疏浚刀齿表面的介质拉伸实验

疏浚机具在土壤切削过程中,由于处土部分与土壤之间的粘附,会使得切削阻力增大,疏浚效率降低。相互接触的两个刀齿界面上存在不同的粘性物质如水、空气、黄油时,会使得界面的粘附力不同,从而导致拉伸所需的拉力大小不同。通过试验,分别对光滑表面刀齿和凹坑形表面结构刀齿,以及两刀齿界面间采用不同的粘性物质,来研究两相互接触的刀齿界面间粘附力大小的影响因素。试验表明：对于相同的刀齿表面,当界面采用空气、水、黄油时,其界面的粘附力依次增大;对于界面间采用相同的粘性物质时,凹坑表面结构刀齿的界面间的粘附力较光滑表面刀齿较小。     

微谐振器中静电切向阻力的仿真分析

微谐振器在MEMS器件中广泛作为感知或致动单元，但其工作在静电场中的部分构件，因微小间隙常会产生静电切向阻力。通过简化硅微谐振器为一微平行板电容模型，利用有限元仿真软件ANSYS时光滑与粗糙表面平板所受到的静电切向阻力进行了仿真分析。结果表明：静电阻力随着平板之间电压、ly／d的增大而增大，光滑表面平板模型仿真结果和理论结果具有较好的一致性，而粗糙表面平板模型仿真结采和理论结果的偏差随着电压的增大而增大。     

倾斜微孔表面气体润滑动压特性实验研究

以倾斜椭圆微孔表面为研究对象,开展了微孔排布方式对倾斜微孔气体润滑动压特性的实验研究。实验中对部分开孔、全开孔以及双列开孔3种典型分布形式倾斜微孔表面的气膜厚度和摩擦扭矩进行了测量,结果表明:倾斜微孔表面可保证摩擦配副表面迅速打开;在相同孔型几何参数条件下,微孔的排布方式对倾斜微孔表面的动压性能影响明显,部分开孔表面优于全开孔表面,而双列开孔表面的动压效果最好;转速越高,倾斜微孔结构的导向作用越明显,动压效应越强,气体润滑成膜能力越好。实验结果与理论分析一致,为多孔端面结构设计提供了实验依据。     

碳纤维粉增强氟橡胶复合材料摩擦学性能研究

采用液相氧化法对碳纤维进行不同时间表面刻蚀,利用扫描电镜分析碳纤维的表观形貌;采用开炼共混和平板硫化方法制备改性后碳纤维/氟橡胶复合材料,研究改性碳纤维用量对复合材料硫化特征、力学性能和摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明：随着氧化时间的增加,碳纤维表面沟槽纹路变深变宽,从而与橡胶基体有更好的界面结合性;随着碳纤维用量的增加,复合材料交联密度增大,而拉伸性能降低;碳纤维的加入使复合材料摩擦磨损性能明显提高,最高可使材料摩擦因数降低近45%,耐磨性提高近1倍;经过表面改性的碳纤维能使复合材料的摩擦因数和磨损率更低,耐磨性能更好。     

从摩擦学角度分析表面粗糙度对金属/胶粘剂界面拉伸剪切强度的影响

用胶粘剂把表面粗糙度不同的金属进行粘合,通过拉剪试验测得了金属/胶粘剂的界面拉伸剪切强度,并通过建立微观界面的粘着摩擦模型,结合微观观察分析了吸附作用、扩散作用、机械阻力和缺口效应四个因素在不同粗糙度范围内对拉伸剪切强度的作用机理。结果表明:当金属表面粗糙度足够小时,吸附和扩散作用为主要影响因素,金属/胶粘剂的界面拉剪强度随表面粗糙度的增大而快速减小;表面粗糙度增大后,机械阻力起主要作用,界面拉剪强度也随之增大,增大至8 MPa附近后又慢慢减小,这是由越来越明显的缺口效应引起的。     

静磁场对固液界面表面电荷性质的影响

考虑磁场对固液界面表面电荷性质的影响与微纳流体系统的流体阻力相关,本文采用原子力显微镜(AFM)研究了静磁场对去离子水黏度以及高硼硅玻璃-去离子水界面表面电荷性质的影响,并分析了静磁场对去离子水性质影响的机理。研究结果表明,将去离子水静置于磁场强度为0~0.6T的静磁场下30min时,去离子水的黏度随磁场强度的增加而减小,而高硼硅玻璃-磁化水界面的表面电荷密度随磁场强度的增加而增加;静磁场对去离子水性质影响的机理是磁场引起的去离子水内氢键以及氢氧键的断裂。研究结果同时表明,磁场可以有效地改变固液界面的表面电荷性质。本文的研究结果为利用磁场有效地控制微纳流体系统的流体阻力提供了可能。     

PTFE涂层抗粘附电极切割效率和抗粘附性能的时变性研究

电外科手术过程中高频电刀手术电极表面的组织粘附会导致电极变"钝"、变粗,切割效率和操作精度降低。近年来,低表面能的PTFE涂层电极被临床用作抗粘附手术电极,然而,这种抗粘附电极的切割效率和抗组织粘附耐久性尚不清楚。因此,利用摩擦学手段实时测量电切割离体猪肝脏组织试验过程中PTFE涂层电极-组织界面的切割阻力,结合微观形貌和组织切片分析,研究了PTFE涂层电极切割效率和抗粘附性能的时变性。结果表明,PTFE涂层电极的切割效率与抗粘附能力呈负相关。在切割初期,电极表面的PTFE涂层完整涂覆,抗组织粘附效果明显,组织热损伤轻,但切割阻力大,切割效率低;随着切割时间增加,PTFE涂层变薄、局部被电弧烧蚀击穿,切割阻力显著减小,但电极的抗粘附性能急剧下降,组织热损伤加重;随着切割时间继续增加,PTFE涂层完全破坏,抗粘附效果丧失,切割阻力降低到最低值。增大高频电刀输出功率能提高PTFE涂层抗粘附手术电极的切割效率,但涂层破坏加剧,涂层的有效抗粘附时间缩短,组织损伤也显著加剧。可见,在复杂的电外科手术工况下,PTFE涂层电极的切割效率低,抗组织粘附耐久性差。     

激光凹坑拆解减损织构对过盈配合服役承载性能的影响实验研究

在再制造和设备运维阶段的拆卸过程中,过盈配合表面常因强烈的摩擦效应发生损伤。实验发现在配合界面上添加激光凹坑织构可有效降低拆卸损伤,且激光加工形成的熔融层增大了过盈配合面间的滑移阻力,有利于提升其服役承载能力。正交实验结果显示,相较于织构密度,织构图案尺寸与织构形状对界面滑移阻力的影响更为显著;等效圆直径100μm、面密度25%的椭圆织构具有良好的滑移阻力提升效果。在60 MPa到150 MPa的接触压力范围内,该类型织构表面的法向变形量大于无织构表面;且随着接触压力的增大,具有熔融层的织构表面的法向变形量更为稳定,其增幅远小于无熔融层织构表面和无织构表面。     

纤维方向和铣削参数对T300/5222A复合材料 层合板铣削表面质量的影响

采用涂层硬质合金刀具对T300/5222A碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料单向层合板和双向层合板进行铣削试验,研究了纤维方向以及铣削速度、每齿进给量和铣削宽度对铣削表面质量的影响。结果表明:随着纤维方向与工件进给方向角度的增大,单向层合板铣削表面的毛刺现象越来越严重,甚至出现崩边现象;随着铣削速度、铣削宽度和每齿进给量的增大,双向层合板铣削表面上突出的纤维以及因纤维拔出形成的凹坑增多,波峰与波谷的高度差也变大;二维表面粗糙度和三维表面粗糙度测量结果差异较大,采用三维表面粗糙度可以更准确地评价碳纤维复合材料铣削表面形貌;双向层合板三维表面粗糙度随铣削速度、每齿进给量和铣削宽度的增大而增大,其中铣削速度和每齿进给量的影响比较显著。     

基于原位观测的固体表面真实接触面积计算

为获得固体粗糙表面实际接触面积和表面形貌,设计一个能够原位光学观测和分析固体粗糙接触界面名义接触区域和实际接触区域的测量装置。采用该测量装置获得不同直径金属小球与玻璃平板在不同载荷作用下的接触图像,采用Canny算子等图像处理方法对金属小球与玻璃平板相互接触产生的牛顿环进行边缘提取和灰度阈值分析,获得接触界面名义接触面积和实际接触面积随小球直径和载荷的变化规律。实验结果表明:粗糙接触界面的名义接触面积随载荷的增加而增加;实际接触面积与名义接触面积之比随载荷和小球直径的增加而非线性增加;在塑性变形阶段,直径较小的金属小球名义接触面积随载荷变化较为敏感,而在弹性变形阶段,则直径较大小球变化剧烈,与Hertz接触理论相符合。该实验装置还可进行接触界面的摩擦学特性分析,如表面形貌、边界膜厚度和磨粒构造等。     

汽车发动机链条的微动磨损现象研究

通过对汽车发动机链条进行高速磨损试验和道路行驶试验,研究了汽车发动机链条的摩擦磨损性能。结果表明,试验后链条的套筒与内链板以及销轴与外链板之间的压出力和扭矩均有所下降,这就说明了微动磨损现象的存在。通过对磨斑形貌的分析,探讨了其磨损机制,表明粘着磨损、疲劳磨损和磨粒磨损是主要磨损机制。对汽车发动机链条微动损伤防护方法进行了探讨,表明通过对链板孔采用挤孔工艺,增加套筒与内链板,销轴与外链板的过盈配合量以及改进链板、销轴和套筒的表面处理工艺来提高其疲劳强度,可增加抗微动损伤的能力。     

Transient analysis on pressure stabilization of spring linked two-stage perforated plates

Spring linked two-stage perforated plate (STP) is a novel industrial component, which can be used for pressure stabilization in piping systems. In this paper, dynamic flow characteristics of STP with different holes arrangements are investigated with transient numerical methods by moving grids technology and User-Defined Function (UDF). The reliability of numerical methods is validated by theoretical calculations and comparison with similar components. Then, different plate holes diameters are analyzed to figure out their effects on pressure stabilizing performances. Meanwhile, the effects of the center hole on the dynamic response are investigated by comparing STP with/without the center hole. Finally, the effects of plate holes number on pressure stabilizing performances are studied under constant specific aperture ratio or constant specific holes diameters. The results show that the larger holes number, smaller holes diameter and the existence of center hole can be useful for the pressure stabiliziation of STP. This work can be useful for the further work on STP and other similar pressure stabilization devices.     

平板传热对气膜冷却的影响

对不同平板厚度的圆柱孔平板气膜冷却模型进行了数值研究,其中冷却空气入射角均为35°,湍流模型采用Standardk-ε湍流模型。所研究的模型分为单孔模型和排孔模型,板的厚度分为4mm、2mm及0mm。文章的重点在于分析平板的传热对气膜冷却效果的影响,研究结果显示气膜冷却效率沿主流方向逐渐降低,当吹风比为0.8时冷却效率最高,平板内部导热对气膜冷却效率及平面温度分布有较大影响。     

Statistical analysis of repeatability in laser percussion drilling

This study investigates the effect of six parameters in the repeatability of drilled holes in laser percussion drilling process by means of statistical techniques. Peak power, pulse width, pulse frequency, number of pulses, gas pressure and focal plane position were considered as independent process parameters. Experiments were designed with the aim of reducing the number of required experiments. The response surface method was used to develop the models for required responses. The significant factors in the process were selected based on the analysis of the variance (ANOVA). The experiments were conducted in mild steel sheet with a thickness of 2 mm. Each experiment was repeated 35 times in order to investigate the repeatability of the process. The equivalent entrance diameter, percentage of standard deviation of entrance diameter (%STD Eq Dia), circularity (ratio of minimum to maximum Feret’s diameter) and its standard deviation (STD circularity) were selected as process characteristics. The %STD Eq Dia and STD circularity, respectively, show the repeatability of equivalent diameter and circularity in the process. The results show that the process of drilling smaller hole diameters is more repeatable than drilling larger holes. Pulse width, gas pressure, focal plane position, peak power and number of pulses, respectively, have significant effect on the repeatability of hole diameter and circularity. Pulse frequency has no significant effect on the repeatability of the process.     

Thermoelastic stress analysis of oblique holes in flat plates

The stresses in the region of an oblique hole in a flat plate are analysed using the thermoelastic stress analysis technique. Particular attention is given to the obliquity of the hole and to the line of action of the applied load in relation to the hole axes. The effects of varying plate thickness are also studied. The data from around the rim and along the internal axis of the hole are presented as a series of stress concentration factors. The results are compared to those from previous studies and discussed in detail. These confirm the findings of the previous work in that increases in hole obliquity increase the stress at the hole, the maximum principal stress is obtained when the load is applied normal to the major axis of the surface ellipse and that as the thickness of plate increases the stresses on the surface of the plate decrease. Issues such as differences in the material’s Poisson’s ratio value are also discussed. The effect of any non-adiabatic behaviour on the thermoelastic output is described.     

错齿BTA钻头钻削13MnNiMoR的试验研究

通过错齿BTA钻头钻削加工13MnNiMoR试验,研究了深孔加工表面的宏微观形貌变化规律,分析了钻削参数对深孔表面粗糙度的影响和刀片磨损机理。结果表明,钻削参数对深孔表面质量影响较大,主要宏观缺陷包括沟槽和工件材料脱落,微观缺陷包括粘结物、切屑划痕和凹坑;深孔表面粗糙度随着进给量的增加而增大,随着转速的增加而降低;刀片后刀面主要磨损机理为粘结磨损、氧化磨损和扩散磨损。     

快速点磨削变量角度对表面粗糙度影响机理研究

基于点磨削周边接触宽度和点磨削表面粗糙度的数学模型,分析了磨削变量角度的变化对工件表面粗糙度的影响机理,完成了磨削变量角度影响工件表面微观几何特性的快速点磨削加工实验,并将基于点磨削表面粗糙度理论模型的计算值与实验结果进行了比较.结果表明:随着垂直点磨削变量角度的增大,接触区周边接触宽度沿工件轴向的分量减小,工件表面粗糙度增大.实验和计算结果基本吻合,并具有相同的变化趋势.     

胶层厚度对三点支撑反射镜面形的影响

以45nm浸没式光刻物镜中采用的三点支撑反射镜为研究对象,建立了胶层连接的三点边缘支撑结构模型,用以确定胶层厚度对三点支撑反射镜面形变化的影响。分析了重力作用下三点支撑反射镜的面形变化情况,通过解析表达式描述了胶层厚度对反射镜受力变形的影响。建立了"支撑块-胶层-反射镜"的有限元计算模型,针对不同胶层厚度对反射镜的面形变化进行了仿真分析。仿真结果表明:随着胶层厚度的增大,反射镜的面形变化(均方根值RMS)呈现先减小后增大的趋势;当胶层厚度为280μm时,反射镜面形变化的RMS值最小,约为1.25nm。最后,通过实验测量了柔性双脚架三点边缘支撑导致的反射镜面形变化。结果显示:当胶层厚度为200,280,400μm时,反射镜面形的变化结果均与仿真结果一致,验证了本文仿真结果的正确性。     

Residual stress field of ballised holes

Ballising, involving pushing a slightly over-sized ball made of hard material through a hole, is a kind of cold working process. Applying ballising process to fastener holes produces compressive residual stress on the edge of the holes, and therefore increases the fatigue life of the components or structures. Quantification of the residual stress field is critical to define and precede the ballising process. In this article, the ballised holes are modeled as cold-expanded holes. Elastic-perfectly plastic theory is employed to analyze the holes with cold expansion process. For theoretical simplification, an axially symmetrical thin plate with a cold expanded hole is assumed. The elasticplastic boundaries and residual stress distribution surrounding the cold expanded hole are derived. With the analysis, the residual stress field can be obtained together with actual cold expansion process in which only the diameters of hole before and after cold expansion need to be measured. As it is a non-destructive method, it provides a convenient way to estimate the elastic-plastic boundaries and residual stresses of cold worked holes. The approach is later extended to the case involving two cold-worked holes. A ballised hole is looked upon as a cold expanded hole and therefore is investigated by the approach. Specimens ballised with different interference levels are investigated. The effects of interference levels and specimen size on residual stresses are studied. The overall residual stresses of plates with two ballised holes are obtained by superposing the residual stresses induced on a single ballised hole. The effects of distance between the centers of the two holes with different interference levels on the residual stress field are revealed.     

某机载S形深孔液冷板优化设计

S形深孔冷板被广泛应用在强迫液冷的机载电子设备中。从对常规S形深孔冷板的结构特点分析可知,因其流道串联、长且平直,所以流道内压力损失大,换热效率低。因此,在进行某机载S形深孔冷板优化设计时,采取了并联分支以降低流阻,在平直流道中设置了多级阶梯孔以提高换热效率,确定了冷板双进、双回以及双出的结构形式。经有限元仿真分析和试验验证,选取凸出物高度与当量直径比0.05进行阶梯孔优化,优化设计后的冷板流阻下降了1/3,最大温差下降了4.5℃。经装机使用,优化设计后的冷板散热性能可靠,达到了优化设计的目的,其优化方法对同类S形长直流道冷板的优化设计具有一定的参考价值。