QU80起重机钢轨断裂原因分析

某U71Mn QU80起重机钢轨经铝热焊焊接后仅使用一个月就发生了断裂失效。对断裂钢轨的化学成分、力学性能、低倍组织和显微组织等进行了分析,以找出起重机钢轨断裂的原因。结果表明:起重机钢轨在进行铝热焊焊接时,铝热焊焊剂形成的钢液发生了溢漏,滴落聚集在钢轨轨底边缘处,熔融形成了宽度约为4 mm的弧形缺口;形成的弧形缺口成为应力集中点,在使用过程中受到起重机车轮的反复作用,最终导致钢轨在缺口处发生了早期断裂失效。     

钢轨断裂原因分析

钢轨在卸车过程中发生断裂。采用金相检验的方法对钢轨轨底角部位的弧形凹坑断口和凹坑四周的熔融状凸出物进行了检验分析。结果表明,手工电弧焊时意外在钢轨底部产生瞬时接触电流,随即产生的高温在轨底电弧区形成凹坑缺口并发生马氏体相变。凹坑缺口成为应力集中点,当钢轨从1.5 m高的平板车摔（落）下即从缺口处发生断裂。     

铁路曲线钢轨横向凹坑对初始波磨形成的影响

建立了车辆/轨道横向垂向耦合动力学、轮轨滚动接触力学和钢轨材料摩擦磨损模型为一体的钢轨波磨计算模型,发展了相应的数值方法。利用该方法分析了曲线钢轨顶面内侧具有横向凹坑对初始波磨形成的影响。计算了客车车辆通过钢轨轨头横向凹坑时,同一个转向架的4个车轮反复作用下钢轨初始波磨形成和发展情况。数值结果表明,当车辆通过具有横向凹坑的曲线钢轨时,轮对和钢轨之间发生瞬态冲击振动,引起钢轨接触面产生不均匀磨损而形成初始波磨,随着车辆通过次数增加,不均匀波磨深度加大并向前扩展,形成大约30mm和750mm的波长;当车轮通过横向凹坑瞬间,车轮和钢轨之间发生激烈的振动,使4车轮下的钢轨接触表面产生严重的凹坑磨损,当车辆再次通过时,轮轨间的振动继续加剧,凹坑磨损深度迅速加大;前轮对通过凹坑而受激振动对后轮对动力学行为影响较大,导致后轮对作用下钢轨接触面不均匀磨损严重,但后轮对受激振动对前轮对动力学行为的影响较小;前轮对左轮受外轨激振作用而导致前轮对右轮下钢轨接触面凹坑磨损最严重。     

U75V焊接钢轨线路铺设时的断裂原因分析

某铁道线路进行大修换轨铺设新轨时,一支采用闪光焊接工艺焊接的长500m的钢轨在中部位置的焊缝附近发生横向断裂,采用宏观检验、化学成分分析,断口分析及微观组织分析等方法对钢轨断裂的原因进行了分析。结果表明：钢轨的冶金质量良好,钢轨发生断裂主要是因为其轨头踏面表层形成的马氏体组织在铺轨时的弯曲拉应力作用下,产生裂纹并快速扩展,导致钢轨发生脆性断裂;钢轨焊接时出现了高接头,为保证焊接钢轨的平直度对其进行了打磨,但打磨工艺控制不良,从而导致钢轨轨头踏面局部产生高温,发生马氏体组织转变。     

某大桥钢轨断裂原因分析

某大桥钢轨发生横向断裂。经对钢轨断口的宏观分析、显微组织观察、电子显微镜的微观分析和能谱的微区成分测定。结果表明，在轨底面中部的横截面上有一半径约7mm半圆形的疲劳裂纹区，疲劳裂纹起源于轨底面的小凹坑处，产生原因是钢轨在潮湿环境中受腐蚀而形成。在车轮应力的重复作用下，疲劳裂纹扩展而导致钢轨断裂。     

线路钢轨断裂分析

湘桂线发生一起PD3钢轨横向断裂。经对钢轨断口的宏观分析，以及用光学显微镜进行金相分析、电子显微镜的断口微观分析和能谱微区成分测定。结果表明，钢轨轨底下表面中部有一沿钢轨纵向长17mm、宽12mm、深约3mm的外伤凹坑缺陷，凹坑底部有一层厚度不均的、最厚约1．0mm的铜铁合金熔融层，再往里是厚度达1．0mm的马氏体组织层。凹坑缺陷及其凹坑底部的铜铁合金熔融层的产生，是由于钢轨进行接触焊时在电极板与钢轨底面之间接触不良所产生的电打火造成。裂纹就起源于铜铁合金熔融层，然后裂纹快速向轨腰和轨头方向扩展造成钢轨横向断梨．     

某高速铁路钢轨踏面伤损原因分析

某高速铁路钢轨踏面存在多处凹坑。采用宏观观察、扫描电镜及能谱分析、金相检验、硬度测试等方法,对钢轨伤损的原因进行了分析。结果表明:钢轨踏面凹坑是由于列车运行中金属异物压入所致;异物镶嵌在动车组车轮踏面上,随车轮转动对钢轨造成连续碾压,形成一系列凹坑;由于异物硬度远高于钢轨基体,因此异物压入后钢轨基体组织产生严重塑性变形和微裂纹。     

异型钢轨矫直断裂原因分析

某异型钢轨在经60kg／m热轧钢轨加工至50kg／m过渡轨后出现矫直断裂。经对钢轨断口的宏、微观检验和分析,认为,断裂裂纹起源于轨腰次表层;钢轨发生矫直断裂的原因是在加工异型钢轨的过程中,加热温度偏高,导致轨腰表层部分区域出现沿晶氧化,锻压时因轨腰表层受拉应力作用,沿晶氧化处形成微裂纹,随后矫直时轨腰三点弯曲受力,微裂纹缺陷处产生应力集中致使裂纹扩展,导致钢轨断裂。     

钢轨断裂原因分析

采用电子显微镜和光学显微镜对一横向断裂钢轨进行了宏，微观检验，结果表明，钢轨断裂起源于轨底一侧轨脚外伤缺陷处，而外伤缺陷是由于使用乙炔火焰误切割钢轨并使其形成硬而脆的非正常组织-马氏体和菜氏体所致。     

某连接舱断裂失效分析

某连接舱在颤振试验过程中在槽底拐角过渡处发生断裂,分析后认为连接舱断裂性质为脆性断裂;断裂原因是材料组织不良导致材料韧性、塑性较差.建议改进变质处理工艺改善材料组织.     

U75钢轨闪光焊接头轨腰断后伸长率不合格原因分析

采用化学成分分析、力学性能测试、金相检验和断口分析等方法,分析了U75V钢轨闪光焊接头轨腰拉伸断后伸长率不合格的原因。结果表明:钢轨接头和钢轨母材轨腰大量密集分布MnS夹杂物(评级达到3.0级),长条状的MnS夹杂物经闪光焊顶锻后,随金属流线偏转45°方向,当与拉伸过程中的45°最大剪切应力平行时,相当于MnS夹杂物受到横向拉伸剪切,裂纹容易在夹杂物中开裂和扩展,故断后伸长率很低。     

钻杆接头台肩根部刺漏失效分析

通过力学性能测试、化学成分分析、金相检验和断口分析等方法对某井发生的钻杆接头台肩根部刺漏失效原因进行了分析。结果表明：材料冲击功低于标准要求,接头台肩根部受到严重腐蚀,形成大而深的腐蚀坑,在交变应力作用下,裂纹萌生于腐蚀坑底部,并迅速扩展,最终导致钻杆接头发生早期腐蚀疲劳失效。     

某型火炮击针失效分析

目的为了解决火炮击针断裂的问题。方法对断裂的火炮击针进行了宏观检查、化学成分分析、机械性能测试、断口分析、宏微观组织检测,确定了击针断裂的性质和产生原因。结果火炮击针断口属多源疲劳断口。结论击针断裂的主要原因:一是螺纹槽根部半径R较小,截面过渡不够平滑和自然,形成了较大的应力集中;二是螺纹槽根部的加工比较粗糙,进一步加剧了应力集中;另外,发射药形成的高温气体对火炮击针螺纹槽根部有腐蚀作用,导致击针螺纹槽根部R处出现点蚀坑,点蚀坑破坏了该处的表面完整性,形成了较大的应力集中,导致在点蚀坑处萌生了早期疲劳裂纹。建议改进工艺设计,增大螺纹槽根部R,确保截面过渡平滑自然,以降低颈部的应力集中系数;改进加工能力和水平,防止出现机加工缺陷。     

Measuring mechanical properties of coatings: a methodology applied to nano-particle-filled sol–gel coatings on glass

The main aim of this paper is to demonstrate the practical use of nano-indentation and scratch testing in determining mechanical properties of thin coatings. We place our emphasis on how information obtained using both techniques can be combined to give a more complete representation of the properties of a coating–substrate system. Part I of the paper gives an overview of approaches to determine mechanical properties of thin coatings that have been proposed in the literature, and develops them further to be useful tools in the analysis of coatings. This results in methods for measuring the mechanical properties of thin coatings. We particularly emphasise the determination of the elastic modulus, hardness, coating and interfacial fracture toughness and residual stress using indentation and scratch testing. Part II of the paper illustrates the application of these methods to relatively soft coatings of methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) filled with colloidal silica or alumina particles on glass. The coatings were prepared using a sol–gel process. We report results of the dependence of the mechanical properties on the filler particle content, illustrating that microstructural changes can also be tracked using these techniques. The effects of the nature and volume fraction of the filler particles are discussed.     

Three-dimensional analysis of fracture,corrosion and wear surfaces

A brief look at the history of fractography has shown a recent trend in the quantification of topographic parameters through the use of three-dimensional reconstruction techniques, which associate SEM stereoscopy and stereophotogrammetry software, allowing the calculation of the elevation measurement at numerous points of the topography due to the parallax that takes place during the tilting of the sample along the microscope eucentric plane. Several investigators have used reconstruction techniques to correlate some fractographic parameters, such as fractal dimension and fractured to projected area ratio, to the mechanical properties of materials, such as fracture toughness and tensile strength. So far, the search for a clear relationship between the fracture topography and mechanical properties has provided ambiguous results. The present work applied a surface metrology software to reconstruct three-dimensionally fracture surfaces (transgranular cleavage, intergranular and dimple fracture), corrosion pits and tribo-surfaces in order to explore the potential of this stereophotogrammetry technique. The existence of a variation in the calculated topographic parameters with the conditions of SEM image acquisition reinforces the importance of both good image acquisition and accurate calibration methods in order to validate this 3D reconstruction technique in metrological terms. Preliminary results did not indicate the existence of a clear relationship between either the true to project area ratio and CVN absorbed energy or the fractal dimension and CVN absorbed energy. It is likely that each fracture mechanism presents a proper relationship between the fractographic parameters and mechanical properties.     

Microindentation behavior of CoGaInS4 layered crystals

CoGaInS₄ crystals were grown by iodide vapor transport, and their mechanical properties (load-dependent Vickers microhardness and anisotropic scratch hardness) were studied. The plastic deformation and brittle fracture of the crystals were examined. The physical processes accompanying microindentation were discussed.     

φ127mmS135钻杆刺漏失效分析

采用宏观分析、化学成分分析、金相检验、断口分析和力学性能检测等方法并结合钻杆的受力和环境工况对φ127mmS135钻杆管体发生刺漏失效的原因进行了分析。结果表明：钻杆的刺漏失效形式为腐蚀疲劳失效;钻杆外表面存在腐蚀坑,在交变应力的恶劣工况作用下于腐蚀坑底部萌生疲劳裂纹并扩展,最终发生刺漏失效。     

Mechanical properties and scratch resistance of filtered-arc-deposited titanium oxide thin films on glass

The mechanical properties and the scratch resistance of titanium oxide (TiO₂) thin films on a glass substrate have been investigated. Three films, with crystalline (rutile and anatase) and amorphous structures, were deposited by the filtered cathodic vacuum arc deposition technique on glass, and characterized by means of nanoindentation and scratch tests. The different damage modes (arc-like, longitudinal and channel cracks in the crystalline films; Hertzian cracks in the amorphous film) were assessed by means of optical and focused ion beam microscopy. In all cases, the deposition of the TiO₂ film improved the contact-mechanical properties of uncoated glass. Crystalline films were found to possess a better combination of mechanical properties (i.e. elastic modulus up to 221 GPa, hardness up to 21 GPa, and fracture strength up to 3.6 GPa) than the amorphous film. However, under cyclic sliding contact above the critical fracture load, the amorphous film was found to withstand a higher number of cycles. The results are expected to provide useful insight for the design of optical coatings with improved contact-damage resistance.