几种烷烃和烯烃氨基硝基取代物分子内氨基对C-NO2键影响的理论研究

在B3LYP/6-31G**水平下,研究了烷烃、乙烯及1,3-丁二烯的氨基硝基取代物中不同位置和数量的氨基对C-NO2的影响.结果表明,在氨基硝基烷中,氨基的位置和数量对C-NO2键的影响只能依赖于氨基硝基的诱导效应和空间效应,当二者的间距超过2个C原子时,氨基对C-NO2键的影响将变得很微弱;在氨基硝基乙烯类化合物中,1号位的氨基会削弱C-NO2键;而2号位的氨基加强了C-NO2键,并且随着2号位氨基数目的增加,C-NO2键缩短,C-NO2上C原子的负电性增加(包括正电荷减少),C=C键伸长,τ增加,即氨基的供电子作用和整个分子的共轭效应更加明显;对于氨基硝基1,3-丁二烯类化合物,当分子中硝基氧未与氨基氢形成氢键时,氨基对C-NO2键明显存在类似于苯环的定位效应.当分子中硝基氧与氨基氢形成氢键时,以上效应被削弱,而且在氨基数目相同的条件下随着氢键的增强,C-NO2键被削弱.     

多因素预测硝基化合物的撞击感度

为寻求硝基化合物分子结构与撞击感度的关系,预测其撞击感度,选取氧系数、对称性、-COOR、氧杂环、苯环、α-H、α-OH、α-CH、硝基(-NO2)、氨基(-NH2)等作分子结构描述符,用多元线性回归(MLR)计算了123个硝基化合物的撞击感度特性落高对数值(ln H50)。随机选取10个检验样本对模型检验。结果表明,模型的相关系数为0.966。模型具有较高的内部稳定性和外部预测性。10个检验样本的均方根误差(RMS)与平均绝对百分误差(MAPE)分别为14.957cm、13.372%。氧系数(A)与ln H50呈较好的指数关系(R=0.845)。α-OH、α-CH、-NO2作为引发键。单位质量Ni/M(单个分子结构描述符数目与摩尔质量的比)越高,H50值越低。-NH2具有钝感效应。-COOR中"死氧"的存在使化合物的撞击感度降低。     

芳族硝基化合物的电还原反应性能及其机理研究

采用循环伏安、线性扫描以及恒电位电解等测试方法,对o,m,p-氯硝基苯,o,m,p-硝基甲苯、o,m-硝基苯甲酸等八种芳族硝基化合物在硫酸-乙醇水溶液中的电还原性能及其机理进行了研究.结果表明,芳族硝基化合物在苯环上的取代基位置不同以及在相同位置上取代基的种类不同均可使各芳族硝基化合物的电还原性能发生较大差异;吸电子取代基在电还原过程中电位较正,推电子取代基的电还原电位较负;邻位取代基在反应过程中由于空间位阻效应,苯环上的硝基在电还原时电位往负方向移动.在电还原过程中,还原峰电流和表观活化能的大小均与取代基的电子效应和空间位阻相关,同时取代硝基氯苯得3个电子将还原生成氧化偶氮苯类化合物:邻、间硝基甲苯、硝基苯甲酸得4个电子将还原生成酚类化合物;对硝基甲苯得6个电子将还原生成胺类化合物,在此基础上,探讨了各芳族硝基化合物的电还原机理.     

β-硝基四苯基卟啉锌的合成及其光谱性质

合成了β-硝基四苯基卟啉[H2TPP（NO2）]及其锌配合物[ZnTPP(NO2)],用元素分析、红外光谱、电子吸收光谱等手段对其组成和结构进行了表征。研究了吡啶4-甲基吡啶、4-甲基吡啶、4-氨基吡啶、4，4-联吡啶、咪唑、1-甲基咪唑、2-甲基咪唑等化合物对ZnTPP(NO2）电子光谱的影响，结果表明，ZnTPP(NO2)溶液中加入吡啶类和咪唑类化合物后，ZnTPP(NO2)的电子光谱发生变化是由于ZnTPP(NO2）与吡啶类和咪唑类化合物发生轴向配位反应而生成加合物的缘故。     

多硝基吡啶类化合物的合成及应用研究进展

综述了2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶(ANPy)及其氧化物(ANPyO)、2,4,6-三氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶(TANPy)及其氧化物(TANPyO)、2,4,6-三硝基吡啶(TNPy)及其氧化物(TNPyO)等多硝基吡啶类含能化合物的合成及应用研究进展。ANPyO的爆轰性能和安全性能与三氨基三硝基苯(TATB)接近,可作为高能钝感炸药;理论预测TANPy比TATB钝感;TNPyO具有良好的热稳定性和化学稳定性。预计这些多硝基吡啶类含能化合物在钝感炸药、低易损发射药和钝感推进剂领域中有良好的应用前景。     

对位含不同取代基罗丹明衍生物的合成及光谱性能研究

本文采用对位含有吸电子和供电子基团的醛为原料,通过与N-烷基-m-氨基酚进行酸催化缩合后得到目标产物。利用醛代替酸酐进行缩合,避免了传统酸酐熔化缩合后副产物较多,反应后处理困难的缺点。同时该合成方法还避免了5和6位异构体的产生,获得单一的产物,从而大大提高了产率。通过对两种不同化合物的合成方法研究和光谱性能测试后发现,当醛的对位是吸电性基团硝基时,合成向有利于高收率的方向进行,相反,当醛的对位是供电子基团N,N-二甲氨基时,反应对染料收率的提高不利。同时,对位是硝基时,染料的荧光量子产率和光稳定性也降低;而对位是N,N-二甲氨基时,其荧光量子产率和光稳定性也较好。这可能是由于取代基推拉电子的不同性质调节了染料核心结构的电子云密度,从而改变了染料的光谱性能。     

2-氨基乙基呋喃的合成

2-氨基乙基呋喃是一种重要的医药中间体。以糠醛和硝基甲烷为起始原料，经过缩合、双键加成及还原反应制备了2-氨基乙基呋喃，GC纯度大于99%,总收率为62.2%,其化学结构经MS、¹H NMR和¹³C NMR确证。探讨了缩合反应中硝基甲烷的用量对化合物3收率的影响，当n(硝基甲烷)∶n(糠醛)=1∶1时，产物收率最高，达到82.6%。考察了硼氢化钠的用量对化合物4收率的影响，当n(硼氢化钠)∶n(化合物3)=2∶1时，产物收率最高，达到88.6%。考察了甲酸铵的用量对目标产物收率的影响，当n(甲酸铵)∶n(化合物4)=4∶1时，还原反应收率最佳，达到85.0%。实验结果表明此方法操作简单、反应条件温和、适用于工业化生产。     

无溶剂球磨法合成γ-硝基酯化合物的研究

采用球磨法在无溶剂条件下用硝酸钙促进硝基烯烃与丙二酸酯发生迈克尔加成反应,从而合成γ-硝基酯化合物。该反应在频率为20 Hz下进行,30 min即可完全转化。硝基烯烃及其衍生物与丙二酸酯反应可得到产率80%以上的目标产物,尤其当硝基苯乙烯苯环上的邻位有两个吸电子基时,产率可达95%。     

水合肼还原芳硝基物的研究

以Pd C为催化剂 ,水合肼为还原剂研究了p 硝基乙酰苯胺、p 硝基氯苯以及 3 硝基 4 甲氧基乙酰苯胺的还原反应 ,反应在液相色谱跟踪下进行。80℃下p 硝基乙酰苯胺及p 硝基氯苯还原转化率达 10 0 %所需的条件分别为 :n(p NO2 C6 H4NHCOCH3)∶n(N2 H4H2 O) =1 0∶1 6、催化剂用量 11 33g (molp 硝基乙酰苯胺 )、反应时间 3h ;n(p NO2 C6 H4Cl)∶n(N2 H4H2 O) =1 0∶1 8、催化剂用量 10g (molp 硝基氯苯 )、反应时间 2 0min ;还原最终产物组成单一 ,均为相应的氨基物     

无溶剂球磨法合成γ-硝基酯化合物

采用球磨法在无溶剂条件下用硝酸钙促进硝基烯烃与丙二酸酯发生迈克尔加成反应,从而合成γ-硝基酯化合物。该反应在频率为20 Hz下进行,30 min即可完全转化。硝基烯烃及其衍生物与丙二酸酯反应可得到产率80%以上的目标产物,尤其当硝基苯乙烯苯环上的邻位有两个吸电子基时,产率可达95%。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。