Integrating conservation planning and landuse planning in urban landscapes

The rapid growth of cities around the world is now seen as a major contributor to global biodiversity loss and many governments include biodiversity conservation as an explicit policy goal. To help prevent further loss of biodiversity, there is an urgent need for more strategic approaches to conservation planning in urban environments based on a scientific understanding of landscape patterns, species requirements and development pressures. In this study, we demonstrate the use of new conservation planning tools to better integrate information on threatened species into landuse planning. We present a case study in the Greater Melbourne area that utilises the Zonation conservation planning tool with data for 30 threatened fauna species. We perform a multi-species spatial prioritisation that incorporates species-specific connectivity requirements and demonstrate the use of this information in a number of landuse planning contexts. First, we quantitatively assess the differences between Melbourne's current conservation areas with the locations prioritised by Zonation and determine priority areas for their extension. We then show how the prioritisation can be used in decisions regarding Melbourne's Urban Growth Boundary and in rezoning land for development. Finally, we demonstrate how the prioritisation can be used to identify areas of conservation significance within individual developments that account for the wider landscape context. These results demonstrate how conservation planning tools can be better integrated into the different stages of landuse planning for future urban growth.     

城市生境单元制图研究进展及其在生物多样性保护中的应用

城市生境单元制图是将原始生态环境数据和生物信息应用到城市自然保护和生态空间管理决策的有效途径.生境单元制图对于揭示城市环境与生物多样性的分布规律、探寻城市生物多样性保护与管控的生态边界具有重要意义.对城市生境单元制图的国内外研究进行综述,系统介绍了城市生境单元制图的主要步骤和方法;对比和评述了国内外典型城市生境单元制图...     

Species number, historical elements and protection of threatened species in the flora of Helsinki, Finland

Recent urban ecological research shows high species numbers in slowly developed cities and towns. Urban development is known to fragment, change and weaken urban biodiversity. Conservation areas have been the main tool in protecting threatened species both in rural and urban municipalities in Finland. However, very little is known about how successful conservation areas are in protecting rare and threatened species and their habitats in boreal cities and towns. Helsinki, the capital of Finland, is a rapidly urbanising hemiboreal city, which has a high number of vascular plant species in both native and urban biotopes. One and 0.25 km² grid square maps and simple overlay methods are being used to analyse data on species occurrence and land use. Total species number, a rarity index and historical and threatened groupings are used to classify species and their habitats. At present, conservation areas can protect only a small proportion of threatened species in Helsinki. More protection areas, green areas in future land-use decisions and new management goals are needed to protect the biodiversity of existing vascular plant species.     

Biotope patterns in urban areas: a conceptual model integrating biodiversity issues in spatial planning

We present a model that considers the spatial aspects of biodiversity in urban planning. Stockholm, the capital of Sweden, is used as a study area. The model comprises three steps of strategic selection: (1) information sources; (2) target biotopes, and (3) presentation strategies adapted to priorities in spatial planning. A classification system based on the interpretation of colour infrared aerial photographs was developed. Established methods for the study of woodland and agricultural landscapes were merged and modified in order to fit the present objectives. Ecologically valuable biotopes were found both in green and built-up areas. The methods developed have been used in the comprehensive planning of Stockholm to designate the core areas and the zones in the surrounding landscape with different demands for spatial planning. The model to support urban planners with context-sensitive planning tools was sufficiently flexible for the adaptation to the conditions of each individual area and the level of detail suited to the planning situation. It also provided information on the effects of fragmentation, creating a platform for meaningful follow-up work.     

基于城市生物多样性保护的环滇池鸟类生境识别与网络构建

生物多样性是人类赖以生存和发展的重要基础,城市生物多样性是其重要组成部分。鸟类是城市生物多样性的指示物种和伞护物种,具有重要研究价值。基于城市生物多样性保护的目的,利用MaxEnt模型预测识别滇池沿岸鸟类适宜生境,完成生境制图,并利用最小成本距离模型和电路理论构建及优化鸟类生境网络。结果表明：1)MaxEnt模型识别环滇池湖滨水陆相交区域为鸟类高适宜区生境,距滇池一级保护区距离与植被覆盖度是影响鸟类生境适宜性的主要因子;2)生境制图结果显示,高适宜区生境以湿地与林地为主,两者占比分别为39.34%和28.67%;3)基于最小成本距离模型构建了滇池沿岸及昆明城市范围内的鸟类生境网络;4)基于电路理论识别了生境网络的生态“夹点”和“障碍点”,改进网络的连通性。研究成果形成鸟类生境识别和网络构建的系统方法,为城市生物多样性保护提供科学依据与参考。     

Urban landscape conservation and the role of ecological greenways at local and metropolitan scales

Greenways are promoted for land conservation in both rural and urban areas, but less attention has been paid to the potential of greenways to serve urban biodiversity conservation goals. This paper presents results of a biodiversity planning study of a highly urbanized environment in Washington, DC (USA) that demonstrate the critical role of ecological greenways and parks in urban species conservation. The Cameron Run study raises fundamental questions about the way biodiversity is defined in urban areas, the scale of analysis required in heterogeneous urban environments, the role of sociocultural factors in urban biodiversity conservation, and the importance of regional greenway connections across the urban gradient.The Cameron Run study is a pilot project for an urban biodiversity information node (UrBIN) in the National Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII) program of the US Geological Survey (USGS). This paper draws connections between the rapidly expanding literature on biodiversity conservation and the smaller, but growing, body of research concerning the ecology of greenways and urban areas, and it does so through the lens of landscape planning. Findings on the Cameron Run watershed are reported, and biodiversity conservation in the watershed is discussed in the context of greenway efforts at local and metropolitan scales.     

Large-scale Spatial Patterns in Species Richness of Orthoptera in the Greater London Area,United Kingdom: Relationships with Land Cover

This paper explores species richness of insects of the order Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, etc.) along spatial gradients defined using remotely sensed land cover data for an area of 5600?km² centred on the city of London. The number of species within grid-squares of a national atlas, controlled for recording effort, declined along composite multivariate spatial gradients representing landscapes with increasing dominance of arable and urban land uses, yet was uncorrelated with the area of an individual land cover representing cultivated land, and only weakly correlated with a second land cover representing urban development. Few orthopteran species reside directly within either arable crops or non-vegetated urban land covers. Thus, whilst the areas of the individual land covers are intuitively sensible (and simple) measures of agricultural and urban cover respectively, their areas do not capture ecologically relevant information about variation in the composition of the uncultivated and non-urban land cover matrices within which the species actually reside. The results illustrate the advantages of using multivariate data reduction techniques (such as the Principle Components Analysis applied here) to describe spatial gradients in the extent of agricultural and urban influence. Relatively few landscape scale studies have focused on insects and the present study illustrates a) the potential for using Orthoptera to explore issues of biodiversity in the landscape and to monitor impacts of land use via analysis of large-scale spatial patterns from national species distribution atlases combined with remotely sensed land cover, and b) the importance of selecting appropriate measures of land use which incorporate information on the complex mix of land cover types utilised by the species under investigation.     

基于InVEST-MCR复合模型的城市 绿色空间生境网络格局构建研究

城市化进程的不断加快影响了城市绿色空间的生境质量,城市生物多样性受到极大威胁。构建城市范围内的多物种综合生境网络能够整合现有的城市绿色空间格局,促进生物多样性保护与发育。以北京市丰台区为例,面向生物多样性保护与城市绿色空间发展提出了基于In VEST-MCR复合模型的城市绿色空间生境网络格局构建方法体系:即以生境类型为导向选取区域内生物多样性保护的焦点物种,通过大数据选取焦点物种的栖息源地,基于In VEST模型生境质量模块选取潜在栖息地(汇)并生成生境网络构建阻力面,采用最小累计阻力模型(MCR)构建丰台区城市绿色空间生境网络。研究结果明确了丰台区的生境质量现状与未来生境网络发展脉络,为城市绿色空间生境网络构建提供了新方法,为丰台区绿地空间格局规划与生物多样性保护提供了参考框架。     

生态单元制图在城乡生物多样性保护中的研究

生态单元制图是基于生态单元分类系统划分和记录不同土地使用类型或土地覆盖类型的过程。文章旨在通过分析融入植被结构因子的生态单元制图模型在城乡生物多样性保护中的研究,以期为我国以生物多样性为导向的城市绿地规划提供理论依据和实践方法。     

Identifying regional landscapes for conservation planning: a case study from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

The application of landscape ecology in conservation biology has rarely occurred in the context of defined landscapes. Conservation planning has focussed on representation of species diversity patterns and assumed that ecosystems, landscapes and their associated processes will be equally protected. The long-term persistence of biodiversity in the face of land transformations and global change requires the representation and retention of all elements of biodiversity. This biodiversity includes landscapes, and the landscape structure and processes that maintain patterns of biodiversity. We developed a method of classifying landscapes for the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa. The process entailed the use of 1 km² grid data from climate and terrain databases. Principal components analysis coupled with a cluster classification method and spatial overlay techniques were used to identify two hierarchical levels of landscapes. Validation analysis showed that landscapes are identifiable with a classification accuracy of 86.8%. The derived landscapes can be combined separately with data on vegetation and soil to describe landscape ecosystems that potentially differ in species composition, successional dynamics, and potential productivity. The surrogate use of the landscapes in conjunction with other strategic data, for the identification of priority conservation areas, is demonstrated.     

Living in the big city: Effects of urban land-use on bird community structure, diversity, and composition

Cities represent an important threat to biodiversity at different scales. Nevertheless, little is known on the processes underlying such effects. In this paper we describe bird diversity, structure, and composition patterns in different urban land-use categories. For this, we surveyed resident bird communities in four representative land-use categories of southwestern Mexico City. Our results show that bird communities vary greatly along the different studied urban land-uses, which represent an urbanization development gradient. Bird communities were highly dominated by few generalist species in areas with commercial components, while showed to have higher evenness values in green areas. Bird species richness decreased and bird abundances increased with urbanization intensity. Also, our results indicate that bird species richness and abundance values are sensible to site-specific habitat characteristics. Although we did not find a clear pattern of taxonomic homogenization related to urbanization, our results show that urbanization development entails the functional homogenization of bird communities. Thus, based on our results, we suggest three urban planning and management activities: (1) regulate land-use change related to urbanization; (2) increase the number of green areas within the city; (3) establish bird monitoring programs to identify focal areas that need management and assist with ecological data for urban planning.     

Revealing the relationship of human convergence–divergence patterns and land use: A case study on Shenzhen City,China

Understanding the relationship between human mobility and land use has been a longstanding topic in multiple disciplines, including transport geography and urban planning. Recently, urban collective mobility patterns have become a hot research direction and has been explored at an unprecedented space–time scale due to the emerging big human tracking datasets (e.g., mobile phone data). However, only a few studies have comprehensively quantified the effects of land use on human mobility patterns while considering the influence of the scale of spatial analysis units. This study attempts to reinforce this knowledge by investigating urban human convergence–divergence patterns and their relationship with land use distribution characteristics at three popular types of spatial analysis units of human mobility studies (voronoi polygons, grid cells, and traffic analysis zones) using mobile phone data. A case study on Shenzhen, China is implemented, and results indicate that eight distinct convergence–divergence patterns could be extracted to describe urban collective mobility patterns despite the use of different types of spatial analysis unit. Moreover, the scale of spatial analysis units exerts a few effects on the quantification of the influence of land use distribution on human convergence–divergence patterns, but some common characteristics could be summarized from these discrepant results. The findings can help policy makers understand urban human mobility and can serve as a guide for urban management and planning.     

深圳市2010-2016年城市更新活动的实施效果与空间模式分析

在城市化进程不断推进的背景下,城市更新已经成为中国城市发展的重要内容.以城市更新活动已进入制度化和常态化的深圳为研究区域,通过GIS空间分析对深圳市2010年至2016年间的城市更新单元项目的立项与实施情况进行研究,从区位条件、用地现状、规划等多个维度对城市更新活动的区位选择与空间分布模式进行分析.研究表明,城市更新单元制度极大地推动了深圳市存量土地的二次开发,总体实施效果较好,但呈现实施率逐年下降的特征.交通区位、项目用地规模、产权主体数量与项目改造类型均对城市更新活动的空间分布影响明显,体现了深圳市城市更新活动的市场主导特征.城市规划密度分区对城市更新项目的区位选择有明显影响,城市更新项目主要分布在规划容积率较高的密度分区,从密度一区至六区实施率递减.     

困境与共生——动物包容性城市设计策略述评与应用启示

现有的城市生物多样性保护策略大多关注城市建成环境中遗留的自然地域或特定物种的保护,对于与城市设计策略相结合的生物多样性保护关注程度有限.动物包容性城市设计兼顾动物和人类发展需求,并将其融入设计策略,为城市生物多样性保护提供了空间规划与设计视角下的创新型路径.通过文献分析对动物包容性城市设计的核心理念、设计策略与应用现状...     

交通与土地利用一体化空间模式与规划引导

提出城市空间组织构建“分层网络”＋“多方式接驳”的交通与土地利用一体化模式,探讨了加强土地利用规划与交通规划的组织协调方法,分析了在城市总体规划与控制性详细规划等不同阶段,交通与土地利用一体化要点内容,以促进城市交通与土地利用的互动发展。     

多尺度时空PM 2.5 分布特征、影响要素、方法演进的综述及 城市规划展望

精细化治理空气污染正成为改善城 市品质的重点方向,对城市多尺度PM 2.5 时 空格局与影响要素的梳理有助于从研究和 实践层面加强规划设计对公共健康的积极 影响。本文从全国、城市、社区层面较全面 地阐述了不同时空尺度下PM 2.5 的时空格局 特征,总结了土地格局、交通网络、建成环 境、蓝绿空间等不同影响因素与城市空气中 PM 2.5 的相互关联耦合作用。同时,本文分析了不同的研究方法在精细化污染治理中的应用,指出人工智能方法在高精度尺度下的时空复 杂特征融合分析中的优势。最后,结合现有的城市PM 2.5 治理经验,对精细化目标下分时分区 的城市规划提出展望：基于提升精确度的新技术方法,优化城市空间结构,构建精细化分时 分区管理策略。     

城市土地利用对交通事故的影响因素与作用机制研究——以武汉市为例

城市大规模用地更新给交通安全带来了重大影响。以武汉市为例,运用聚类分析和负二项模型识别交通事故的高发区,分析土地利用对交通事故的影响和作用机制。交通事故高发区具有人口密度高、居住用地比例高和土地利用混合程度高等特征,城市交通事故与居住用地、工业用地、绿地、土地利用混合度正相关,与公共管理与公共服务用地负相关,交通流量是土地利用影响交通事故的中介变量,以此为基础提出交通安全导向的土地利用规划思路。     

基于关键物种与生境质量评估的昆明市 中心城区绿色空间生物多样性分布格局 研究

随着城市化进程的加快,城市生物多样性受到严重威胁,生物多样性热点分布区域的识别在城市生物多样性保护方面起着重要作用。以昆明市中心城区为例,首先对绿色空间进行解译,再运用MaxEnt模型识别关键物种分布区域,同时使用InVEST模型对生境质量进行评估,最后将绿色空间、关键物种适生区、生境质量分布进行叠加,分析昆明中心城区绿色空间的生物多样性分布格局。结果显示：生物多样性热点分布区占中心城区面积的38%,占中心城区绿色空间面积的89.5%。高生境质量绿色空间及核心绿色空间主要分布在城郊山地区域,整体性较强。关键物种分布绿色空间主要分布在建成区内城市绿地、河流或水面周围,分布较为零散。研究结果为城市绿色空间未来规划中的保护与发展提供了新的思路和理论支撑。     

Land development, land use, and urban sprawl in Puerto Rico integrating remote sensing and population census data

The island of Puerto Rico has both a high population density and a long history of ineffective land use planning. This study integrates geospatial technology and population census data to understand how people use and develop the lands. We define three new regions for Puerto Rico: Urban (16%), Densely Populated Rural (36%), and Sparsely Populated Rural (48%). Eleven percent of the island is composed of urban/built-up surfaces. A large part of these developments occur in both low-density patterns of construction and sparsely populated neighborhoods. Half of the urban development occurs outside of urban centers. This analysis helps differentiate zones in the landscape with different uses and conditions, identifying not only urban and rural settings, but also the interface where development occurs in a territory dominated by forests and pastures, analogous to a wildland urban interface. The ineffective plan of land development has left a high degree of urban sprawl in 40% of island, where cities and towns appear typically surrounded by sprawl. The San Juan Metropolitan Area is one of the most expanded urbanized areas with a population of 2–2.5 million, comparable with the most sprawled cities of the U.S. mainland. This study reinforces the need for an efficient land use planning, and provides information to support research and planning efforts related to land development and conservation. It represents the first approach integrating satellite imagery with population census data for studying the human environment in the Caribbean.     

对郊区型第二住宅空间分布的初步研究——以广东省佛山市为例

近郊化、资源环境、市场指向和"飞地"、行政和经济、交通和用地等因素,分别决定了第二住宅的空间结构、类型特征、社会结构、地域差异、分布特征和规模特征.城市规划在需求动力、用地空间、重点区域、空间聚散方面影响第二住宅的发展,第二住宅在景观、空间和城市化方面对城市规划产生影响.第二住宅的发展,可能引发过度城镇化的后果,并引起地价上涨、居住两极分化、占地较多、环境影响等问题,对城市规划和和谐社会建设构成挑战.