蠕化率对蠕墨铸铁热疲劳行为的影响

采用V型缺口试样,通过对试样反复加热冷却,研究了不同蠕化率(55%、70%、90%)对蠕墨铸铁热疲劳行为的影响。结果表明,随着蠕化率的增加,蠕墨铸铁的抗热疲劳性能先升高后降低,当蠕化率为70%时,蠕墨铸铁抗热疲劳性能最佳。不同蠕化率,蠕墨铸铁的裂纹萌生和扩展机制具有显著差异。当蠕化率90%时,在V型缺口裂纹萌生明显,主裂纹沿着蠕虫状石墨生成二次裂纹,最后V型缺口凹陷成崩塌趋势;而蠕化率70%和55%时,V型缺口附近裂纹明显减少,仅在球状石墨尖端部位和基体组织产生少量微小裂纹,且裂纹没有明显扩展,产生裂纹倾向低,V型缺口凹陷未形成崩塌。     

制动盘用灰铸铁热疲劳性能的研究

灰铸铁具有优良的导热性、良好的耐摩性,是制动盘的主要材质。对3种碳当量较高的灰铸铁组织及性能进行了测定和分析,采用板状带V型缺口试样,通过循环加热、冷却的方法研究热疲劳性能。结果表明:碳当量比较低、石墨数量少,即使强度和硬度比较高,抗热疲劳性能也较差;当基体以珠光体为主时,碳当量高且含有一定量D型石墨的灰铁抗热疲劳性能好。     

石墨形态及合金元素对铸铁抗热疲劳性能的影响

对石墨形态、合金元素等对铸铁抗热疲劳性能的影响进行了研究。加入提高抗氧化性的合金元素可显著提高铸铁的抗热疲劳性能。从首次产生裂纹的循环次数、裂纹扩展速度及变形量等综合考虑,蠕铁的抗热疲劳性能最好。     

高强度D型石墨铸铁的研究进展

综述了灰铸铁中产生D型石墨的原因，D型石墨对灰铸铁性能的影响以及D型石墨灰铸铁的应用。国内外的研究表明：深过冷，在灰铸铁中加入提高过冷度的合金元素（钛，铝，锑，碲，稀土元素等）或者二者的结合都会促进生成D型石墨；D型石墨灰铸铁具有较高的强度，较好的抗氧化性，抗生长性，抗热疲劳性和耐磨性；D型石墨灰铸铁已经广泛用于生产玻璃模具，压缩机缸体，压缩机曲轴等铸件。笔者还介绍了采用钒钛生铁生产的D型石墨合金铸铁凸轮轴的性能特点及其应用情况。     

高性能汽车制动鼓的研制与开发

通过对失效汽车制动鼓的分析,发现普通灰铸铁制动鼓较易出现磨损严重或热疲劳裂纹情况,已不能满足现在汽车高负荷和高速度的要求.由于石墨具有高的热传导性,采用高C铸铁将会改善抗热疲劳性,但石墨的增加会使铸件强度下降,在高C合金中加入合金元素(Cr、Mo、Cu、Sn等)可使铸件强度和抗热疲劳性等性能得到兼顾,从而使制动鼓的使用寿命得到大幅度提高.     

灰口铸铁低频热疲劳载荷下的微观组织与拉伸性能

实验分析了灰口铸铁经周期性的高温氧化处理后,其抗拉强度、基体组织、断口形貌与化学成分的变化规律,并探讨了热疲劳载荷下灰口铸铁失效的微观-宏观机制。结果表明:灰口铸铁的抗拉强度和抗热疲劳性能在微观上与石墨形貌、基体组织和晶粒尺寸有关,宏观上受温度、氧化条件、载荷周期和化学成分的影响。随着高温氧化处理次数增加,试样脱碳越来越明显,珠光体逐步减少直至消失;同时,短小而零碎的新石墨不断形成,断口处石墨暴露率逐步增大,基体连续性显著恶化;此外,试样基体铁素体化后,尽管脱碳速率降低,但基体晶粒逐步粗化、二次渗碳体析出使晶界弱化,各温度下抗拉强度随碳含量减小而显著下降。     

中间形石墨铸铁的生产

中间形石墨铸铁的存在(在灰铁和球铁中发现的)早已为人们所知,珊瑚状石墨铸铁便是这样一种材料。以前的研究工作指出,生产这类铸铁,要求铁水中的含硫量极低(低于0.002%),这在本文中也得以证实。研究工作还证明,需要有较快的冷却速度,例如采用石墨型。但是如用锆处理铁水,就无须采用石墨型,珊瑚状石墨组织可采用砂型铸造获得。虽然这类铸铁的延伸率比较低,但它的抗拉强度却接近于球铁。企图通过添加珠光体稳定剂来提高铸件的抗拉强度是行不通的,因为珠光体稳定剂会促使形成片状石墨。本文研究了用低硫铁水生产伪片状石墨铸铁(译注:又称蠕虫状石墨铸铁)的其它改良形式的问题,添加0.013%的铈,可促使形成100%的伪片状石墨组织,由于添加的铈量少,它的回收率就高。伪片状石墨铸铁的机械性能近似于珊瑚状石墨铸铁,这两种材料的优缺点在本文中均有论述。     

金属型D型石墨铸铁抗氧化性的研究

研究了D型石墨的数量及Si／C对金属型D型石墨铸铁在700～900℃范围内氧化速度的影响;对比了成分相同的D型石墨铸铁和A型石墨铸铁的抗氧化性能;探讨了金属型D型石墨铸铁的抗氧化机理,结果表明,金属型D型石墨铸铁具有优良的抗氧化性能。     

石墨形态对铸铁热疲劳性能影响的研究

采用板状带V型缺口的HT200、RuT340和QT600试样,通过对试样进行反复加热、冷却的方法,研究了石墨形态对铸铁热疲劳性能的影响,为金属锭模的合理选材提供依据。试验结果表明,在热循环过程中,微裂纹总是起源于石墨相;微裂纹产生后,主裂纹通常是沿着石墨和石墨间最近的基体扩展;在20~650℃间的热循环条件下,球墨铸铁的抗热疲劳性能最好,蠕墨铸铁次之,灰铸铁最差。     

高强度全断面D型石墨灰铸铁型材

通过工艺措施及合金化的配合,获得不同直径的灰铸铁型材,无白口、全断面D型石墨、断面硬度差≤10 HRB、抗拉强度σb≥300 MPa.试验获得的D型石墨灰铸铁型材比普通LZHT300铸铁型材具有更好的断面齐一性和综合力学性能.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。