气升式内循环反应器的数值模拟和结构参数

采用Euler-Euler双流体模型对内循环反应器(高1240 mm,直径165 mm,导流筒高590 mm)进行数值模拟,考察了表观气速、导流筒结构(导流筒内径比Dt/D,底隙高度)对反应器内上升区、下降区流体力学参数(气含率、液体速度)的影响. 结果显示,表观气速、导流筒内径、底隙高度对反应器气含率、液体速度有很大影响,随表观气速增加,反应器上升区、下降区气含率都增加,导流筒内径比为0.58时更易实现气液循环,底隙高度为30 mm时反应器内下降区气含率、气液速度都最小;气液分离器角度越大,进入下降区的气体越多,当气液分离器角度为45o时,能更好地实现气液循环.     

A novel three‐phase airlift reactor without circulation of solids

A novel configuration of a three‐phase internal loop airlift reactor is proposed. The draft is divided in two sections: (top) gas–liquid contact section; (bottom) liquid–solid contact section. Solids particles are fluidized in the bottom section by liquid circulation. The main advantage compared with classic airlift or three‐phase fluidized bed is the reduced stress on particles as interference with bubbles is prevented. Experiments with silica sand (325 µm diameter) were carried out to characterise the hydrodynamics of the airlift. The influence of superficial gas velocity, overall solids hold‐up and sparger height were assessed. A theoretical analysis was proposed to derive simple design criteria.     

缩放型导流筒气升内环流反应器液体循环速度的研究

研究气升式内环流生物反应器液体循环速度,分别采用一种传统圆柱型导流筒和三种不同结构参数缩放型导流筒,试验条件分别为空气－水和空气－ＣＭＣ两相系统以及空气－水－树脂三相系统,试验结果表明,对于空气－水和空气－ＣＭＣ溶液两相系统以及空气－水－树脂三相系统,液体循环速度随能气速度提高而增大;     

环隙气升式气固环流反应器内流体力学特性的理论分析

环流反应器的研究与应用一直局限于气液与气液固体系,将环流反应器移植到气固体系是一个具有独创性的探索。针对工业化中气固环流反应器的缺陷,提出了一种新型的环隙气升式气固环流反应器。并对床层空隙率、颗粒流动速度进行了实验研究与理论分析。建立了环隙区床层空隙率模型,发现环隙区床层空隙率随着环隙区表观气速的增加而增加;环隙区靠近导流筒外壁一侧颗粒流动速度明显大于靠近反应器内壁一侧,导流筒区颗粒流动速度沿径向的分布受气体分布器结构影响较大;环隙区颗粒流动速度基本不随轴向位置的变化而变化,导流筒区颗粒的流动属于密相输送,颗粒环流所受到的阻力主要集中在底部区域,其次为气固分离区,底部区域阻力大小由床层流化质量和导流筒下端距反应器底部的间隙所决定;建立了颗粒环流速度模型,发现环流速度随环隙区表观气速的增加而增加。     

新型多级环流反应器流体力学研究

在传统的单级内环流反应器的基础上,对导流筒进行了改进,发展了一种新型多级环流反应器。研究了表观气速、开孔率、反应器底部结构等操作参数对整体平均气含率、局部气含率以及各级环流液速等流体力学行为的影响,从而确定了反应器的最佳结构。文中提出的新型多级环流反应器在石油化工、生物化工和环境工程等多个领域有广泛的应用前景。     

内循环流化床结构参数及其反应器性能的相关性

内循环三相流化床在化学工程、生物工程及废水处理等领域中均有广泛的应用前景,目前影响这类反应器成功应用于实际废水生物处理的主要原因是缺乏系统的反应器结构参数与反应器性能的相关性分析与量化关系模型,无法实现不同规模与不同应用目标的系统优化设计。基于此,设计了不同尺寸和内构件的反应器,系统研究主要结构参数包括升流管与反应器直径之比、反应器高径比、升流管上方液面高度、底隙高度以及操作参数如固相负荷及通气量等因素对内循环流化床反应器流体力学与传质特性的影响规律;实验分析主要过程参数如气含率、液体循环速度、氧传递系数及混合时间与结构参数、操作参数的相关性。通过总结归纳,分别给出了定量、半定量或定性方面的结论,为反应器的结构放大和性能变化预测提供理论基础.     

喷射式环流反应器内流速分布的实验研究

主要研究了喷嘴位置和喷嘴出口速度对底部是圆锥台的喷射环流反应器(JLR)的影响,从而确定最优出口速度和喷嘴位置。对JLR内部流速进行测量,绘出JLR内的速度分布图,并从速度场和内外循环比2个方面进行分析,从而确定最优参数。结果表明:在实验室范围内,当喷嘴出口速度为2.1 m/s,喷嘴位置为40 mm时较优。导流筒内速度呈抛物线分布;喷嘴出口速度增加,环隙速度对应增大,内外循环比也增加;随着喷嘴位置逐渐靠近导流筒,内外循环比先增加,再减小。     

Bed density and circulation mass flowrate in a novel annulus-lifted gas–solid air loop reactor

Air loop reactors (ALR) have been widely used as promising and high-efficiency gas–liquid and gas–liquid–solid reactors. Extensive research on ALR has been conducted, but mostly limited to gas–liquid and gas–liquid–solid systems. Work associated with gas–solid systems has been rare and mainly focused on draft tube-lifted spouted bed treating coarse Geldart B, D particles. The present paper proposed a novel gas–solid air-loop reactor treating fine Geldart A particles and operating in a new annulus-lifted mode, with bubbling or turbulent bed upward flow in the annulus in parallel with bubbling bed downward flow in the draft tube. In view of these differences, distinct hydrodynamic behaviour can be anticipated for the gas–solid annulus-lifted air-loop reactor. The influence of operating conditions and geometric configuration on the distribution of bed density is discussed in a cold model annulus-lifted air loop reactor. A mechanistic model for the circulation mass flowrate is established based on an energy balance and resistance analysis. Nearly 50% and 30% of the energy dissipation rate occurs in the bottom and top regions, respectively. With increasing draft tube height, the energy dissipation rate increases in the annulus and draft tube regions, while it decreases in the top and bottom regions. The circulation mass flowrate decreases with increasing draft tube height. Analysis of the distribution of bed density and energy dissipation rate leads to suggestions regarding optimization of the design and axial location of the ring distributor and gap height.     

Hydrodynamics in an Internal Loop Airlift Reactor with a Convergence‐Divergence Draft Tube

Gas holdup and liquid circulation of one conventional draft tube and three different convergence‐divergence draft tubes in an internal loop airlift reactor were investigated. Experiments were carried out in two‐phase systems with air‐water and air‐CMC (carboxyl methyl cellulose) solution and three‐phase system with air‐water‐resin particles. The two‐phase drift‐flux model was used to estimate gas holdup for three‐phase Newtonian and two‐phase non‐Newtonian systems. It is shown that gas holdup in convergence‐divergence draft tubes is higher than that in a conventional draft tube and increases with superficial gas velocity. Variation of the structural parameters of convergence‐divergence draft tubes has little effect on gas holdup in the two‐phase and three‐phase system. The mathematical model, which is based on a drift‐flux model, was developed to describe the liquid circulation velocity in the reactor satisfactorily.     

CFD Simulation of hold-up and liquid circulation velocity in a membrane airlift reactor

A two-dimensional model was used to consider circulation velocity and hold-up in a membrane bioreactor. Membranes were located and simulated (using computational fluid dynamics (CFD)) with three different distances of 5, 7 and 9 mm in an airlift reactor and compared with the results obtained from an airlift reactor without membrane. Gas hold-up in the riser decreased with increasing membrane layers distance. The liquid circulation velocity increased with increasing membrane layers distance. Further, liquid velocity increased bubble rising and decreased gas hold-up in the draft tube when membrane was not used in the draft tube. The simulated data were compared with the experimental data and good agreement was observed.     

下喷式环流反应器传质特性研究

本文以空气-水为实验体系,考察了下喷式环流反应器的传质特性与空塔气速、液速以及反应器结构尺寸等参数的关系。得出了最优的导流筒直径与反应器直径之比为0.4—0.5,给出了谊反应器容积传氧系数的计算关联式:与其它反应器相比,该反应器表现出良好的传质特性,具有较大的容积传氧系数。     

固体装载率对局部相含率与液体速率的影响

在高径比(H/D=22.2)的气升式内环流反应器中,以空气-水-石英砂为物系,研究了固体装载率和表观气速对导流筒内局部固含率、下降区固含率、下降区液体速率的影响,以及导流筒内局部气含率、固含率随轴向高度的分布规律。结果表明,固体体积分数小于或等于1.0%时,导流筒内局部固含率和下降区固含率与表观气速无关;下降区液体速率随表观气速和固体装载率的增加而下降;固定表观气速,在固体体积分数小于或等于2.0%时,导流筒内气含率在轴向是均匀分布的。     

液固下喷自吸环流反应器流体力学特性

采用改进皮托管测定了液固下喷自吸环流反应器中的液体平均速度及液相湍流强度分布,采用PV4A颗粒浓度速度测量仪测定了固含率分布。试验结果表明:随着液体喷射流量的增大,液体平均速度、液相湍流强度及固含率均增大;在导流筒内液相平均速度近似管流分布,在环隙中的速度分布基本均匀;在导流筒和环隙内固含率沿径向分布均匀。该研究对于下喷环流反应器的放大与优化有重要指导意义。     

三相下喷式环流反应器的传质性能

在三相非牛顿型流体体系中，对下喷式环流反应器传质特性进行了实验研究。讨论了表观气速、能量耗散速率、导流筒直径与反应器直径比、喷嘴直径、导流筒下端距反应器底部的距离、固体装填量、羧甲基纤维素钠（ＣＭＣ）溶液浓度及其流变特性对它的影响。实验结果表明，容积传质系数随表观气速和能量耗散速率的增加有所增加，在实验条件下，发现最优的导流筒直径与反应器直径比在０．４～０．４５这一范围、固体装填量大约为３％（体积百分比）、导流筒下端距反应器底部的距离为０．０８ｍ左右。同时提出了容积传质系数的经验关联式。     

Local characteristics of hydrodynamics in draft tube airlift bioreactor

Airlift column reactors have been widely used in bioprocesses. The design, scale-up, and performance evaluation of such reactors all require extensive and accurate information about the gas–liquid flow dynamics, particularly as computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has become more popular in the last decade. However, due to the limitation of most conventional techniques for gas–liquid flow dynamics measurement, only global hydrodynamic parameters (e.g., cross-sectionally averaged liquid circulation velocity, overall gas holdup, and overall mass transfer rate) have been extensively studied. The local flow characteristics (e.g., the macro-mixing and the turbulence intensity) remain unclear. In this study, we use the computer automated radioactive particle tracking (CARPT) technique to investigate the details of the multiphase flow dynamics in a draft tube airlift bioreactor, such as the liquid velocity field, turbulent kinetic energy field, distributions of shear stresses, etc. The flow structures in the whole reactor, as well as the structure in individual regions, i.e., the top, the bottom, the riser, and the downcorner are also characterized. We found significantly large turbulent kinetic energy in the top and the bottom regions, with spots of very high shear stress, which were also found in the vicinity of the sparger. The results also suggest that the top and bottom clearances have significant effects on the flow structures, which may have substantial effects on the bioreactor performance.     

气升式环流反应器在不同体系下的循环液速和局部气含率

在气升式环流反应器中,分别研究了空气—水、空气-0．1％乙醇水溶液和空气-水-活性污泥体系中的循环液速以及气含率随操作条件的变化规律。实验结果表明,循环液速随着表观气速的增加而增大,不同体系中的循环液速差别不大;导流筒内、外不同高度处的局部气含率均呈自下向上增大的趋势,且导流筒内部气含率高于导流筒外部的气含率。体系的聚并特性对平均气含率和局部气含率有较大影响。     

The effect of the draft tube geometry on mixing in a reactor with an internal circulation loop – A CFD simulation

The main topic of this paper is to describe the effect of geometrical parameters on mixing time in a reactor with an internal circulation loop. The design of the draft tube inside the reactor is an important geometric parameter and has a big influence on two phase hydrodynamics as well as on mass transfer in the reactor. In the first section, the validation of the selected mathematical model is carried out. The results of experimental measurements (liquid velocity and gas hold-up) obtained on the laboratory scale reactor are compared with the CFD simulations. The CFD simulation (bubbly flow and mass transfer models) was made using COMSOL Multiphysics 3.5a. The results of the numerical simulation are in good agreement with the experimental data. In the second section, the study of mixing in the reactor is described with the new geometry of the draft tube. The standard experimental techniques for testing mixing processes are quite problematic because common tracers (soluble salts) have significant influence on two phase hydrodynamics inside the reactor. Though, an alternative nontrivial method had to be used. The split of the draft tube into two or three section has a significant effect on mixing (mass transfer) in the reactor.     

Hydrodynamics in down flow jet loop reactor

Gas holdup and liquid circulation time were measured in a down flow jet loop reactor for air–water system. It was observed that the circulation time decreases with an increase in nozzle diameter, draft tube to column diameter ratio and liquid velocity. Th gas holdup increases with an increase in gas and liquid velocities. The optimum draft tube to column diameter ratio was found to be 0.438. Correlations for gas holdup and circulation time involving operational and geometrical variables are presented.     

导流管结构对三相环流反应器相含率的影响

本文阐述了分别在三套内环流反应器内,采用空气—水—石英砂三相物系,导流管外径依次取为75mm和60mm,导流管底隙高度为17mm和30mm.研究了在一定的固相质量分数及初始静液高度下,导流管内局部相含率与表观气速的随动关系以及在固定操作气速下相含率在导流管内的轴向分布情况.经装置间平行比对得出:采用75mm外径的导流管...     

导流筒分布器位置对环隙气升式气固环流反应器流体力学性能的影响

环流反应器的研究绝大多数都局限于气液、气液固系统,涉及气固环流反应器的研究较为稀少,且大多针对气升式气固环流反应器和喷动床。本文研究了一种处理A类粒子的环隙气升式气固环流反应器,考察了操作条件和导流筒分布器位置对床层密度分布、环流速度和质量流率的影响。发现将分布器位置下移后可以有效地改善区域的流化质量、减小滑移区,床层密度沿径向的分布得到了明显改善,颗粒环流质量流率有了明显提高;进气位置以上r/R<0.367的床层得到了良好的流化,但是0.367相似文献