不锈钢压弯构件整体稳定性能有限元研究与承载力计算方法

该文采用有限元软件ANSYS建立了焊接不锈钢压弯构件有限元模型,并基于试验结果验证了该模型的有效性。采用经验证的有限元模型分析了残余应力和几何初始缺陷对构件整体稳定性能的影响,并在广泛的截面等级、荷载偏心和长细比组合下进行了参数分析以产生足够的数据点。最后,利用有限元分析结果对我国现行《不锈钢结构技术规程》（CECS 410―2015）中的计算方法进行评价,并给出了提高计算精度的改进方法。结果表明：CECS 410―2015中的计算方法对于不锈钢焊接工字形和箱形截面压弯构件整体稳定承载力的预测均偏于保守,改进的计算方法能够更精确地预测不锈钢焊接工字形和箱形截面压弯构件的整体稳定承载力。     

不锈钢工字形截面轴心受压构件整体稳定性能有限元研究

该文采用通用有限元软件ANSYS对奥氏体和双相体两种不锈钢材料的不锈钢工字形截面轴心受压构件的整体稳定性能试验进行了数值模拟。在建立有限元模型的过程中考虑了材料的非线性本构模型、构件的初始几何缺陷、残余应力,并分别对工字形构件绕强轴失稳与绕弱轴失稳形式进行了分析。通过有限元模拟得到的极限承载力、试验测量的极限承载力以及规范计算的极限承载力进行对比可知:该文的有限元方法能够准确模拟不锈钢轴心受压构件的受力情况;同时,对于工字形构件,残余应力对绕弱轴失稳构件的稳定承载力的影响较大;此外,GB50017-2003不适用于不锈钢整体稳定性设计。     

Q460高强钢焊接工字形截面单伸臂梁整体稳定性能与设计方法研究

为研究Q460高强钢焊接工字形截面单伸臂梁的整体稳定性能以及完善规范中关于此类构件的设计方法,进行了6根集中荷载作用下Q460高强钢焊接工字形截面单伸臂梁的整体稳定性能试验,测量了试件的初始几何缺陷和截面残余应力。试验结果表明：当单伸臂梁整体失稳的控制梁段位于简支跨时,单伸臂梁的整体稳定承载力随伸臂长度比的增大而减小,截面高宽比较伸臂长度比对单伸臂梁整体稳定承载力的影响更大。在试验基础上,运用有限元程序创建考虑初始几何缺陷和残余应力的有限元模型对试验进行模拟,模拟结果与试验结果吻合良好;基于试验验证的有限元模型,分析荷载形式、荷载比例、简支跨长度、伸臂跨长度和截面高宽比等因素对Q460高强钢焊接工字形截面单伸臂梁整体稳定承载力的影响规律。基于特征值屈曲分析结果,回归出单伸臂梁的弹性屈曲临界弯矩计算公式,并通过对试验结果和有限元参数分析结果的回归提出了Q460高强钢焊接工字形截面单伸臂梁的极限弯矩计算公式。     

含焊接残余应力的结构模型参数修正研究

提出考虑焊接残余应力的结构模型参数修正方法。在预应力分布模型基础上建立含焊接残余应力的结构刚度矩阵方程,分析了焊接残余应力对结构刚度及结构振动特性的影响;以消除焊接残余应力对数值计算规模和计算精度的影响为目标。应用结构优化算法,以结构固有频率残差最小化为目标,开展有限元模型的结构参数修正研究;最后,以圆柱壳结构为例,实施基于结构模型参数修正的优化计算,验证方法的可行性。     

焊接箱形截面不锈钢柱相关稳定性能分析

采用有限元法对焊接箱形截面不锈钢柱的局部与整体相关稳定性能进行分析,研究利用板件的屈曲后强度,以实现更为经济合理的构件截面设计。建立了可以准确模拟不锈钢非线性材料力学性能、截面焊接残余应力和构件的局部与整体几何初始缺陷等因素的精确有限元数值模型,并依据试验结果对模型的可靠性进行了验证。基于验证可靠的有限元模型,开展了系统参数分析,同时补充了大量的数值计算数据点。根据得到的试验和有限计算结果,对相关稳定承载力的理论计算方法进行了比较分析,表明现有的方法应用较为复杂,而且可能高估构件的相关稳定承载力。针对奥氏体型和双相型两类不锈钢提出了通用的计算修正系数,给出了新的直接强度法计算公式,经试验与有限元计算结果验证,表明其能够准确计算焊接箱形截面不锈钢柱的相关稳定承载力。     

钢筋混凝土梁非线性有限元分析方法

针对钢筋混凝土结构有限元分析中,材料进入非线性阶段后,难以通过梁理论准确描述混凝土截面和钢筋应力状态的问题,提出了基于柔度法和分布式塑性理论的钢筋混凝土梁单元材料非线性方法——网格截面法。这种方法采用平面等参单元将梁单元网格化,由单元轴向积分点位置截面网格积分点的混凝土应力描述单元截面应力分布,同时考虑钢筋对刚度的贡献,并通过对截面网格材料的积分计算积分点位置的截面刚度矩阵,再利用力插值函数和能量原理得到梁单元的柔度矩阵,进而对柔度矩阵求逆计算单元刚度矩阵。通过算例验证该方法在钢筋混凝土承载力分析时的准确性。     

基于柔度的网格截面非线性梁单元

梁单元材料非线性有限元求解时,材料进入非线性阶段后,难以通过梁理论准确描述截面的应力状态,该文据此提出了基于柔度法和分布式塑性理论的梁单元材料非线性方法-网格截面法,这种方法采用平面等参单元将梁单元网格化,由单元轴向积分点位置截面网格积分点的应力描述单元截面应力分布,并通过对截面网格材料的积分得到积分点位置的截面刚度,并运用基于柔度的有限元方法,通过力插值函数和能量原理得到梁单元的柔度矩阵,进而对柔度矩阵求逆以计算单元刚度矩阵。同时讨论了该方法在进行结构材料非线性有限元分析时的优越性。最后通过算例验证了上述结论。     

水平弹性支承圆弧钢拱的平面内极限承载力研究

支承于其他结构构件上的拱的支座约束可以用拱脚处的水平弹簧进行等效替代。利用ANSYS有限元程序,在考虑了几何缺陷、残余应力和材料非线性的基础上,采用大挠度变形理论对水平弹性支承拱进行了研究,分析了其极限强度和失稳特征。针对工字形截面,研究了不同荷载工况下支座刚度对拱的承载力的影响,得到了两者之间的变化关系和极限状态下支座位移的计算公式。使用已有的两铰圆弧拱设计公式对弹性支承拱进行了验算,并提出了实用的简化设计准则。     

任意截面预应力混凝土细长柱的非线性分析

提出了轴力和双向弯曲作用下任意截面混凝土和预应力混凝土细长柱的非线性有限元计算模型。分析时既考虑了由单元变形和轴力二次矩引起的几何非线性效应,也考虑了由材料非线性应力应变关系和截面刚度矩阵引起的材料非线性效应。推导了非线性全过程分析的标准有限元公式,得到的单元刚度矩阵可分割成三个子矩阵,分别反映了材料非线性、材料非线性和单元大位移的耦合、轴力二次矩等三种不同的非线性作用效应。计算分析结果和试验结果吻合较好。     

基于精确几何模型梁单元的螺旋弹簧刚度分析

以精确几何模型梁单元为基础,对圆截面螺旋弹簧刚度的非线性特性进行了分析。结合弹簧细长结构的变形特点,选取弹簧半径、弹簧高度、螺旋线极角和簧丝截面扭转角作为螺旋弹簧的描述变量;按照Bernoulli梁理论,通过形心曲线切矢量和簧丝截面扭转角建立截面坐标系;基于大转动梁的变形虚功率,获得螺旋弹簧曲率矢量,构建弹簧变形虚功率;应用柔体建模过程的滤除高频震荡分量方法修正弹簧系统动力学方程求得弹簧刚度,提高计算效率。数值算例表明,计算结果符合弹簧刚度的受力变形规律。同时与弹簧经典理论算法和传统有限元方法进行对比,验证了分析方法的正确性和合理性。     

不锈钢焊接箱形截面压弯构件弯曲屈曲试验研究

为了研究不锈钢焊接箱形截面压弯构件的弯曲屈曲,该文对5根奥氏体型和5根双相型不锈钢焊接箱形截面柱进行了偏心受压试验,试件长细比在55~85,荷载偏心距分别设计为50 mm、60 mm、70 mm,并且在试验前对试件的初始弯曲和荷载初偏心进行了测量。根据试验结果对构件静力承载性能进行了分析,并将试验结果分别与CECS 410：2015《不锈钢结构技术规程》和欧洲规范EN 1993-1-4中不锈钢压弯构件承载力的计算值进行了对比。结果表明：所有构件均发生平面内的整体弯曲失稳,且整体失稳前没有发现明显的局部板件屈曲;构件承载力随着偏心距、长细比的增大而降低;对于双相型不锈钢压弯构件,依据CECS 410：2015和EN 1993-1-4的计算值较试验结果均偏于安全;对于奥氏体型不锈钢压弯构件,依据EN 1993-1-4的计算值较试验结果均偏于安全,依据CECS 410：2015的个别试件计算结果略低于试验结果,但整体偏于安全。     

Measurement of residual stresses in a multi-layer explosive welded joint with successive milling technique

In the multi-layer welded joint of titanium-tantalum (Ti-5Ta/Ti-5Ta/Ta/substrate of stainless steel (SUS304) the second layer of plate Ti-5Ta is 4mm thick, and the third plate Ta is only 1 mm thick. It is almost impossible to measure the stresses near the weld with cutting strip technique. Using a successive milling technique the inplane elastic strain releases normal to the thickness direction are measured. With the finite element method (FEM) inherent strain distribution along thickness z-direction is evaluated according to the elastic strain releases. Subsequently, assuming that the inherent strains (plastic strains resulting from the welding process) are the initial strains of the FEM analysis for the welded residual stresses, these are used further to evaluate the residual stress distributions along the thickness z-direction in the multi-layer explosive welding joint.     

Effect of water-shower cooling during welding on tensile residual stress improvement in multi-layer welding of austenitic stainless steel plates

Abstract

A new welding method that uses a water shower behind the welding torch has been developed in order to reduce tensile residual stress in a welded region. When this method is applied to the welding of austenitic stainless steel, the welding and cooling conditions mainly determine how much the residual stress can be reduced. To optimize these conditions, we first used the robust design technique to determine the effects of the interpass temperature, the heat input quantity and the water-shower area on the residual stress distribution of bead-on-plate. We found that, to decrease the tensile residual stress, the interpass temperature should be high, the heat input low, and the water-shower area large. Effect of the water-shower cooling on multi-layer welding was examined analytically and experimentally. It was found that the residual stresses were tensile without water-shower cooling, but compressive with water-shower cooling under the optimized conditions. It can therefore be concluded that the new welding method is appropriate for reducing tensile residual stress in multi-layer welding of austenitic stainless steel.     

A new method of calibrating strain release coefficients in measuring welding stresses

The measured values of welding residual stresses often exceed material yield strength (σ_y) or tensile strength (σ_t), in measuring welding residual stresses in the welded joints of low carbon steel or stainless steel by drilling a blind hole. It is quite evident that measured values do not represent reality. Local plastic strain caused by residual stress concentrations round the blind hole has a main effect on the measuring error of welding residual stresses. This article presents a new method of calibrating strain coefficients A and B for eliminating influence of local plastic strain. In calibrating strain release coefficients A and B, calibrating stresses applied on the specimen were increased so that material round the blind hole produced local plastic deformation, ie coefficients A and B contained a component of the plastic strain. Numerial values of coefficients A and B were classified into four grades. Every grade coefficient contained a different quantity of the plastic strain for offseting the influence of the plastic strain round the blind hole. Test results have proved that by adopting these coefficients more satisfactory values for residual stresses can be obtained in practical engineering. The measuring average error in stainless steel (1Cr18Ni9Ti) reduces from 109% to 1.52%. The measuring average error in low carbon steel reduces from 54.69% to 3.21%.     

奥氏体不锈钢滞回本构模型研究

为对不锈钢受弯构件截面分类进行研究,借助有限元软件ABAQUS建立了不锈钢焊接工字形和箱形截面构件有限元模型,并基于试验结果验证了有限元模型的有效性。基于有限元模型开展了大量的参数分析,由此对欧洲不锈钢规范EN 1993-1-4+A2和《钢结构设计标准》(GB 50017−2017)中截面板件宽厚比分类限值的合理性和适用性进行了评价。在考虑截面组成板件的相关性基础上,提出了针对奥氏体型不锈钢受弯构件截面分类方法和不同截面板件宽厚比等级及限值。     

Nondestructive Evaluation of Welding Residual Stresses in Dissimilar Welded Pipes

This paper investigates the nondestructive capability of ultrasonic waves in residual stress evaluation of dissimilar welded pipes. Longitudinal critically refracted (L _CR ) waves are employed to measure the residual stresses in a pipe-pipe joint of stainless steel 304 and carbon steel A106. Measuring the acoustoelastic constant is usually accomplished through the tensile test which needs cutting the tested material to extract tensile test specimens. However, cutting the tested pipe to complement the nondestructive ultrasonic measurement was not considered here. Instead, a dissimilar welded plate with the same welding specification, joint geometry, thickness and the same dissimilar materials is used to extract tensile test samples. The measured acoustoelastic constant of the plate along with the measured time of flight of the L _CR wave on the pipe, are utilized for ultrasonic stress measurement. A finite element model of welding process validated by hole-drilling method is used to verify the ultrasonic results. The results show good agreement between finite element and ultrasonic measurements in the pipe measured without any destructive process.     

Method of equivalent initial temperatures to account for welding stresses in strength analysis

A method of strength analysis with accounting of residual welding stresses (RWSs) is described. This consists in the calculation of such a field of initial temperatures from which upon cooling in a construction a corresponding field of residual stresses is obtained. The selected form of the representation of RWSs provides the possibility for their use during the simulation of the process of loading the welded construction by the finite element method.