吊钩断裂原因分析

某起重机吊钩使用1a(年)多突然断裂。采用宏、微观检验方法，对吊钩断裂失效原因进行了分析。结果表明，吊钩断裂的直接原因是由于低周疲劳所产生的裂纹，在外应力的作用下扩展所致；通过对吊钩材料化学成分分析和吊钩受力进行理论计算，认为材料选择不当，强度偏低是造成吊钩断裂的另一重要原因。     

港口门机“山”字形吊钩螺杆断裂原因分析

某公司码头门机使用的DG20钢吊钩使用不到1a(年)即于螺杆处发生径向断裂,采用化学成分分析、宏观分析、扫描电镜分析、金相检验等方法对吊钩螺杆断裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:吊钩螺杆断裂属于单向弯曲疲劳断裂,断裂起源于螺纹根部的微裂纹;现场操作不当使吊钩螺杆在螺纹根部产生严重的单向应力集中,促使该处萌生微裂纹并不断扩展,最终导致断裂失效。     

铁素体管线钢的分层裂纹及其对断裂的影响

通过对针状铁素体管线钢缺口根部三维应力状态的有限元分析和不同形式的断裂实验,研究了管线钢分层裂纹产生的条件及其对断裂性能的影响.结果表明裂纹或缺口根部的三维应力状态是产生分层裂纹的必要条件,材料的强度分布影响分层裂纹的形式和方向.分层裂纹均为主裂纹扩展前材料中的弱界面在垂直该弱界面的拉应力作用下产生的,其数量和方向受裂纹端部三维应力场和材料的强度分布状态控制.分层裂纹面上的应力为零,分层裂纹有一定的间距.在断裂过程中产生的分层裂纹使裂纹或缺口根部的构形发生改变,从而对裂尖的应力状态和材料的断裂性能产生巨大的影响.穿透裂纹体的分层裂纹使其有效厚度减小,表面裂纹体的分层裂纹与裂纹扩展方向垂直.在断裂过程中产生分层裂纹需要消耗更多的能量、降低裂端三维应力约束、有效厚度降低或裂尖钝化.这些因素均使断裂扩展更加困难,而使材料韧性得到提高.     

40Mn18Cr4V钢穿心螺杆断裂分析

穿心螺杆在安装过程中发生断裂失效。采用金相组织检验和扫描电镜显微分析等方法进行了分析。结果表明,由于在该螺杆制造过程中有轴向链状夹杂物存在及各种应力下产生轴向裂纹,最后在受预紧、铁心热膨胀等力作用下,在轴向裂纹尖端应力集中处发生横向脆性断裂。     

汽轮机末级叶片断裂原因分析

某机组低压末级叶片在运行过程中发生断裂。采用化学成分分析、力学性能检测和显微组织检验及用X射线法分析叶片的残余应力等方法对断裂叶片进行了分析。结果表明：疲劳裂纹起源于一个机械缺口,裂纹源在交变应力和残余应力的共同作用下不断扩展,导致叶片疲劳断裂。     

空压机曲轴断裂失效分析

某空压机曲轴在运行约5 000h后发生断裂失效,通过宏观检验、断口分析、金相检验以及硬度测试等方法,对空压机曲轴断裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:由于曲轴中存在严重的疏松缺陷,在运行过程中于曲轴轴颈和轴拐R过渡表面疏松处萌生裂纹,在交变应力作用下,裂纹以疲劳方式扩展直至曲轴断裂失效。     

罗茨风机转子轴断裂原因分析

某厂罗茨风机在使用过程中转子轴发生断裂,采用宏观检验、硬度测试、金相检验、扫描电镜分析、磁记忆检测等方法,对该罗茨风机转子轴的断裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:罗茨风机转子轴断裂性质为脆性断裂;由于激光熔覆工艺不合理,在熔覆层与基材间产生了微裂纹及两个较大的残余应力区域,微裂纹在局部残余应力及外加载荷的作用下不断扩展,最终导致了断裂的发生。     

某核电站凝汽器密封结构用镍铝青铜螺栓断裂原因

某核电站凝汽器密封结构用镍铝青铜螺栓发生断裂现象,采用宏观观察、化学成分分析、扫描电镜分析、力学性能测试、金相检验等方法对螺栓断裂的原因进行分析。结果表明：螺栓在潮湿的NH₃环境下发生了应力腐蚀开裂;断裂螺栓在服役过程中受到不均匀的应力载荷,使表面应力腐蚀倾向变大,且螺栓长期处于自身应力腐蚀敏感介质中,在二者的耦合作用下,应力腐蚀裂纹萌生;裂纹沿残余应力较高的相界区域向内扩展,最终导致螺栓发生断裂。     

高压容器用螺栓断裂失效分析

某高压设备进行水压试验前准备,在拧紧螺栓过程中有一螺栓发生断裂,通过对断裂螺栓进行化学成分分析、力学性能试验、金相检验以及断口分析,找出了螺栓的断裂原因。结果表明:由于螺栓原材料在切除冒口时切除量不够,使螺栓中存在较多的夹杂物,夹杂物容易导致应力集中并萌生微裂纹,在螺栓后续加工过程中受到力(拉拔应力和热处理内应力)作用时,裂纹不断扩展并形成空洞,从而导致螺栓在拧紧过程中施加较小的外力就发生了断裂。     

列车车轮辐板断裂原因分析

通过化学成分分析、宏观及微观检验、力学性能测试、有限元分析等方法对列车车轮辐板断裂的原因进行了分析。结果表明:车轮辐板内侧面存在明显的点腐蚀,在辐板表面交变应力的作用下发生疲劳开裂,当疲劳裂纹扩展到一定长度时车轮发生断裂。点腐蚀不仅破坏了辐板表面喷丸加工所形成的高硬度残余压应力层,并在点蚀坑内部造成应力集中,形成疲劳裂纹源。因此车轮在运输、存放及使用过程中应注意防护,避免腐蚀的发生。     

起重机三大构件故障浅析

起重机是现代工业生产中不可缺少的设备，被广泛应用于各种物料起重、运输、安装等作业中，从而大大减轻了体力劳动强度，提高了劳动生产率。起重机的三大构件是指吊钩、钢丝绳与制动器。这三大构件一旦出现问题，极易造成吊物坠落，甚至造成严重的伤亡事故。本文通过起重机三大构件故障进行分析，总结出故障原因，对提高起重机械的安全性能具有一定的意义。     

连续式热处理炉专用吊具断裂失效分析

连续式热处理炉专用吊具在连续使用约70次后发生断裂,应用扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪、光学金相显微镜和光谱仪等检测手段对该吊具进行了失效分析.结果表明,该吊具材质存在缺陷,在高温条件下使用发生高温蠕变,最终因沿晶断裂而失效.     

Brittle fracture of a crane hook

The objective of this work is to identify the causes that led to a failure of the crane hook in service. The study of the accident includes: (1) a summary and analysis of the peculiarities inherent to the standards that determine the manufacture and use of this type of device, (2) metallographic, chemical and fractographic analyses, (3) assessment of the steel mechanical behaviour in terms of Vickers hardness profile, its tensile strength and fracture energy, and (4) simulation of the thermal history of the hook. The visual and microstructural inspections reveal some evidences that a weld bed was deposited on the hook surface. Several cracks grew from that area into the material. Fracture surface shows features typical of brittle failures (transgranular cleavage fracture). The unalloyed, low-carbon steel contains a relatively low aluminium (<0.025%) and high non-combined nitrogen (>0.0075%) content. All the gathered evidences are in agreement with a strain-aging process triggering the embrittlement of the material, with the fracture starting from a crack generated at the heat affected zone of an uncontrolled welding of the hook.     

Approach to Formulation of Nondestructive Quality Assessment Criterion of High-Strength Steel Lifting Hooks

The present investigation attempts to formulate the analytical quality assessment criteria of lifting hooks made of 4140 grade (400 °C temper) high-strength steel using linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) procedures. According to the existing standard specifications, the proof load test is mandatory for the acceptance/rejection of these components. Also, there is a provision that the hooks should be checked by nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques and must be free from obvious defects, but there is no stipulation of acceptance limit of defect, if any. It is therefore not realistic and is insufficient, because sometimes tested hooks are found to fail in actual service. In the present paper, acceptance limit that is, the maximum allowable defect sizes for dynamic loads with various stress ratios are quantitatively estimated from the computed defect growth curves. The maximum allowable operating cycles for nondestructively detectable minimum defects are tabulated, from which a logical quality assessment criteria has been formulated for the assessment of the fatigue life of the hooks. This investigation is helpful for the safe operation of the hooks.     

Defect features and mechanical properties of friction stir lap welded dissimilar AA2024–AA7075 aluminum alloy sheets

5 mm-Thick dissimilar AA2024-T3 and AA7075-T6 aluminum alloy sheets were friction stir lap welded in two joint combinations, i.e., (top) 2024/7075 (bottom) and 7075/2024. The influences of process conditions (welding speed and joint combination) on defects (hook and voids) features and mechanical properties of joints were investigated in detail. It was found that the hook deflects largely upwards into the stir zone (SZ) at lower welding speeds (50, 150 mm/min) in both combinations. The process conditions significantly affect the hook geometry which in return affects the lap shear strength. In all 2024/7075 joints, voids appear and the joints fracture from the tip of hook on AS along the SZ/TMAZ (thermomechanically affected zone) interface in lap shear test (tensile fracture mode). In 7075/2024 joints, the hook on RS horizontally extends a large distance into the bottom stir zone at higher welding speeds (225, 300 mm/min). The joints fracture in three modes: shear fracture along the lap interfaces, tensile fracture and the mix fracture of both. In both joint combinations, the lap shear strength generally increases with the increase of welding speed. 7075/2024 Joints show higher failure load than 2024/7075 joints at lower welding speeds while the opposite result appears at higher welding speeds.     

Failure Analysis of a Fractured Hook-Shaped Steel Rod from a Lifting Weight Bridge Beam

A broken hook-shaped steel rod from a weight-lifting bridge beam was received from a plant for failure analysis. Visual, stereo, and light optical microscopy as well as hardness testing, used for fractographic, microstructural, and strength evaluation, were used as the principal analytical techniques in the investigation. Macrofractographic investigation suggests strongly that failure initiated at the weld area and was followed by torsional overload fracture of the hook body. The fracture probably originated from abnormal operation of the crane lift.     

Analysis of causes of casing elevator fracture

A fracture accident occurred with a 244.5 mm–350 ton casing elevator and a traveling hook during casing running down. This paper gives an investigation of this accident, and analyzes the causes based on fracture surface examination and material tests. Some simulation tests are performed in order to validate the fracture mechanism. It is concluded that the casing elevator fracture originated from quenching cracks caused by surface carburization. Calculations of the fracture load acting on the casing elevator showed that the casing elevator broke first, resulting in hook fracture.     

Failure analysis of a lifting platform for tree pruning

The paper presents an analysis of the failure in service of a lifting platform used for tree pruning. Different fracture mechanics techniques were used to reveal the causes of failure such as analysis of the fracture surface, mechanical and microstructural characterization of the material and fracture mechanics tests to determine the critical value of the stress intensity factor and to characterize the subcritical crack growth under fatigue. Results yield do conclude that the platform failure cause was the subcritical crack growth in the welded joint where the welding was discontinuous, thereby producing a stress concentration effect similar to that of a crack.     

Theoretical basis for general lifting equations based on mechanical work performed during manual lifting

Objective:?The objective of this research is to develop and validate general lifting equations based on the concept of mechanical work performed during the manual handling of objects.

Background:?To the authors’ knowledge, the NIOSH lifting equation was based on an empirical approach. Therefore, there is a need for general lifting equations that are based on the laws of mechanics and physics.

Methods:?General lifting equations were developed as a function of weight, horizontal distance in the sagittal plane, vertical travel distance, vertical distance from the floor to the origin of lift and angle of twist. The equations were based on the mechanical work required against gravity/friction, supplemented with stress coefficients to account for task difficulty not traditionally embedded in the dot product of gravity/friction forces and distance. Validation of the equations was performed with respect to the NIOSH lifting equation.

Results:?Results indicate that the general lifting index (GLI) was comparable to the NIOSH lifting index (LI) for different values of horizontal distance, vertical travel distance, twisting angle and vertical height at origin of lift. On the other hand, the GLI is more sensitive (i.e. larger) to individual changes in vertical travel distance or vertical height at origin of lift in comparison to the NIOSH LI. Consequently, the effect of horizontal distance was dampened in the GLI.

Conclusion:?The empirical approach inherent in human expertise, which was used by NIOSH in the development of their lifting equation, appears to be a good approximation on the basis of physics and mechanics laws. As originally planned by NIOSH, the lifting equation appears to be protective of the general workforce. Furthermore, the lifting equations hold the promise of assisting in the estimation of peak and cumulative lifting stresses in the workplace.