从《儒林外史》、《孽海花》、《围城》看近三百年中士人形象的变化

以士人形象转变为切入点,在分析<儒林外史>、<孽海花>、<围城>三部小说中士人形象的基础上,深入分析其形象改变原因.指出八股取士的没落、民族危机的深重、中西文化碰撞的加剧,使得许多士人远离了传统的士人精神,把追求的重心转向于"利",他们的社会角色从操控国家政治、文化命运的传统士大夫转变为渐次游离子国家政治权力中心的新兴知识分子,而三部小说也反映了作者对自我、国家之现实与未来的冷思考.     

《西洋记》的刊刻与明清海防危机中的"郑和记忆"

文学作品的流通和传播不是一个孤立的现象,其间所显现的不仅仅是文学作品的接受问题,更涉及错综复杂的社会和文化因素.罗懋登的<三宝太监西洋记通俗演义>被认为是文学史上的一部二三流小说,但在明末清初却受到众多出版商的青睐.在清中后期经过相当长时期的沉寂后,清末民初再次出现刊刻的高潮.这部小说的两次刊刻高潮,都与海防危机中的"郑和记忆"有密切关系,都伴随着"郑和记忆"的重构问题.罗懋登生活在明朝日益走向衰弱、海事危机不断的时代,他有感于国势的衰微,欲借郑和下西洋的故事来激励君臣,把重振国威的期望写入自己的小说.明末清初的书坊书商重视、读书界热衷于<西洋记>,也是在于通过对这部小说的特别关注,表达"民间伤今之弱,于是便感昔之盛",以重建被丢失的"郑和记忆".晚清的海事危机更为严峻,再度催发了整个社会对异域知识的兴趣,另一方面,由于对现实社会统治者的失望,国人再度在旧书中寻求辉煌的历史,寻找心灵的安慰,<西洋记>便再度出现刊刻高潮.<西洋记>在晚清的多次重刻和流传,也反映出国人海权意识的觉醒,还为20世纪初梁启超为代表的文化人重构"郑和记忆"作了重要的文化铺垫.     

现实沃土之沉思爱情王国之绝唱——《呼啸山庄》与《简·爱》对比研究

虽然<呼啸山庄>与<简·爱>无论在主题、爱情观还是宗教信仰等方面存在不一样的风情,但相近的家庭背景,类似的文学熏陶,决定了两姐妹的文学创作有很强的可比性.在<筒·爱>里夏洛蒂·勃朗特更多的是披露个人的情怀,而妹妹艾米丽·勃朗特的<呼啸山庄>本身就是一本社会小说,更多的是对近代文明的控诉.<呼啸山庄>代表的是英国小说的一条绝径,而夏洛蒂对女性内心痛苦的现实主义刻画却带绐英国小说一个新的发展方向.姐妹俩屹立在现实的沃土上反抗现实,但都难以超越"我爱","我恨","我受苦",最终不免为现实所牵制.     

解构幕后的真相——释读《莽林丛中》

日本导演黑泽明拍摄的<罗生门>震惊了世界,其所依据的芥川龙之介的小说<罗生门>和<莽林丛中>也渐渐唤起人们往昔的阅读记忆.毕竟芥川的自杀,给后世留下了太多未知的谜团.本文主要时<莽林丛中>这篇小说进行尝试性的释读与解构,包括电影艺术、小说结构、叙事视角、哲学内涵等几个方面.     

鲁迅小说叙事人称面面观

鲁迅留给我们的小说并不多,但<呐喊>、<仿徨>、<故事新编>,字字珠矶,篇篇精品,标志着中国现代小说的成熟.尤其是阿Q这一典型的创造,使鲁迅一跃成为世界著名的伟大作家.鲁迅是中国现代小说的奠基人,他在小说艺术形式、表现手法和小说语言方面的创造是全方位的.下面我们就以<呐喊>和<仿徨>的部分作品为例,分析鲁迅小说的叙事人称横断面结构.     

从古希腊原型角度看《德伯家的苔丝》

<德伯家的苔丝>是哈代的代表作,受古希腊文学的影响,女主人公苔丝的具体形象可以追溯到古希腊原型"复仇女神"美狄亚身上,通过两者之间的对比与分析,在人物形象相似与变异中总结出各自的跌落与升华,进而反思女性在中国现当代社会中的位置和命运问题.     

论苔丝悲剧命运的成因

本文从主观和客观两个方面分析了小说中女中人公苔丝悲剧命运的原因,并深层探讨了她的性格特点以及男权意识对她命运的影响,从内在和外在两个角度透视了苔丝悲剧命运的必然性.     

个人与文化的双重迷惘——艾略特创作《荒原》之根源

<荒原>表达了艾略特个人与文化的双重迷惘.说它是"个人"的迷惘,因为它是一部艾略特个人的"心灵史";而它所反映出的文明的危机、世界的幻灭和人的绝望,正是对"文化"迷惘的体现.文章从艾略特本人的生活状态、婚姻状态和宗教思想等方面入手,在对<荒原>所折射出的人的生存状态和社会状况进行分析的基础上,挖掘出艾略特创作<荒原>的根源.     

公共危机管理

<辞海>解释"危机"主要有两种含义:一是指潜伏夫人祸机;二是指生死成败的紧要关头.进行危机管理有利于提高组织预防突发公共事件的能力:有利于提高组织处理突发公共事件的能力;有利于提高组织现有的管理水平.     

黑与白的撞击——比较《紫色》和《长腿叔叔》的艺术特色

<紫色>和<长腿叔叔>都是外国文学史上影响较大并深受人们喜爱的长篇小说,尽管这两部小说出版时间相隔了70年,但这两部小说均为书信体,女主人公的经历和命运都给我们留下了极为难忘的印象.本文从艺术特色方面对这两部小说进行比较论述.     

转炉炉壳热应力分析

根据实际转炉建立实体模型。以有限元为手段,考虑了炉衬和炉壳材料的物性参数随温度变化的特点和炉衬与炉壳之间膨胀间隙,计算了转炉炉壳在温度载荷和炉衬膨胀压力同时作用下的热应力。所得结果可为转炉炉壳设计提供依据。     

Results of treatment of cancer of the cardia

Cancer of the cardia is traditionally discussed with cardiac cancer of the lower portion of the esophagus and upper gastric cancer invading the esophagus, and the specific characteristics of cancer of the cardia have never been clearly defined. We reviewed the outcome of 172 patients with adenocarcinoma of the cardia who had undergone radical surgery between 1949 and 1994 in the Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery of the Cancer Institute Hospital. The centers of the tumors were located within 2 cm above and below the boundary between the esophagus and the stomach, and their longitudinal diameter was less than 8 cm. We divided the patients into an early period (1949-1979; n = 79) and a late period (1980-1994; n = 93), and focused on the historical transition. There were no differences in patient gender or histology between the two periods. However, the late period was associated with fewer cases of esophageal invasion and shorter longitudinal diameter, as the age of the population advanced. The number of advanced cancers such as the localized and infiltrative type had decreased, and early cancer and early clinical stage had become more common, but despite the fact that the number of early cancers had increased, extended dissection, such as thoracic and paraaortic lymph node dissection, was performed more frequently. By clinical stage, the long-term outcome markedly improved in Stage I patient in the late period, and tended to improve in Stage II and III patients. This appears to have been attributable to the prevention of micrometastasis by extended dissection, although the number of early cancers is another major potential cause. There were no differences in the outcome of Stage IV patients between the two periods, and further advances in multimodality therapy must be awaited. The range of resection is basically proximal gastrectomy, and if there are adequate indications, the prognosis is favorable. In view of the status of lymphatic flow and lymph node metastasis, and long-term results, lateroaortic lymph node dissection is important. Since the number of early cancer patients has been increasing, if intraabdominal recurrence is prevented, intrathoracic lymph node dissection will contribute greatly to the outcome of such patients.     

焦炭热性能指标意义浅析

通过对焦炭在高炉内的历程及其变化规律的剖析,阐述焦炭热性能指标的意义,形象地把焦炭在高炉内的损耗分为三部分(M1,M2,M3)。指出M2对焦比及焦炭价格有一定的指导作用。     

The effect of amount of possession of the trait of hostility on accuracy of perception of hostility in others.

Some theories of personality hold that an individual's perception of others is influenced by his own personality characteristics; more specifically, that a trait of low social value will be projected more into others, and that insight into the possession of these characteristics reduces this distortion. These 2 hypotheses were tested by having a group of college students rate each other (including themselves) on degree of friendliness or hostility. Agreement with group rating about self yielded the insight score. In general, the hypotheses were supported; the "friendly" Ss were most accurate in their perception of others, and insight was positively associated with accurate perception. From Psyc Abstracts 36:04:4HL16M. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of rates of infection of two methods of emergency ventricular drainage

The rates of infection of two methods of external ventricular drainage in use at Atkinson Morley's Hospital--namely, (a) percutaneous drainage with Rickham reservoirs and (b) tunnelled ventriculostomies--were compared in this retrospective review. Percutaneous drainage of CSF with Rickham reservoirs was associated with a 27% rate of infection as identified by positive microbiological cultures; tunnelled ventriculostomy catheters had a 10% infection rate. The difference in the infection rate between the two methods was statistically significant (P < 0.015). Other variables examined, including the age and sex of the patients and the reasons for ventricular drainage, were not associated with an increased rate of infection. Most infections from either method were caused by a coagulase negative staphylococcus. The average duration of ventricular drainage before identification of positive cultures was 5.7 days for Rickham reservoirs and 6.0 days for ventriculostomies.     

浅析《野草》的版画特征

鲁迅先生一生热爱美术作品,对版画中木刻兴趣尤甚.<野草>作为其"写心之作",亦呈现出一些与木刻版画一致的审美特征:一是具有木刻版画的色彩特征,多对比、多冷色,有阴郁的美感;二是具有木刻版画的力度特征,环境描写、人物刻画处处刀锋毕现,遒劲有力,有一种"力之美".     

四辊破碎机车刀架的改造

针对四辊破碎机车刀架车削中存在的几个问题,详细介绍了电动车刀架的结构和工作原理,建立主要设计参数的数学表达式,并进行适当的分析。改造后,这种电动车刀架运行平稳、可靠、方便、省力,取得了预期的效果。     

Effect of antibiotics of chemotaxis of human leukocytes

The effect of 20 different antibiotics on chemotaxis by human neutrophils was studied. Human leukocytes incubated with chloramphenicol, rifampin, sodium fusidate, and tetracyclines in vitro showed markedly depressed migration. The mechanisms by which these antibiotics affect leukotaxis are discussed.