双射流流化床射流流动的混沌特性

在－３００ｍｍ×５０ｍｍ×２６００ｍｍ的二维射流流化床中,采用内径１１ｍｍ的对称双射流管。通过压力波动的时序分析,利用确定性混沌理论分析方法,求得了最大李雅普诺夫因数和关联维数;并讨论了静床高度、喷口气速、喷口管间距对关联维数的影响。     

大型单射流流化床的流动特性

在φ500mm×8000mm的大型单射流半圆形流化床中,采用内径为42mm的半圆形射流管,以小米为实验物料,利用摄像法研究了射流气速、静床高度与射流深度的关系,得出了射流深度的定量关联式．藉PC—4光导纤维测浓仪,研究了大型射流流化床径向、轴向空隙率分布规律,最后得出了射流区各点空隙率分布的定量关系式．     

大型双射流流化床的流体动力学特性

在Ф0 .5m× 8m大型双射流流化床中 ,通过摄像、放像逐帧分析法和sthVCD软件分析录像转换的VCD ,得到了不同管间距下双射流典型的运动图像 .同时研究了两射流独立存在区、过渡区和射流合并区 3种流型的相互转变 ,得出了流型转变的关系式 .不同射流管间距下相同射流气速的射流深度相比 ,管间距减小则射流深度减小 ;在较小的管间距和相对高的射流气速下 ,两射流在射流深度之内始终合并 ,表现为射流合并高度 .得出了射流深度、射流合并高度的定量关系式 .分数维关联维数表明大型双射流流化床是一个确定性混沌系统 ,考查了管间距、静床高度对关联维数的影响     

大型射流床流动特性实验研究

在内径 5 0 0 mm的大型半圆型流化床中 ,以属于 Geldart D类的小米为试验物料 ,使用的半圆形喷口内径 42 mm。利用多路压力信号快速循环采集系统和快速傅立叶变换分段功率谱方法采集和处理数据。结果表明射流崩塌的频率随喷口射流气速的增大而增大 ,随静床高度的增大而减小。同时应用摄像法 ,考察了射流深度与喷口射流气速、静床高度的关系 ,结合 30 0× 5 0 mm二维射流床的实验结果 ,得到了射流深度的定量关系式     

半圆流化床中垂直双射流喷射深度及气体合并行为

在内径５００ｍｍ的半圆形流化床中,考察了２个内径４２ｍｍ的半圆喷口的射流深度及气体合并行为．结果表明,双射流条件下每个单射流的喷射深度与喷口间距无关,进一步证明了二维流化床中得到的研究结果．给出了一个适用范围较宽的射流深度经验关联式．在双射流相互干扰的研究中,发现存在两种合并特征,即射流区合并及射流区外的气泡合并,并就这两种合并的判据、合并高度与操作及几何条件的关系进行了讨论．     

二维射流床空隙率分布

使用ＰＣ－４光导纤维测浓仪测定了二维射流床中的空隙率分布，并考查了静床高、射流管径对空隙率分布的影响，发现在射流喷口上方２．５ｃｍ￣７．５ｃｍ处有一最大空隙率分布区。利用空率分布可定义并求出射流深度，其值与Ｙａｎｇ的关联式计算值吻合。     

气固流化床内射流穿透深度的CFD模拟及其实验验证

在经典的Gidaspow无黏性双流体模型中考虑离散颗粒对流体和固体动量守恒方程的影响后,建立了一个具有模拟大规模流化床内气固两相流体动力学特性潜在优势的简化数学模型。在CFX4.4商业化软件平台上通过增加用户自定义子程序考察了二维气固流化床(高2.00 m、宽0.30 m)内射流气速、喷嘴尺寸、环隙气速和静床高度对射流穿透深度的影响,并以树脂颗粒(粒径670 μm、密度1474 kg·m^-3)为研究对象在厚度为0.025 m的矩形床内进行了对比实验。结果表明,选取空隙率为0.8的等高线作为射流边界比较合适;射流穿透深度随射流气速或射流喷口尺寸的增加而增大;射流周围环隙气速由0变到最小流化速度时,射流穿透深度随环隙气速增加而增大,在最小流化速度时达到最大值,然后随环隙气速增加单调减小,当环隙气速大于2.5倍最小流化速度时,射流穿透深度减小程度变缓;在相同射流气速下射流穿透深度随着静床高度的增加而减小,静床高度对射流穿透深度的影响随着射流气速增加呈现扩大的趋势。     

流化床中射流机制和双射流相互作用

在文献的基础上, 通过实验和模拟的方法研究了射流机制和双射流的相互作用. 采用一个300 mm′51 mm的两维气固流化床,内置两个垂直射流, 使用多路毕托管系统测量射流穿透深度. 使用描述气固流态化的双流体模型进行模拟,用改进的IPSA求解模型方程,通过数值模拟, 讨论了射流产生的机理, 再现了双射流, 并发现双射流的相互作用可分为三类：孤立射流、过渡射流和互作用射流,提出了相应的射流间距判据. 发现影响双射流穿透深度最主要的因素是射流动量、两相间曳力、射流间距和床层表观气速, 建议使用Froude数、Reynolds数、床层表观气速、射流间距和喷口直径来关联不同区域的射流穿透深度. 得到了一个关联式并与文献中的关联式或实验数据做了比较.     

基于图像法喷动床内空隙率研究

利用图像二值化方法处理图片,并采用Matlab编程实现空隙率的测量,从微观层次分析空隙率对喷动流化床内流动状态的影响。研究了颗粒粒径、喷口数量和表观气速对空隙率分布的影响。结果表明,增大表观气速使床层底部的稀相区增大,床层膨胀高度增加,空隙率也随之增加。增大颗粒粒径会增大最小临界流化速率,所以在其达到流化状态后流化床内颗粒粒径增大,床内喷动区空隙率减小比较明显。在相同条件下,与单喷口相比双喷口在床层底部附近存在合并射流,同时颗粒能到达的高度显著增加,底部两侧停滞区面积减小。结合对空隙率的分析,提出一种新的表征流化床内流化状态的参数(流化指数),可以直观地表示流化床内颗粒的流化状态。     

喷口间距对双矩形平行射流流场的影响

用激光粒子测试仪（PIV）测量了双矩形喷口平行射流的流场特性,研究了不同喷口速度、不同喷口间距下双射流的混合特性。结果表明,喷口速度增大,双射流对称线上速度绝对值增大,但速度最大值出现的位置基本不变。喷口间距增大后,双射流的混合推迟,合并点后移,传递到对称线上的动量减弱,在合并点上的最大速度值减小。间距比与合并点的关系呈线性;但与大间距比相比,小间距比对合并点的影响更为敏感,关联式斜率更大。对湍流特性分析发现,双射流的主要动量传递发生在混合区,喷口间距增大,混合区与喷口的距离增加。     

Flow behaviors of a large spout-fluid bed at high pressure and temperature by 3D simulation with kinetic theory of granular flow

Flow behaviors of a large spout-fluid bed (I.D. 1.0 m) at high pressure and temperature were investigated by Eulerian simulation. The gas phase was modeled with k − ε turbulent model and the particle phase was modeled with kinetic theory of granular flow. The development of an internal jet, gas-solid flow patterns, particle concentrations, particle velocities and jet penetration depths at high pressure and temperature at different operating conditions were simulated. The results show that the bed operated at an initial bed height larger than the maximum spoutable bed height resembles the flow patterns of jetting fluidized beds. The radial profiles of particle velocities and concentrations at high temperature and pressure have the similar characteristic shapes to those at ambient pressure and temperature. The particle concentrations and velocities appear to depend on the bed heights when increasing pressure while keeping the gas velocities and temperature constant. The particle velocities in the lower region of the bed increase with increasing pressure, while they tend to decrease in the middle and upper regions of the bed. The particle concentrations have an opposite dependency with increasing pressure. They decrease in the lower region of the bed but increase in the middle and upper regions of the bed. Besides, the jet penetration depths are found to increase with increasing pressure.     

单组分两维射流床内空隙率分布的数学模拟

根据基本守恒方程建立了描述气－固两相流动的数学模型，将用于单相流计算的ＳＩＭＰＬＥ算法改进后，成功地开发了预测流化床内流体动力学的ＣＡＳＩＣＣ软件包。进而详细地模拟了单组分射流床空隙率分布特性，结果表明时均空隙率随轴向位置依次分为：浓相区、颗粒夹带区和稀相区。所得结论与实验观察相一致，可以为该类反应器的设计和放大提供有益的建议     

蒸汽喷射式抽空器变工况性能及分析

炼油厂减压蒸馏装置中的减压塔一般采用蒸汽喷射式抽空器来实现塔内的真空。在实际生产运行中 ,工作蒸汽的参数是不稳定的 ,而且处理量也是变化的。针对这种状况 ,推导了绝热指数的计算公式并建立了蒸汽抽空器的计算模型 ,用蒸汽作为引射气体进行了计算 ,并对变工况条件下蒸汽抽空器的性能及进行了分析。     

Evaluation of jet performance in drop-on-demand (DOD) inkjet printing

Inkjet printing has been widely used in many applications and has been studied for many years. However, there are not many systematic researches on the mechanism of jet formation, nor is there any reliable platform that enables us to evaluate jet performance. In this study, an approach to practically evaluate the jet stability of the dropon-demand (DOD) inkjet printing has been proposed, based on which the transient behavior of the DOD drop formation has been studied experimentally for Newtonian liquids with a range of different viscosities (1.0–11 cp) but of a comparable surface tension. For more viscous liquids, the rate of the jet retraction after a pinch-off from the nozzle was found to increase as the thread motion became more sharp and conical as a result of the shape effect. The break-up time of the jet also increased because the rate of capillary wave propagation was lower for more viscous liquids. The jet stability graph, which can be drawn in terms of jet retraction and break-up time, was employed to characterize the jetting stability, and the degree of satellite drop generation was quantitatively evaluated by two critical jet speeds. The effect of an electric pulse imposed on a piezoelectric plate inside the printhead was also studied. The single-peak electric pulse was used in this experiment for simple analysis, and the jet speed variation was measured under different operating conditions. Both the optimal dwell time and the maximum stable jetting frequency were affected by viscosity and they were explained in terms of the propagation theory.     

Experimental and numerical study of fluid dynamic parameters in a jetting fluidized bed of a binary mixture

The solid circulation pattern, the voidage profile, and the jet penetration height have been investigated experimentally and computationally in a cold-flow model of jetting fluidized beds (JFBs) of a binary mixture in this paper. This rectangular two-dimensional bed is 0.30 m wide and 2.05 m high with a central jet and a conical distributor, which roughly stands for the ash-agglomerating fluidized-bed coal gasifier. A video camera and coloured particle tracer method were employed to explore the fluid dynamics in the bed. In terms of the average physical properties of binary mixtures, a hydrodynamic model describing the gas-solid flow characteristics in a jetting bed is resolved by using a modified Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure-Linked Equation (SIMPLE) algorithm. This paper focuses on three features of the fluid dynamics—solid circulation pattern, voidage profile, and jet penetration height. The solid circulation pattern is composed of three regions: the jetting region, the bubble street, and the annular region. Above the central nozzle the time-averaged isoporosity contours are almost elliptic, while near the walls of the bed, the voidage in high solid concentration region is approximately equal to that at the minimum fluidization state. The jet penetration height increases with increasing jet gas velocity and with decreasing average particle diameter. The increase in weight percentage of the lighter component in the binary system reveals that reduction of average density causes the enlargement of jet penetration height. The simulated results show good agreement with the experimental data.     

BUBBLE FORMATION FROM ELASTIC HOLES

The elastic membrane sparger is studied by observing bubble formation at a single hole centered in a circular membrane. Two types of models are developed to forecast intrinsic properties of the elastic bubble generator: (i) flow rate as a function of pressure change (ii) bubble size as a function of flow rate. In the former, certain properties relating to the changing hole size are revealed, and in the second, the dominant bubble regime is delineated. Comparison of theory and experiment suggests the rubber sparger operates as a linear area device, that is, hole area appears to increase linearly with increasing pressure. This behavior has certain advantages over a fixed-hole sparger, for example the retardation of the onset of jetting. We next show certain modifications of the classical analysis can predict quite adequately the bubble sizes emanating from the flexible hole     

BUBBLE FORMATION IN A TRANSVERSE HORIZONTAL LIQUID FLOW

Over a wide range of liquid velocities, gas emitted from an orifice forms a cylinder or jet of gas which disrupts by varicose instability to generate bubbles. Data is presented which extends the previous use of this model by Silberman (1957).

At liquid velocities low enough to be comparable with bubble rise velocity, bubbles are formed discretely at the orifice. Mathematical models indicate that the value of hydrodynamic mass that is effective in the horizontal direction in delaying bubble release lies between 0 and 0.5 times the displacement. The value of 0.5 is a useful predictive guide up to the point where jetting occurs and the instability model predicts a smaller bubble.     

陶瓷过滤器脉冲反吹系统引射性能的实验测定(Ｉ)——喷吹气体流量的测定和分析

采用热线风速仪测,量陶瓷过滤器脉冲反吹喷嘴出口的流场得到了喷吹气体流量,分析了喷吹压力和脉冲宽度对喷吹气体流量的影响。实验结果表明,喷吹气体流量随喷吹压力的增加而显著增加,而脉冲宽度的增加对喷吹气体流量的影响较小,只是增加了气体喷吹持续时间。同时证明由热线风速仪测得的一次脉冲反吹的压缩气体耗量与将储气罐排气过程简化为绝热排气过程所计算出的结果非常吻合,推荐采用绝热排气过程估算压缩气体耗量。     

陶瓷过滤器脉冲反吹系统引射性能的实验测定(Ⅰ)──喷吹气体流量的测定和分析

采用热线风速仪测量陶瓷过滤器脉冲反吹喷嘴出口的流场得到了喷吹气体流量，分析了喷吹压力和脉冲宽度对喷吹气体流量的影响。实验结果表明，喷吹气体流量随喷吹压力的增加而显著增加，而脉冲宽度的增加对喷吹气体流量的影响较小，只是增加了气体喷吹持续时间。同时证明由热线风速仪测得的一次脉冲反吹的压缩气体耗量与将储气罐排气过程简化为绝热排气过程所计算出的结果非常吻合，推荐采用绝热排气过程估算压缩气体耗量。