激光选区熔化成型316L不锈钢的工艺参数对硬度与微观组织的影响

激光选区熔化(Selective laser melting,SLM)技术能够制备复杂的一体化空间构件,是金属增材制造的主要方法之一.然而,目前SLM技术仍存在一些问题,如工艺参数对性能的影响规律复杂等,这极大地限制了SLM技术的推广和应用.因此,选择激光功率、扫描速度、扫描间距和相邻层之间的旋转角度四种SLM工艺参数进行分析,设计正交实验,制备了316L不锈钢材料的试样,表征了SLM成型试样的尺寸精度、相对密度和硬度,并观察其宏观结构和微观组织.以激光能量密度为因变量,研究其对成型316L不锈钢材料性能的影响,实现了多输入变量到单输入变量的降维,简化了SLM工艺参数对成型材料力学性能和微观结构的复杂影响规律.结果表明,当输入的激光能量密度在65～90 J/m3之间时,316L不锈钢的相对密度在99.6％以上;当激光功率为180 W、扫描速度为870 mm/s时,316L不锈钢的晶粒均匀,其形状近似正六边形,晶粒度为0.4μm.SLM成型的316L不锈钢相对密度与硬度有一定的关联性,当相对密度高于99.0％时,试样的硬度较高,约为250HV.     

Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of Dissimilar Weld-Joints between Duplex Stainless Steel 2205 and Austenitic Stainless Steel 316L

The microstructure and corrosion resistance of dissimilar weld-joints between stainless steel SAF 2205 and stainless steel AISI 316 L were investigated. Welding was accomplished by different types of welding wires AWS ER 347, AWS ER 316 L and AWS ER 309 L. To verify soundness of welded samples, nondestructive tests were performed. Metallographic samples were prepared from cross-section areas of weldjoints to investigate microstructure of different regions of weld-joints by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Corrosion resistance of weld-joints was evaluated in NaCl solution by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance techniques. In the weld metal AWS ER 347, the brittle sigma phase was created, resulting in the decrease of weld-joint corrosion resistance. According to the results of metallurgical investigations and corrosion tests, welding wire AWS ER 309 L was suitable for welding duplex stainless steel(SAF 2205) to austenitic stainless steel(AISI 316L) by gas tungsten arc welding(GTAW)process.     

316L不锈钢焊接接头高温低周期疲劳显微结构变化和断裂特征

本研究对316L奥氏体不锈钢母材和焊缝分别进行高温低周疲劳试验,对试样的微观结构和裂纹扩展形貌进行观察,分析母材和焊缝在高温低周疲劳循环应力响应下的位错结构和损伤机制。结果表明,316L奥氏体不锈钢母材在试验过程中由于位错增殖和位错湮灭导致发生循环硬化和循环稳定,在焊缝中由于位错湮灭导致发生循环软化。母材和焊缝在连续低周疲劳试验中裂纹主要以穿晶方式扩展,焊接接头处孔洞的连接是最终导致焊接接头疲劳断裂的主要机制。     

316L奥氏体不锈钢点蚀的原位声发射监测

为了研究316L不锈钢自然点蚀的生长规律,发展基于声发射技术的小孔腐蚀监测方法,利用声发射技术原位研究了316L奥氏体不锈钢在pH=1.0和中性(pH=6.7)的3.5%NaCl溶液中的自然点蚀状况,同时监测了开路电位E_(OCP);通过扫描电镜对试验后样品的表面形貌进行表征,并通过Matlab平台对声发射信号进行聚类分析。结果表明:316L奥氏体不锈钢的自然点蚀具有不同的孕育周期,声发射信号的获取跟E_(OCP)的变化具有较好的对应关系。在点蚀快速发展阶段,声发射信号具有较高的绝对能量。在Matlab平台上建立了一套信号处理程序,并对声发射信号进行重新定义,对处理后的信号进行声发射信号参数分析,得到了3类较好的声发射信号聚类,来源于不同腐蚀现象或阶段。其中,在点蚀的快速发展阶段主要以高持续时间高计数和高持续时间低计数2类谐振信号为主。     

Fabrication and Characterization of AISI 420 Stainless Steel Using Selective Laser Melting

Selective laser melting (SLM) offers great possibilities to fabricate metal tools with a complex geometry, but there are limitations regarding some materials. This work focuses on the fabrication of AISI 420 stainless steel using SLM for the application of plastic injection mold. The melt characteristic of the powders was firstly concluded, and then the microstructure, phase composition, and hardness were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Rockwell hardness test, respectively. The results showed that cellular microstructure was observed along the direction of the maximum heat flow. The proportion of the phases varies with the change of SLM processing parameters, which directly affects on the hardness of the parts. The relative density over 99% was obtained and the highest hardness presents 50.7 HRC, which meets the requirement of plastic injection molding application.     

316L不锈钢焊缝的点蚀行为

采用数显恒温水浴锅HH-4静态模拟点腐蚀的试验方法,研究316L奥氏体不锈钢焊缝在不同Cl^-浓度和温度下的三氯化铁溶液中点腐蚀行为,探讨不同的Cl^-浓度和温度变化对焊缝耐蚀性能的影响。结果表明：在三氯化铁溶液中,Cl^-浓度增加、温度升高,316L奥氏体不锈钢焊缝的耐点蚀性能下降,腐蚀速率增加,腐蚀后的表面形貌为不均匀点腐蚀。     

316L不锈钢表面激光熔覆Stellite6合金组织及其耐液态铅铋腐蚀性能

为提高316L不锈钢耐高温液态铅铋的腐蚀能力,通过使用同轴送粉的激光熔覆方式,在316L不锈钢表面制备一层Stellite6合金涂层,将其放入400℃的高温液态铅铋中进行500 h高速流腐蚀试验,其中相对流速设置为2.56 m/s.分析涂层的微观组织、物相组成、元素分布、显微硬度值等的变化规律,以及该涂层耐液态铅铋的腐蚀性能.涂层组织由等轴晶、树枝晶、胞状晶及平面晶组成,搭接区晶粒沿不同方向长大;涂层主要有γ-Co、CoCx、(Cr,Fe)7 C3及M23 C6等物相;各组分元素在涂层表面均匀分布,Co、Cr与Fe等元素在基体316L与涂层之间发生明显扩散;Stellite6涂层的硬度平均值为基体材料316L的2.3倍,且最高达到556.8HV.在进行高温液态铅铋高速流腐蚀后,316L不锈钢表面生成了大面积且连续的氧化物,存在大量微型腐蚀坑,Stellite6涂层表面仅存在少量氧化物,未发现明显的腐蚀坑,较好地维持了原貌;Stellite6涂层表面粗糙度值为1.0μm,而316L经腐蚀后的表面粗糙度为2.4μm.Stellite6合金涂层能够有效地提高316L不锈钢基体在高温液态铅铋合金中的耐腐蚀性能.     

316L不锈钢表面不同微孔和微方柱时的减摩耐磨性能

为了提高316L不锈钢的耐磨性,以纳秒激光器在其表面织构了微孔和微方柱阵列,采用UMT-2摩擦磨损试验机进行了摩擦学性能试验。结果表明：在相同栽荷和滑动速度下,光滑表面的磨痕深而宽,织构化表面的磨痕浅且窄;织构化表面的摩擦阻力变化比光滑表面稳定,微孔和微方柱阵列越密集,摩擦阻力越小;不锈钢表面的微孔和微方柱能提高其耐磨性,微孔的减摩效果优于微方柱结构,两者均能减摩的原因在于储存的润滑油,以致在发生贫油时能产生二次润滑效应,从而保持了油膜的连续性,提高了其润滑性。     

Wear Resistance Improvement of a 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel Treated by an Explosive Thin Film

A surface treatment technique by primary explosive was used on a 316L type austenitic stainless steel. Two explosive compositions, inducing a pressure of 3 GPa and 6 GPa respectively, were deposited in thin layer on flat samples. The residual microstructure is characterized by a profuse twinning whose density depends on the applied pressure and the depth below the treated surface. Moreover for the 6 GPa pressure a very thin surface layer of recrystallization in fine grains appears. The wear tests were performed on a pin on disc tribometer with loadings of 0.5 N and 4 N. In both cases, the wear resistance improvement reaches a factor of about 10 for the lower pressure and a factor 200 for the higher pressure. However, in the last case, the wear resistance improvement depends on the thin recrystallized layer leading to a benefit of a factor of 10, and mainly to the very thin layer of lead deposited by the treatment which acts as a solid lubricant.     

Specific Corrosion Behavior of 316L Stainless Steel in Mineral Water

Materials Science - The comparative assessment of the corrosion sensitivity of a pipe and its welds made of 316L stainless steel in a mineral water is performed under different electrochemical...