE~*值呈升高的趋势。     

干制温度和切片厚度对山楂切片热风干制动力学的影响

在本研究中,为了探讨热风温度和切片厚度对山楂热风干制动力学的影响,将厚度为2 mm和4 mm的山楂切片置于50~90℃的热风干燥箱内进行干制处理,并采用5种常见食品薄层干燥模型对实验数据进行非线性拟合,通过比较评价决定系数(R~2)、卡方(χ~2)和均方根误差(RMSE)等统计数据确定山楂切片薄层热风干燥过程的最优模型。结果表明:山楂切片薄层热风干燥是内部水分扩散控制的降速干燥过程。Page模型是描述山楂切片薄层热风干燥过程的最优模型。不同干燥条件下有效水分扩散系数Deff和活化能Ea的求解结果表明,有效水分扩散系数Deff随热风温度和切片厚度的增加而增加,在干制温度范围内有效扩散系数的值在2.69×10~(-11)~16.12×10~(-11)m~2/s之间变化。对于切片厚度为2 mm和4 mm的山楂切片,活化能Ea分别为20.43、26.25 k J/mol。     

百合热风干制动力学的研究

为了探讨热风温度对百合热风干制动力学的影响,分别将百合鳞片和百合切丝置于65～85℃的热风干燥箱内进行干制处理,并采用5种常见食品薄层干燥模型对实验数据进行非线性拟合,通过比较评价决定系数(R~2)、卡方(χ~2)和均方根误差(RMSE)等统计数据确定百合薄层热风干燥过程的最优模型。结果表明:百合薄层热风干燥是内部水分扩散控制的降速干燥过程。Page模型是描述百合薄层热风干燥过程的最优模型。不同干燥条件下有效水分扩散系数D_(eff)和活化能Ea的求解结果表明,有效水分扩散系数Deff随热风温度升高而增加,在干制温度范围内,百合切丝有效扩散系数的值在7.73～14.12×10~(-9)m~2/s之间变化,而百合鳞片有效扩散系数的值在4.12～9.49×10~(-9)m~2/s之间变化。对于百合切丝和百合鳞片,活化能Ea分别为30.37和42.42 k J/mol。百合切丝干制能缩短干制时间,减少能量消耗。     

预处理对无核白葡萄热风干燥特性的影响

为研究预处理对无核白葡萄热风干燥特性的影响,用5 g/100 mL碳酸钾和0.6 g/100 mL橄榄油混合液浸泡无核白葡萄,进行不同干燥温度条件下的热风干燥实验。然后对4 种常见的农产品薄层干燥模型进行非线性拟合,并比较评价决定系数（R2）、卡方（χ2）值和标准误差（RMSE）。结果表明：Parabolic模型更加适合描述无核白葡萄热风干燥水分比与干燥时间之间的关系。在干燥温度分别为50、60、70 ℃时,预处理组的干燥时间比对照组的干燥时间分别缩短33.3%、19.2%、15.4%。预处理组的无核白葡萄的有效水分扩散系数分别提高47.4%、32.0%、32.4%;预处理组的平均活化能比对照组降低16.1%。预处理组葡萄干制品的复水率大于对照组。干燥前预处理可以缩短干燥时间、提高物料有效水分扩散系数、降低干燥活化能和保持干制品良好品质。     

番木瓜热风干燥特性分析

探讨不同干燥温度和不同切片厚度条件下番木瓜的热风干燥特性。通过9种数学模型对番木瓜热风干燥试验数据进行拟合,结果表明:同大多数农产品干燥一样,番木瓜热风干燥主要为降速过程。不同干燥温度和物料厚度番木瓜热风干燥的水分有效扩散系数Deff的变化范围分别是1.798 4×10-8~3.323 3×10-8,0.579 3×10-8~2.852 2×10-8 m2/s,由此可以看出番木瓜热风干燥的水分有效扩散系数随着干燥温度和物料厚度的增大而增大;Page模型是番木瓜热风干燥过程的最适模型,平均R2值、SSE值、RMSE值和X2值分别为0.998 1,0.003 3,0.012 4,0.000 2。经回归分析,得到温度、厚度与有效水分扩散系数Deff的关系表达式。研究结果可以为生产实践中预测番木瓜热风干燥的水分变化提供参考。     

甘蔗皮热风对流干燥特性及数学模型

以甘蔗皮为试材,研究不同甘蔗皮长度、热风温度及热风速度下甘蔗皮的热风对流干燥特性,利用Origin2018软件对实验数据进行数学模型拟合,得到甘蔗皮的热风薄层干燥模型。结果表明:热风温度升高,甘蔗皮干燥速率增大;热风干燥温度超过100℃,甘蔗皮不但成品色泽变暗,而且干燥过程中还散发刺鼻焦糊气味。增大风速,可以缩短甘蔗皮干燥周期;但是,风速超过4 m/s,进一步增大风速对提升甘蔗皮干燥速率不明显。甘蔗皮长度过短、过长都不利于提升甘蔗皮干燥速率,25 cm甘蔗皮干燥速率最大。甘蔗皮热风干燥下(温度为70～120℃)的有效水分扩散系数为(9.221×10~(-9)～2.626 2×10~(-8))m~2/s,活化能E_a=13.58 kJ/mol。对9种不同数学模型进行拟合,发现Page模型具有最高的R~2值和最低的均方根误差RMSE,更适于评估甘蔗皮热风干燥的水分脱除规律。     

红肉苹果片穿流式热风薄层干燥特性及数学模型

以新疆红肉苹果为试材,研究不同切片厚度、热风温度及热风速率下苹果切片的干燥特性,通过Origin8.0软件对试验数据进行数学模型拟合,得到红肉苹果片的热风薄层干燥模型。结果表明,热风温度、切片厚度和热风风速对红肉苹果片的干燥特性均有一定影响,热风温度对其影响程度最为显著。热风温度越高,切片厚度越小,风速越大,红肉苹果片的干燥速率越大。综合而言,在热风温度80℃、切片厚度2 mm、热风速度1.5m/s时,红肉苹果片干燥速率最大。所选6个数学模型均可以较好地阐述红肉苹果片在热风薄层干燥过程中的水分变化规律,其中Page模型具有最高的R~2值、最低均方根误差RMSE及卡方值χ~2,更适于评估红肉苹果片干燥过程中的水分脱除规律。     

燕麦马铃薯复合面条热风干燥特性及其数学模型研究

为探讨燕麦马铃薯复合面条热风干燥特性,以燕麦马铃薯粉为原料,制作复合面条,分析在不同温度、风速和面条厚度条件下复合面条的热风干燥特性,并建立相关的数学模型。结果表明:热风温度越高,风速越大,面条厚度越小,干燥时间越短;温度及面条厚度对复合面条的干燥特性影响较大,而风速影响较小,降速阶段为其主要阶段;Midilli模型能很好地表征复合面条的干燥过程,拟合效果较好(R~20.9),试验值和预测值能够较好地吻合,该模型可为复合面条热风干燥过程提供可靠的分析和预测;有效水分扩散系数D_(eff)在10~(-10) m~2/s数量级范围内,且随干燥温度和风速的升高、面条厚度的降低而增大,复合面条干燥活化能Ea为43.15kJ/mol。     

龙眼果肉微波干燥特性及干燥模型研究

探讨不同微波功率密度(P/m)对龙眼果肉干燥过程中水分比MR、失水速率及干燥时间的影响,结果表明龙眼果肉微波干燥是内部水分扩散控制的降速干燥过程。采用7种常见食品薄层干燥模型对试验数据进行非线性拟合,通过比较决定系数R2、均方根误差RMSE、卡方χ2,结果表明Midilli模型是表述龙眼果肉微波干燥的最优模型。对不同微波功率密度下的有效扩散系数Deff及活化能Ea进行求解,结果表明有效扩散系数Deff随功率密度的增大而增大,Deff的值介于0.7057×10-9～1.8×10-9m2/s之间,平均活化能为1.266W/g。     

黄芪切片热风干燥特性及动力学模型研究

分别研究热风温度(40,50,60℃)、风速(0.4,0.8,1.2m/s)和切片厚度(3,6,9mm)对黄芪切片热风干燥曲线、有效水分扩散系数、复水比和色差的影响,利用Weibull分布函数对试验数据进行拟合,并计算黄芪切片热风干燥活化能。结果表明:黄芪切片热风干燥属于降速干燥过程,热风温度和切片厚度对干燥时间影响较大,干燥过程服从Weibull分布函数(R~2=0.995 1~0.999 2);有效水分扩散系数为0.321×10~(-7)~1.178×10~(-7) m~2/s,热风温度和切片厚度对其影响较大,呈正相关性;干燥活化能为56.49kJ/mol,说明干燥操作较易实现;黄芪切片干制品复水比为2.02~2.43,随热风温度的升高而减小,随切片厚度的增加而增大;色差为1.96~7.01,随热风温度和风速的增加而增大,随切片厚度的增加而减小。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the