1997 UK Total Diet Study dietary exposures to aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, tin and zinc

Concentrations of aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, tin and zinc were determined in samples from the 1997 UK Total Diet Study and used to estimate dietary exposures of the general UK population. Population average dietary exposures to aluminium (3.4mg/day), arsenic (0.065mg/day), cadmium (0.012mg/day), chromium (0.10mg/day), copper (1.2mg/day), mercury (0.003mg/day), nickel (0.13mg/day), tin (1.8mg/ day) and zinc (8.4mg/day) are similar to those from previous UK Total Diet Studies and are below the appropriate PTWIs, PMTDIs and TDIs. Dietary exposure of the UK population (0.026 mg/day) to lead is falling as a result of measures taken to reduce lead contamination of the environment and food and is well below the PTWI. There has been little change in UK estimates of selenium exposure since the 1994 Total Diet Study but current estimates (0.039mg/day) are lower than those derived from earlier Total Diet Studies.     

Trace metal content of chicken eggs.

Results are presented for the levels of cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel and zinc in each of 100 shelled chicken egg samples, as determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The range and mean for each of the trace metals are as follows: cadmium, n.d. to 0.03 and 0.01 parts/million; chromium, n.d. to 0.15 and 0.06 parts/million; cobalt, n.d. to 0.06 and 0.03 parts/million; copper, 0.54 to 0.88 and 0.66 parts/million; iron, 17.1 to 27.5 and 21.5 parts/million; lead, n.d. to 0.08 and 0.01 parts/million; manganese, 0.14 to 0.53 and 0.29 parts/million; mercury, 0.001 to 0.023 and 0.006 parts/million; nickel, n.d. to 0.35 and 0.04 parts/million; zinc, 10.7 to 18.4 and 14.6 parts/million. No apparent differences were observed among the different regions of the country.     

Heavy metals concentrations in dairy cow feedstuffs from the south of Iran

ABSTRACT

Levels of lead, cadmium, mercury, copper and zinc elements in feedstuffs were measured by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. A total of 216 feedstuffs samples including corn silage, alfalfa hay, wheat straw, full ration pellet, wheat bran and barley were collected from polluted and unpolluted regions during four seasons and prepared with wet digestion. Lead and mercury concentrations did not differ significantly in various feedstuffs, but cadmium level was significantly the highest in barley samples (p < 0.05). All feed material samples had lead, cadmium and mercury concentrations well below the maximum levels allowed by the European Union. The lowest and highest levels of both copper and zinc were found in wheat straw and wheat bran, respectively, but their maximum content did not exceed the legal limits. In contrast to the sampling area, season significantly (P < 0.05) affected heavy metal levels, except for zinc, in feedstuffs.     

Metal contaminants in various food colours.

Arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, manganese, nickel and zinc have been estimated in 18 permitted and 18 non-permitted food colours. Arsenic, chromium, copper and lead were found to be within the maximum allowable international limits in all the permitted colours, but they were in excess in a number of non-permitted colours. There is a case for establishing the maximum allowable concentration (MAC) of cadmium, cobalt, manganese, nickel and zinc in food colours.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法检测进口清酒中 20种矿物元素

目的建立进口清酒中钠、镁、铝、钾、钙、铬、锰、铁、钴、镍、铜、锌、砷、硒、锶、银、镉、钡、汞、铅20种元素的电感耦合等离子体质谱快速测定法。方法以硝酸处理进口清酒样品,通过超声排除产生的氮氧化物黄色气体,再以超纯水稀释,使用电感耦合等离子体质谱测定清酒中20种元素的含量。结果实验回收率在92.4%~109%之间,RSD为2.10%~5.92%,检出限分别为:钠、钙为1.0 mg/L,,钾为0.5 mg/L,铝、镁、铁、锌为0.1mg/L,钡为0.05 mg/L,铬、锰、钴、镍、铜、砷、硒、锶、银、镉、汞、铅为0.01 mg/L,线性范围分别为:钠、钙为3.0~200 mg/L,钾为1.5~200mg/L,铝、镁、铁和锌为0.3~10.0 mg/L,钡为0.15~10.0mg/L,铬、锰、钴、镍、铜、砷、硒、锶、银、镉和铅为0.03~10.0 mg/L,汞为0.03~0.20 mg/L。结论该检测方法操作简便、快速、灵敏度高、重新性好,适用于进口清酒样品的多元素同时检测。     

北部湾海产品中重金属元素的测定及评价

采集94个北部湾沿海不同区域、不同季节、不同品种的海产品,用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定砷、铅、汞、镉、铬、锡、锑、铜、铝等9种重金属元素的含量,以了解广西北部湾海产品是否受到重金属污染。测定结果表明,海产品中镉含量平均合格率为55%,应是污染所致,无机砷、铅、汞、铬、铜、铝含量平均合格率在89%~96%之间,受污染程度较轻,而锡、锑含量合格率为100%,未受污染。     

Proposal of new analytical procedures for heavy metal determinations in mussels, clams and fishes

New analytical procedures and sample mineralizations for the determination of copper, lead, cadmium, zinc and mercury in matrices such as mussels, clams and fishes are proposed. An H₂SO₄ HNO₃ acidic mixture was used for the determination of copper, lead, cadmium and zinc. In the case of mercury, the sample digestion was performed using a concentrated supra pure H₂SO₄ K₂Cr₂O₇ mixture and the results compared with those from other conventional methods. Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) was employed for simultaneously determining copper, lead, cadmium and zinc, while the mercury determination was carried out by cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry (CV-AAS) with reduction with SnC₂, using an innovative method for sample dissolution. The analytical quality control procedures have been verified on three reference standard materials: Oyster Tissue NIST 1566, Mussel Tissue BCR-CRM 278 and Cod Muscle BCR-CRM 422. For all the elements in the certified matrices, the precision, expressed as relative standard deviation (s_r     

Metal Residues in Farm-Raised Channel Catfish, Rainbow Trout, and Red Swamp Crayfish from the Southern U.S.

ABSTRACT: Farm-raised channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) were collected from production and processing sites across the southern U.S. and analyzed for barium, cadmium, copper, chromium, silver, lead, arsenic, selenium, and mercury. Average metal residues were much lower than recommended safety limits. Residues of barium, copper, and mercury were slightly higher in crayfish than catfish or trout. Selenium was higher in crayfish and trout than catfish, and lead was higher in catfish and trout than crayfish. Residues of mercury in all samples were much lower than the FDA's Action Limit (1 ppm) for mercury in the edible tissue of fish.     

Cadmium, mercury, iron, copper, manganese and zinc in the liver and kidney of the Icelandic lamb

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the levels of cadmium, mercury, iron, copper, manganese and zinc in lamb liver and kidney from six areas in Iceland and to compare the results against aerial deposition data for the same elements obtained using moss as an indicator organism. The total number of samples was 96 for each organ. Cadmium was determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry, mercury by coldvapour atomic absorption, and iron, copper, manganese and zinc by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrophotometry. Analysis of variance determined significance differences among means for areas, and Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated to study correlation among trace elements in liver and kidney. The mean fresh weight concentrations in lamb liver and kidney respectively were 0.045 and 0.058mg kg -1 for cadmium, 0.009 and 0.012mgkg -1 for mercury, 141 and 52.7mgkg -1 for iron, 28.1 and 2.89mgkg -1 for copper, 4.01 and 1.13mgkg -1 for manganese and 48.7 and 25.2mgkg -1 for zinc. Concentrations of cadmium, mercury and copper in the liver and kidney of the Icelandic lamb were low compared with data from other countries. Iron concentrations in the organs, however, were high. No sample exceeded 46% of the proposed maximum level for cadmium in organs for human consumption in the EC. Cadmium, mercury, iron and copper in the liver and kidney differed significantly between areas. Deposition of cadmium and copper in moss was not a useful indicator in the evaluation of the susceptibility of the Icelandic lamb to accumulation of cadmium and cop per. However, iron levels in Icelandic lamb liver showed the same pattern as results for iron from the moss study. The cadmium and mercury levels of organs from lambs grazing in the vicinity of Mount Hekla a few months after its eruption did not indicate a significant contamination from volcanic activity.     

Determination of metal contaminations in sea foods from Marmara,Aegean and Mediterranean seas: Twelve fish species

The concentrations of cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, lead and zinc were determined by ICP-AES in muscles and livers of 12 fish species sampled from the Marmara, Aegean and Mediterranean seas of Turkey. Iron showed the highest levels in examined tissues of all fish species. Following Fe, Zn generally showed the second highest levels. Metal concentrations in edible parts of fish species were 0.02–0.37 mg kg⁻¹ for cadmium, 0.04–0.41 mg kg⁻¹ for cobalt, 0.04–1.75 mg kg⁻¹ for chromium, 0.32–6.48  mg kg⁻¹ for copper, 7.46–40.1 mg kg⁻¹ for iron, 0.10–0.99  mg kg⁻¹ for manganese, 0.02–3.97 mg kg⁻¹ for nickel, 0.33–0.86 mg kg⁻¹ for lead, 4.49–11.2 mg kg⁻¹ for zinc, respectively. All metal concentrations in livers were higher than those in muscles. In some stations, cadmium and chromium concentrations in both muscles and livers, and lead levels in livers of the examined species were higher than permissible safety levels for human uses.     

Toxic and trace elements in liver, kidney and meat from cattle slaughtered in Galicia (NW Spain)

The aims of this study were to determine the levels of some toxic and trace metals in cattle meat in Spain and to compare them with concentrations in cattle elsewhere and to maximum acceptable levels. Arsenic, cadmium, lead, copper and zinc concentrations in the liver, kidney and muscle (meat) from 438 calves (6-10 months old) and 56 cows (2-16 years old) slaughtered in Galicia (NW Spain) in 1996 were quantified. The arithmetic mean fresh weight concentrations in calf liver, kidney and muscle respectively were 0.043, 0.055, 0.004mg/kg for arsenic, 0.032, 0.070, 0.001 mg/kg for cadmium, 0.053, 0.052, 0.009 mg/kg for lead, 64.6, 4.91, 0.677mg/kg for copper and 47.7, 14.4, 47.8mg/kg for zinc. In cows, these concentrations were 0.046, 0.068, 0.005mg/kg (arsenic), 0.097, 0.458, 0.001mg/kg (cadmium), 0.057, 0.066, 0.017mg/kg (lead), 60.3, 3.67, 1.26 mg/kg (copper) and 59.8, 20.0, 52.7mg/kg (zinc). Except for copper levels in the liver which were high, metal concentrations in cattle were generally low in Galicia and broadly similar to those in the rest of Europe, Australia and Canada. Arsenic, cadmium and lead concentrations in Galician cattle rarely exceeded acceptable maximum concentrations that have been adopted by many countries. Copper and zinc concentrations in Galician cattle did exceed acceptable maximum concentrations but the frequency with which this occurred depended upon which acceptable maximum concentration was used; regulatory values differ markedly between countries.     

Trace metal content of livers and kidneys of cattle

Results are presented for the levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, selenium and zinc, as determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, in the livers and kidneys of 190 cattle from eight different locations in New South Wales. The mean and range for each of the trace metals, in parts 10^?6, in livers and kidneys, respectively were as follows: arsenic 0.013 (n.d.?0.09) and 0.018 (n.d.?0.10); cadmium 0.08 (n.d.?0.80) and 0.43(0.02–10.7); chromium 0.05 (n.d.-1.0) and 0.03 (n.d.?0.22); cobalt 0.07 (n.d.?0.45) and 0.03 (n.d.?0.25); copper 18.0(0.81–82.8) and 3.9 (1.84–9.2); lead 0.14(n.d.?0.85) and 0.22(n.d.-2.29); manganese 2.72(1.11–4.09) and 1.07(0.58–1.67); mercury 0.005 (n.d.?0.050) and 0.006 (n.d.?0.177); molybdenum 0.88 (n.d.-2.41) and 0.31 (n.d.-1.85); nickel 0.33 (n.d.-4.82) and 0.46 (n.d.-5.80); selenium 0.17(0.01–0.63) and 1.10 (0.47–1.77); zinc 37.5 (13.4–99.2) and 18.6 (12.9–31.6). Significant differences were observed in the trace metal levels in livers and kidneys from the different regions of the State and between the trace metal levels in livers and kidneys from the same region. The accuracy of the methods was confirmed by analysis of NBS No. 1577 Bovine Liver.     

Zinc,copper, lead and cadmium contents in green tea

The levels of zinc, copper, lead and cadmium in green tea have been determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. With the growth and development of tea shoots, zinc, copper, lead and cadmium concentrations decreased gradually. Some of the lead in green tea was eliminated by washing with water before manufacturing. The range and mean of the zinc, copper, lead and cadmium in 139 green teas were as follows: zinc, 23.4–100.5 and 54.4 μg/g; copper, 4.7–36.5 and 11.4 μ/g; lead, 0.11–1.93 and 0.49 μg; cadmium, 0.013–0.098 and 0.036 μg/g. Significant differences in the contents of copper and lead were observed among the different districts of the country. The green tea produced in some districts near the metropolis areas contained the highest concentration of lead.     

Heavy metal content of black teas consumed in Iran

Tea (Camellia sinensis) is the most widely consumed beverage in several parts of the world. Tea consumption is a major component of the traditional Iranian diet; however, limited data are available indicating heavy metals content of this beverage. This study aimed to assess concentrations of heavy metals, including copper, lead, cadmium, chromium and mercury as well as minerals like zinc and iron in black tea samples. Atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determine the elements of interest in 20 brands of black tea that are widely consumed among Iranians. The mean concentrations were 28.8 for Zn, 135.2 for Fe, 15.9 for Cu and 8.2 for Cr (mg kg^?1) and 134.5 for Cd, 209.5 for Pb and 40 for Hg (µg kg^?1). It is concluded that tea consumption can be a possible source of some heavy metal intake for the Iranian population.     

Toxic trace metals in food. I. A new voltammetric procedure for toxic trace metal control of wines.

A new highly sensitive and particularly reliable analytical procedure for the precise determination of the most relevant toxic trace metals cadmium, lead and copper in wine is presented. It consists of a simple and convenient sample pretreatment by UV irradiation (1,5 h, 500-W-Hg-lamp) to release the toxic trace metals bound by organic substances and subsequent voltammetry (DPASV) of cadmium and lead simultaneously at a mercury film electrode (MFE) formed in situ on a vitreous carbon carrier and of copper on a gold electrode. Particular emphasis has been placed on the efficient exclusion of interference due to contamination. Only special wines, with more than 10% of sugar, require substitution of UV irradiation by a wet digestion also described. The procedure may be easily expanded to include the determination of mercury and zinc.     

Manganese, copper, zinc, iron, cadmium, mercury and lead in muscle meat, liver and kidneys of poultry, rabbit and sheep slaughtered in the northern part of Poland, 1987

Manganese, copper, zinc, iron, cadmium, mercury and lead concentrations have been determined in muscle meat, livers and kidneys of ducks, geese, chickens, hens, rabbits and sheep slaughtered in the northern part of Poland in 1987. The mean values obtained related to wet weight for muscle meat, livers and kidneys of animals were: 0.11-0.27, 0.73-3.3 and 0.90-1.9 mg/kg Mn; 0.52-7.3, 3.8-88 and 2.8-15 mg/kg Cu; 5.7-40, 20-45 and 21-30 mg/kg Zn; 10-35, 27-83 and 50-180 mg/kg Fe; less than 5-5, 16-140 and 250-5100 micrograms/kg Cd; less than 1-3, 2-10 and 5-12 micrograms/kg Hg; and less than 10-20, 100-210 and 120-1300 micrograms/kg Pb, respectively. Substantial differences have been found in the mean copper concentration in muscle meat, livers and kidneys, zinc and iron in muscle meat, and cadmium in kidneys, between some of the species examined. The mean and maximum concentrations of mercury and lead found in muscle meat and organs of animals in the present study were low, and only in the case of cadmium were somewhat higher values found in kidneys of rabbit and hen. The results obtained are compared with the literature data on the concentrations of the metals examined in muscle meat, livers and kidneys of poultry, rabbit and sheep in Poland or elsewhere.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定米豆腐中5种元素的含量

目的建立电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定米豆腐中铅、砷、汞、镉、铬5种有害元素含量的分析方法。方法样品经微波消解,超纯水定容,以锗、铟、铋为内标物质,用电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定铅、砷、汞、镉、铬。结果铅、砷、汞、镉、铬回收率分别为83.2%~92.5%、85.3%~93.2%、83.5%~95.2%、85.7%~94.0%、81.7%~96.0%,相对标准偏差(n=6)分别为3.7%、2.3%、3.1%、2.9%、3.9%。5种元素线性关系良好,相关系数(n=6)在0.9997~1.000。结论优化了样品前处理方法和仪器参数,可用于米豆腐中铅、砷、汞、镉、铬的测定。     

Heavy metal concentrations in raw milk collected from different regions of Samsun,Turkey

In this study, 144 raw milk samples were analysed for heavy metal contamination derived from emissions from industrial operations in Tekkekoy, Samsun, Turkey. Cu, Fe, Zn, Cr, Ni, Cd, As and Pb levels in samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS). The average amounts of copper, chromium, iron, zinc, nickel, cadmium, arsenic and lead were determined as 1.130, 0.441, 12.920, 0.032, 0.483, 0.006, 0.003 and 0.004 mg/kg, respectively. It was determined that the summer period has the highest levels for copper, lead and cadmium. The highest contents of arsenic and copper were found at the two industrial regions that were close to Black Sea, described as ‘1st’ and ‘2nd’ region. Whereas the 3rd and 4th regions that were far from an industrial zone and also from the Black Sea, nickel, lead and chromium had the highest levels.     

Essential and toxic heavy metals in cereals and agricultural products marketed in Kermanshah,Iran, and human health risk assessment

Levels of some essential and toxic heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, chromium, nickel, zinc and copper in cereals and agricultural products obtained from the markets in Kermanshah city, west Iran, were determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The average concentrations for lead and cadmium in some cereals were higher than the maximum levels set by the Codex Alimentarius. A potential human health risk assessment was conducted by calculating estimated weekly intake (EWI) of the metals from eating cereals and comparison of these values with provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) values. In combination with recent cereal consumption data, the EWIs of heavy metals were calculated for the Kermanshah population. EWI data for the studied metals through cereal consumption were lower than the PTWI values. Cr, Ni, Zn and Cu levels in all samples analysed were within the ranges reported for similar cereals from various parts of the world.     

Element concentrations in shell of Pinctada margaritifera from French Polynesia and evaluation for using as a food supplement

Element concentrations in shell of Pinctada margaritifera (black-lip pearl oyster) from Manihi, French Polynesia, were measured with Inductively Coupled Plasma – Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES). The respective average concentrations were: calcium (Ca) 396.4 mg/g, sodium (Na) 5.536 mg/g, magnesium (Mg) 2.136 mg/g, strontium (Sr) 890.6 ppm, iron (Fe) 67.89 ppm, aluminum (Al) 45.74 ppm, phosphorus (P) 27.19 ppm, boron (B) 12.17 ppm, manganese (Mn) 2.308 ppm, copper (Cu) 1.050 ppm, zinc (Zn) 0.7180 ppm; and nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and vanadium (V) were below detection limits with ICP-AES.