新型复合电化学电容器的研究

在单体碳/碳型双电层电容器的电极中分别添加一定量具有高容量性质的活性物质,构成正、负复合电极,活性物质经激活后即可在两极存储电能。该新型复合电容器与原碳/碳型双电层电容器相比,具有更高的稳定工作电压以及较高的单电极比容量,可有效改善双电层电容器的比能量及安全性能。根据所加活性物质比例及所选工作电压之不同,比能量可增加45%～70%。经不同电流密度恒流充放电试验,复合电容器的功率密度、充放电效率及循环寿命等性能良好,高容量活性物质的添加对双电层电容器较高的自放电现象具有一定的抑制作用。     

表面活性剂对双电层电容器性能的影响

用高比表面积活性炭作为双电层电容器的电极材料存在等效串联内阻大,可利用比表面积低的问题.通过添加表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠对活性炭材料表面进行改性,可以使双电层电容器的比容量和大功率放电性能得到很大的提高.结果表明,当添加表面活性剂的质量为活性炭的4%时,可使活性炭电极对有机电解液的润湿性最好,使得双电层电容器在不同电流密度下的比容量分别提高了5.27%(1 mA/cm2)和20.62%(5 mA/cm2),且具有较好的电容性能和循环性能.     

电解液对超级电容器性能的影响

介绍了锂离子电池电解液和两种季铵盐PC溶液对超级电容器循环伏安、功率特性和循环性能的影响。结果表明,锂离子电解液LiPF6/（EC＋EMC＋DMC）的循环伏安、功率特性差,充电至3.0 V循环2 000次,电容器就发生爆炸,不适合做双电层电容器的电解液;季铵盐PC溶液各项性能优良,是较理想的超级电容器电解液,其中MeEt3NBF4/PC比Et4NBF4/PC具有更高的比电容。     

低内阻炭基双电层电容器的实验研究

双电层电容器是能量密度和功率密度介于电池和传统静电电容器间的新型储能元件。但内阻过大限制了其应用范围。当用作大功率电源时，必须降低其等效串联内阻(ESR)。该文通过建立数学模型，从理论上分析了双电层电容器ESR的形成原因，得出双电层电容器的ESR主要由引线、集电极和极化电极的电阻、电解液的电阻及极化电极与集电极之间的接触电阻组成。降低电容器内阻，应降低上述电阻。通过交流阻抗谱试验证明了理论分析和数学模型的正确性。同时，通过试制电容器样品，研究了极化电极、电解液、集电极、隔膜对其ESR的影响，并探讨了双电层电容器的串并联特性。     

电化学电容器电极材料最新研究进展

1引言电化学电容器,又称为电化学超级电容器、双电层电容器(DLC)或简称超级电容器[1],其电荷存储是基于多孔电极/电解液界面的双电层,或赝电容器氧化物或导电聚合物电极所产生的吸附电容,而化学电源电荷存储是基于可逆的法拉第反应。电化学电容器有比常规电容器功率密度大和比二次电池功率密度高的优点(见图1),而且可快速充放     

超级电容器水系中性电解液的研究

采用商用超级电容器活性炭,制备了双电层电容器,用循环伏安、交流阻抗和恒流充放电等表征方法研究了活性炭电极在不同中性电解液中的电化学性能。结果表明：活性炭的比电容依KOH、氯化物、硫酸盐、硝酸盐溶液顺序递减,依铵盐、钠盐、钾盐顺序递增;循环性能氯化物和硝酸盐溶液中较差,硫酸盐和KOH溶液中较好,硝酸盐不适合做超级电容器电解质,而（NH4）2SO4和KCl有望成为优良的电解质。     

电化学混合电容器

电化学混合电容器是一种介于超级电容器和电池之间的新型贮能元件。与传统的双电层电容器相比 ,它具有更高比容量和比能量 ,与电池相比 ,具有更高的功率密度和较低的能量密度。叙述了电化学混合电容器的原理、特点、最新研究进展 ,以及正在应用和潜在的应用领域     

导电聚合物型超电容器的比较研究

以掺杂聚(3 甲基噻吩)、掺杂聚吡咯或碳纳米管为活性物质,以偏氟乙烯 六氟丙烯共聚物为粘结剂,以乙炔黑为添加剂,将它们均匀混合后制成电极材料,再以LiClO4的1,4 丁内酯溶液为非水系电解质,以偏氟乙烯 六氟丙烯共聚物制成的微孔膜作隔膜,分别组装了Ⅰ型氧化还原超电容器、Ⅱ型氧化还原超电容器和新型的氧化还原 双电层混合型超电容器。并对上述超电容器进行了循环伏安与恒电流充放电测试。对它们的比较研究表明:Ⅱ型氧化还原超电容器具有较高的比能量(可达8.7Wh/kg),混合型超电容器则具有较高的比功率。这两种超电容器具有潜在的使用价值。     

离子液体/聚合物电解质在双电层电容器中的应用

以P(VDF-HFP)为基体,与离子液体1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑钅翁四氟硼酸盐(EMIBF4)和1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑钅翁六氟磷酸盐(BMIPF6)制备出离子液体/聚合物电解质凝胶膜,并组装了活性炭电极双电层电容器(EDLC)。基于EMIBF4/P(VDF-HFP)和BMIPF6/P(VDF-HFP)聚合物电解质(质量比2∶1)的双电层电容器,比电容分别为38.5 F/g和20.9 F/g。基于EMIBF4/P(VDF-HFP)的双电层电容器显示了优良的电化学性能。     

离子液体在双电层电容器中的应用研究

研究了以一种咪唑类离子液体1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐(EMI.BF4)为支持电解质盐,分别以碳酸丙烯酯(PC)、乙腈(AN)、二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)为溶剂的3种新型电解液的电化学特性;进而使用这3种新型电解液组装了活性碳电极双电层电容器(EDLC),对电容器的性能进行了研究。结果表明:EMI.BF4在PC、AN、DMF中均具有较大的溶解度(>6mol/L);25℃时EMI.BF4/PC、EMI.BF4/AN和EMI.BF4/DMF溶液浓度分别为2.7mol/L、2.4mol/L和2.6mol/L时电导率达最大值(20.3mS/cm、66.3mS/cm和35.3mS/cm),对应的电化学窗口分别为3.7V、4.0V和3.6V。以这3种EMI.BF4/有机溶剂溶液为电解液的双电层电容器,在充电后期均未出现因“离子贫乏效应”所导致的电容器电压急剧升高现象;其中以2.4mol/LEMI.BF4/AN为电解液的电容器具有最为优良的充放电性能和相对较高的工作电压。     

超高功率型双电层电容器的研制

双电层电容器作为一种新型的功率储能器件,具有储能密度高、放电功率大、环境适应能力强等特点.利用涂覆工艺制备了活性碳电极,设计了具有低直流内阻特点的双电层电容器结构,并在此基础上组装了超高功率双电层电容器.经过直流放电、短路放电、温度特性、寿命特性的电化学特性测试,结果显示该电容器峰值功率密度达到16.54 kW/kg,...     

Noncorrosive separator materials for electric double layer capacitor

The paper evaluates noncorrosive and inexpensive materials, namely polypropylene sheet, fiberglass, and glass wool, as potential separator materials for electric double‐layer capacitor (EDLC) application. Using these materials as separators and the same activated carbon electrodes, properties of two‐electrode capacitors filled with aqueous sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) as well as galvanostatic and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. Performance comparison of the tested capacitors with an identical capacitor with conventional cellulose separator was also carried out. As a benchmark, the noncorrosive‐separator‐based capacitors demonstrate comparable power and energy densities to those of a cellulose separator, with the highest specific capacitance of 131 F/g and lowest equivalent series resistance of 13 Ω for the glass wool separator. Application of such noncorrosive separators may realize the utilization of high‐concentration aqueous electrolytes, leading to higher rating EDLCs at lower cost compared to organic‐solution‐based capacitors. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Candidate organic electrolytes for electric double-layer capacitor application

Electricdouble layercapacitor(EDLC )isauniqueelectro chemicalenergystoragedevicewhichexhibitsmuchgreatercapaci tancethanconventionalcapacitors Italsooffersmuchhigherpow erdensitythanconventionalbatteries (C2 H5) 4 NBF4 PCisfre quentlyusedaselectrolyteinEDLCsforitsrelativelyhighelectro chemicalandthermalstability[1-2 ] However ,theconductivityof(C2 H5) 4 NBF4 PCisratherlowandtheviscosityisquitehigh AcetonitrilehasahighconductivityandhasalreadybeenusedassolventintheEuropeanmarketforcap…     

Electric double‐layer capacitor module with series‐parallel reconfigurable cell voltage equalizers

When electric double‐layer capacitors (EDLCs) are connected in series, a cell voltage imbalance occurs due to nonuniform cell properties. Cell voltage imbalance should be minimized to prolong cycle lives and maximize the available energy of cells. In this study, we propose a series‐parallel reconfigurable cell voltage equalizer that is considered suitable for energy storage systems using EDLCs instead of traditional secondary batteries as the main energy storage sources. The proposed equalizer requires only EDLCs and switches as its main circuit elements, and it utilizes EDLCs not only for energy storage but also for equalization. An equivalent circuit model using equivalent resistors that can be regarded as an index of equalization speed is developed. Current distribution and cell voltage imbalancing during operation are quantitatively generalized. Experimental charge–discharge tests were performed on the EDLC modules to demonstrate the performance of the cell voltage equalizer. All the cells in the modules could be charged/discharged uniformly even when a degradation‐mimicking cell was intentionally included in the module. The resultant cell voltage imbalances and current distributions were in good agreement with those predicted by mathematical analyses. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 181(4): 38–50, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21287     

Discharger using cascaded switched capacitor converters and selectable intermediate taps for electric double‐layer capacitors

Electric double‐layer capacitors (EDLCs) offer several advantages over traditional batteries, such as a long cycle life, high power capability, and good low‐temperature performance. However, their major drawbacks, such as low specific energy and large voltage variation due to charge/discharge cycling, necessitate the use of high‐efficiency power conversion electronics that can be used to efficiently discharge EDLCs and thus completely utilize the precious stored energy. In this study, we propose a novel discharger for EDLCs; this discharger uses cascaded switched capacitor converters (SCCs) and selectable intermediate taps. Although the voltage conversion ratio of SCCs is fixed, the load voltage can be maintained within a desired range by the selectable intermediate taps. The circuit configuration, operating principles, and procedure for designing SCCs and selectable intermediate taps are presented. Experimental tests were performed using an EDLC module and a 200‐W prototype of the discharger. The obtained results showed that the 60‐V EDLC could be discharged to 30 V with an average efficiency of 96% when the load voltage was maintained within the range of 30 to 40 V. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 183(3): 37–45, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22281     

电容器级新型储能电介质的储电性能研究

在电容型储能脉冲功率电源中,脉冲电容器的储能密度直接影响脉冲功率电源和脉冲功率系统的小型化发展.目前,脉冲电容器的介质材料多采用双向拉伸聚丙烯薄膜(BOPP),其储能密度很难进一步提升,因此需要研究新型电容储能材料,以提高电容器的储能密度.本文以电容器用储能电介质为研究对象,对聚合物基无机纳米复合电介质(PVDF/Ti...     

Experimental analysis of the capacity of electrochemical capacitors operating with AC voltage at a frequency of 50 Hz

The aim of this work was to investigate the properties of electrochemical capacitors under alternating voltage conditions, from the point of view of their possible application to power-factor correction in the power system. The electrochemical capacitors were based on different carbon materials as well as on the following electrolytes: aqueous alkaline, organic salts dissolved in non-aqueous solvents, and room temperature ionic liquids. The capacitors with the electrolytes based on ionic liquids showed the best characteristics. The specific capacity of carbon-based capacitors, filled with ionic liquids, may reach the level of 35 mF/kg at AC voltage of 230 V at 50 Hz.     

高比能量电化学电容器及材料的进展

介绍了电化学电容器电极材料中高比电容材料的研究进展,包括RuO2基材料、过渡金属氧化物基材料和导电聚合物。总结了最近提出的碳纳米管阵列电容器、嵌入化合物电容器及纳米门炭电容器等高比能量电化学电容器,结合它们的研究现状,分析了高比能量电化学电容器及材料的发展趋势。     

金属氧化物超级电容器的研究进展

与蓄电池相比,超级电容器具有较高的比功率;与传统电容器相比,超级电容器具有较大的容量和较高的能量,且工作温度范围宽、循环寿命长.金属氧化物超级电容器的储能以法拉第准电容为主,其电极材料分为三类:贵金属氧化物、贱金属氧化物和复合型金属氧化物.综述了金属氧化物超级电容器的储能机理、制备及最新研究进展;介绍了电容器中电解液、隔膜材料和集流体的相关性能.     

Double‐Switch Series‐Resonant Cell‐Voltage Equalizer Using a Voltage Multiplier for Series‐Connected Energy Storage Cells

Series connections of energy storage cells, such as lithium‐ion cells and electric double‐layer capacitors (EDLCs), require cell‐voltage equalizers to ensure years of operation. Conventional equalizers require multiple switches, magnetic components, and/or secondary windings of a multiwinding transformer in proportion to the number of series connections, which usually makes them complex, expensive, bulky, and less extendable with increasing series connections. A double‐switch series‐resonant equalizer using a voltage multiplier is proposed in this paper. The double‐switch operation without a multiwinding transformer achieves simplified circuitry and good modularity at reduced size and cost, compared to conventional equalizers. Operational analyses were separately performed for the following two functional parts of the proposed equalizer: a series‐resonant inverter and a voltage multiplier. The mathematical analyses derived a dc‐equivalent circuit of the proposed equalizer, with which simulation analyses of even an hour's duration can be completed in an instant. Simulation analyses were separately performed for both the original and equivalent circuits. The simulation results of the derived circuit correlated well with those of the original circuit, thus verifying the derived dc‐equivalent circuit. A 5‐W prototype of the proposed equalizer was built for eight cells connected in series and an experimental equalization was performed for series‐connected EDLCs from an initially voltage‐imbalanced condition. The voltage imbalance was gradually eliminated over time, and the standard deviation in the cell voltages decreased to approximately 5 mV at the end of the experiment, thus demonstrating the equalization performance of the proposed equalizer.