三维正交机织物参数对纤维体积含量的影响

三维机织物设计的一个目标是满足要求的纤维体积含量。通过分析三维正交机织物单元体的结构,可以计算经纱、纬纱和捆绑纱的截面尺寸,建立纤维体积含量与织物参数间的关系。实际制织了一块6层经纱、5层纬纱的玻璃纤维三维正交机织布,测试了经纱、纬纱、捆绑纱以及织物的纤维体积含量,并与理论计算值进行了对比,分析了产生误差的原因。最后,分析了织物参数对纤维体积含量的影响,发现经纬纱粗度比的增大或间距比的减小,将使经纱和织物的纤维体积含量增大,纬纱的纤维体积含量减小;捆绑纱的引入,降低了经纱、纬纱和织物的纤维体积含量。      

三维五向管状织物纱束轨迹及纤维体积分数的分析与研究

针对四步法编织的三维五向管状织物,基于圆形编织的纱束运动过程及机理分析,研究了织物内部与表面纱束的几何拓扑关系,继而提出三维五向管状织物的单胞结构模型。在此基础上,分别用阿基米德螺旋线段和圆弧段近似预成型内部与表面的纱束轨迹投影,并给出相应的数学描述。根据单胞几何特征,提出了织物横截面上不同位置处的纤维体积分数计算方法。通过建立纱束数据结构及运用计算机可视化技术,对纱束空间轨迹及横截面纤维体积分数进行了模拟显示。这对表征三维五向管状织物的结构性质、实现编织参数优化设计有着重要的意义。      

复合材料用机织物非正交本构模型的半球形冲压成型验证

为了描述复合材料用机织物在大变形下由于经纱和纬纱之间角度变化所引起的非线性各向异性材料行为, 前期工作中建立了一个非正交本构模型。利用半球形冲头对复合材料用平纹机织物进行冲压模拟, 并将非正交本构模型和正交本构模型的模拟结果与实验结果进行对比, 对非正交本构模型进行验证, 以充分说明该模型的有效性和正确性。结果表明: 采用非正交本构模型模拟的复合材料用平纹机织物变形后的边界轮廓与实验结果基本一致, 并且剪切角都在实验结果的误差范围内; 而采用正交本构模型, 复合材料用机织物变形后的边界轮廓和剪切角与实验结果相差较大。研究表明, 与正交本构模型相比非正交本构模型能更好地描述复合材料用机织物在大变形下的材料属性。      

三维机织碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料在两种测量方法下的热响应机制对比

采用瞬态热线法和闪光法分别测量了多种结构参数的三维机织碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料的导热系数。通过对3D正交机织碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料的有限元模拟可以看出,3D正交机织碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料内经纱、纬纱和Z向纱的导热作用在不同的受热形式下会发生变化。采用瞬态热线法测量时,2.5D机织碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料的导热系数低于2.5D经向增强结构,同时高于3D正交结构,而采用闪光法测量时,2.5D经向增强和3D正交碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料的导热系数均小于2.5D机织结构。这是由于在使用不同的测量方法时,三维机织碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料内部相同的纱线系统在导热过程中所起的作用并不相同。随着纤维体积含量的提高,瞬态热线法和闪光法测得的2.5D机织碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料的导热系数都在不断提高。由于经纱的屈曲,采用闪光法测量时,导热性能提升更加明显。研究结果表明,三维机织碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料在不同受热形式下具有不同的热响应机制。     

典型多向2.5D机织预制体近净形编织结构设计

针对多向异型复合材料构件用3D整体预制体,基于衬经2.5D机织结构,提出5种近净形转向仿形编织工艺,设计并制备了具有典型引纱加纱结构的板条状预制体试样。采用计算机断层扫描法(Micro-CT),观测各系统纱线横截面形态变化和纱线取向分布规律,发现引出加入的纱线沿织物厚度方向挤紧状态发生改变,其横截面从椭圆形变成梯形,又变为三角形,经纱被引出和加入会造成与其接触的纬纱横截面变化。结合复合材料构件的实际承载工况,对具有5种引纱加纱结构的复合材料试样进行了经向抗弯性能测试,结果表明,复合材料的弯曲强度和弯曲模量保持率分别达到82.6%~95.7%和89.1%~97.9%。可见,立足于满足复合材料力学性能要求,发展预制体的三维整体仿形编织技术,是实现复杂形状复合材料构件材料/结构一体化制造的有效途径。      

三维正交机织复合材料的单胞模型及应用

根据三维正交机织复合材料的结构特点,在假设纤维束横截面为矩形的基础上建立一种单胞模型,该模型由3组互相正交的纤维与基体组成。首先利用这一模型,推导出纤维体积分数与纤维粗度、机织密度等织物参数的关系式,通过测量单胞单元的单层厚度得到纤维体积分数,计算值和实验值较为吻合。然后在假定纤维和基体均为线弹性材料的基础上,利用材料力学方法推导出了3 个正交方向的杨氏模量表达式,该表达式简单明了,给出了三维正交机织复合材料杨氏模量与纤维和基体的杨氏模量以及纤维体积分数间的关系,算例的计算结果与实验值有良好的一致性,这说明所建立的单胞模型具有合理性。     

平纹织物三维细观几何模型和织物防弹实验的有限元模拟

建立了平纹织物的三维细观几何模型,利用LS-DYNA有限元软件模拟了弹丸冲击的条件下,单层芳纶织物的响应过程。模型的几何形状参考了平纹织物的截面显微镜照片,使建立的模型更加准确,更接近平纹织物真实的结构。纱线模型选用正交各向异性材料,材料参数和失效条件均参考真实的Kevlar织物,并考虑纱线和纱线之间以及纱线和弹丸之间的摩擦。模拟中,通过设定弹丸的撞击速率Vs,得到剩余速率Vr,并由此计算单层织物的弹道极限速率V50。结果表明:织物的变形过程和失效形式在模拟中得到细致的显现,模拟所得结果V50和织物的失效形式与实验结果的一致程度较好。     

平纹织物三维细观几何模型和织物防弹实验的有限元模拟EI北大核心CSCD

建立了平纹织物的三维细观几何模型,利用LS-DYNA有限元软件模拟了弹丸冲击的条件下,单层芳纶织物的响应过程。模型的几何形状参考了平纹织物的截面显微镜照片,使建立的模型更加准确,更接近平纹织物真实的结构。纱线模型选用正交各向异性材料,材料参数和失效条件均参考真实的Kevlar织物,并考虑纱线和纱线之间以及纱线和弹丸之间的摩擦。模拟中,通过设定弹丸的撞击速率Vs,得到剩余速率Vr,并由此计算单层织物的弹道极限速率V50。结果表明:织物的变形过程和失效形式在模拟中得到细致的显现,模拟所得结果V50和织物的失效形式与实验结果的一致程度较好。     

2.5D机织复合材料的渐进损伤与失效模拟

为了研究典型2.5D机织复合材料的压缩性能,开展了复合材料单胞结构的经向和纬向压缩实验,并通过对材料编织结构的细观表征,建立了细观尺度的单胞有限元模型来模拟压缩载荷下单胞内部的变形及渐进失效过程。结果表明,2.5D机织复合材料在受压时表现出明显的非线性力学响应,材料沿经向的压缩模量和强度均高于纬向;经向压缩时材料的主要破坏模式有经纱的横向开裂、纤维束间的界面分层破坏、纬纱的压溃及基体的开裂,纬向压缩时出现的主要破坏模式是纬纱的压溃、纬纱纤维束的断裂及基体开裂;通过对比试验与有限元结果,认为所建立的细观有限元模型能够准确预测材料单胞在压缩载荷下的应力-应变响应,并且能够模拟编织结构中的损伤起始和演化过程。      

基于双轴拉伸试验的飞艇蒙皮材料非线性分析

飞艇蒙皮为多功能层压织物材料,力学行为呈现复杂的非线性,合理表征其非线性的力学模型对飞艇结构设计与分析至关重要。本文对飞艇蒙皮材料试件进行了7个应力比双轴拉伸试验,基于正交异性材料模型,采用应变残差平方和最小方法计算弹性常数,建立线性力学模型;根据试验数据建立应力弹性常数响应面,建立以应力为变量的完整三次式非线性力学模型。并根据此力学模型建立飞艇蒙皮材料有限元分析模型,通过数值模拟七种应力比下的双轴拉伸试验,分析结果的应力分布和分缝位移与试验现象一致。将分析得到的应力-应变曲线与试验结果进行对比,两者能很好的吻合,表明非线性力学模型及分析方法适用于飞艇结构分析。     

三维机织结构的几何模型

根据三维机织结构中纱线系统的组成和相应纱线的几何形态,建立了具有普适意义的几何模型,获得了组成三维机织结构各纱线系统在一个结构单元内的纱线长度和取向角,进而计算出纤维体积分数。随后,选择了基于11种不同接结组织的三维机织复合材料试样,测试了试样的纤维体积分数,所得的测试结果与模型输出的预测值有很好的一致性。利用所建立的模型还定量讨论了接结组织对纤维体积分数和取向角的影响。结果表明:分层接结可以提供比正交接结高的纤维体积分数;而正交接结中接结经具有较大的取向,有利于增强三维机织复合材料在厚度方向上的力学性能。     

Internal geometry evaluation of non-crimp 3D orthogonal woven carbon fabric composite

Measurements of the internal geometry of a carbon fiber non-crimp 3D orthogonal woven composite are presented, including: waviness of the yarns, cross sections of the yarns, dimensions of the yarn cross sections, and local fiber volume fraction. The measured waviness of warp and fill yarns are well below 0.1%, which shows that the fabric termed here “non-crimp” has nearly straight in-plane fibers as-produced, and this feature is maintained after going through all steps of fabric handling and composite manufacturing. The variability of dimensions of the yarns is in the range of 4–8% for warp and fill directions, while the variability of the yarn spacing is in the range of 3–4%. These variability parameters are lower than respective ranges of variability of the yarn waviness and the cross-sectional dimensions in typical carbon 2D weave and 3D interlock weave composites, which are also illustrated in this work for comparison.     

Effects of Woven Fabric Geometry on the Bonding Performance of Cementitious Composites: Mechanical Performance

The effect of the geometry of woven fabrics on the bond between monofilament polyethylene yarns and cement matrix was studied in the present work. The fabrics were all plain weave, with varied fills density: 5, 7, or 10 fills per cm; the warps’ density was kept constant at 22 warps per cm. The interfacial bond was evaluated by pullout tests. To characterize the influence of the fabric’s geometry on bond performance, the influence of different parameters of the fabric’s geometry that may affect bond were separated: (1) pullout of a single crimped yarn untied from the fabric to characterize the influence of the shape of the individual crimped yarn; (2) pullout of a single yarn from free fabric (not embedded in the cement matrix); and (3) pullout of a yarn from a fabric embedded in the cement matrix. Straight yarns were also tested for comparison. It was found that the woven fabric provided a considerably better bond to the cementitious matrix than the bond of a single straight yarn. The crimped geometry of the yarn in the fabric was found to have a significant influence on increasing the bond between the woven fabric and the cementitious matrix.     

二维机织复合材料弹性常数的有限元法预测

为了预测二维机织复合材料的弹性性能,建立了有限元力学分析模型。基于二维机织复合材料的几何特征,建立了参数化的单胞模型;考虑了织物纤维束呈现出的各向异性材料特征,将有限元中材料主方向转化到纤维屈曲方向,建立其力学分析有限元模型;分析了单胞边界面保持平面假设的不足,提出了对于二维机织复合材料通用的周期边界条件,获得了更为准确的二维机织复合材料的工程弹性常数。结果表明:织物衬垫单胞边界面,在单向拉伸载荷和纯剪切载荷下,呈凹凸翘曲变形,即为周期边界;应用给出的织物参数化几何建模方法与有限元求解方法,可以精确地获得工程弹性常数,数值计算结果与实验值吻合较好。      

Compressive Behavior of 3D Woven Composite Stiffened Panels: Experimental and Numerical Study

The structural behavior and damage propagation of 3D woven composite stiffened panels with different woven patterns under axial-compression are here investigated. The panel is 2.5D interlock woven composites (2.5DIWC), while the straight-stiffeners are 3D woven orthogonal composites (3DWOC). They are coupled together with the Z-fibers from the stiffener passing straight thought the thickness of the panel. A “T-shape” model, in which the fiber bundle structure and resin matrix are drawn out to simulate the real situation of the connection area, is established to predict elastic constants and strength of the connection region. Based on Hashin failure criterion, a progressive damage model is carried out to simulate the compressive behavior of the stiffened panel. The 3D woven composite stiffened panels are manufactured using RTM process and then tested. A good agreement between experimental results and numerical predicted values for the compressive failure load is obtained. From initial damage to final collapse, the panel and stiffeners will not separate each other in the connection region. The main failure mode of 3D woven composite stiffened panels is compressive failure of fiber near the loading end corner.     

Evaluation of the integrity of 3D orthogonal woven composites with embedded polymer optical fibers

Due to their high flexibility, high tensile strain and high fracture toughness, polymer optical fibers (POF) are excellent candidates to be utilized as embedded sensors for structure health monitoring of fiber reinforced composites. In 3D orthogonal woven structures yarns are laid straight and polymer optical fiber can be easily inserted during preform formation either as a replacement of constituents or between them. The results of the previous paper indicated how an optic fiber sensor can be integrated into 3D orthogonal woven preforms with no signal loss. This paper addresses whether incorporating POF into 3D orthogonal woven composites affects their structure integrity and performance characteristics. Range of 3D orthogonal woven composites with different number of layers and different weft densities was fabricated. The samples were manufactured with and without POF to determine the effect of embedding POF on composite structure integrity. Bending, tensile strength tests, and cross section analysis were conducted on the composite samples. Results revealed that integrity of 3D orthogonal woven composite was not affected by the presence of POF. Due to its high strain, embedded POF was able to withstand the stresses without failure as a result of conducting destructive tests of the composite samples. Micrograph of cross-section of composite samples showed that minimum distortion of the yarn cross-section in vicinity of POF and no presence of air pocked around the embedded POF which indicates that 3D woven preform provided a good host for embedded POF.     

基于结构参数的平纹机织复合材料等效弹性性能预测

经向纤维束与纬向纤维束纵横交错引起的纤维弯曲(也称为波纹)是平纹机织复合材料固有特征。首先,提出了一种精确描述平纹机织复合材料单胞3D结构特征的数学表达式。其次,基于经典层合板理论和等应力假设,考虑平纹机织复合材料厚度方向非对称引起的弯曲-拉伸耦合效应及单胞结构特征,建立了含结构参数的平纹机织复合材料等效弹性性能多参数解析模型。通过数个典型算例验证了建立的多参数解析模型,结果表明：该多参数解析模型预测值与相关文献中有限元模型预测值、解析模型预测值、实验值等均吻合较好;该多参数解析模型预测值尤其是Z向弹性性能预测值,比文献中解析模型预测值更接近于实验值。在此基础上,进一步探讨了纤维束波纹比(包括纤维束波动方向波纹比与纤维束横截面波纹比)、经向与纬向纤维束构成的预成形体厚度、纤维束中弯曲部分的长度、相邻纤维束之间间距等结构参数对平纹机织复合材料弹性性能影响。该多参数解析模型建模方法为研究纺织复合材料力学性能提供了参考。     

Fibre damage in the manufacture of advanced three-dimensional woven composites

Fibre damage caused by the weaving of three-dimensional (3D) fabric preforms for advanced composite materials is investigated. A Jacquard loom was used to weave continuous fibreglass yarns into a 3D orthogonal woven fabric. Samples of warp and through-thickness yarns that form the 3D fabric were taken from the loom at different stages in the weaving process to examine for fibre damage and determine their residual tensile properties. It was discovered that the fibres are abraded against each other and the loom machinery during weaving, and the resulting abrasion damage and removal of sizing agent causes a reduction in yarn strength of between 30 and 50% depending on the type of yarn. Some fibres are also broken during weaving, and this causes a small reduction to the yarn stiffness and contributes to the large loss in yarn strength. The implication of these findings for the design of advanced 3D woven composites in structural applications is discussed.     

Study on intra/inter-ply shear deformation of three dimensional woven preforms for composite materials

This study presents the in-plane shear and interlaminar shear behavior of the three dimensional (3D) angle interlock preforms with different fabric densities. Picture frame shear tests for the 3D woven preform were carried out, the non-linear curves of shear stress versus shear angle and the deformation mechanism were analyzed. A new test method was designed to characterize the inter-ply shear property. The samples after interlaminar shear tests were also investigated through the yarn pulling-out and meso-structure to discover their deformation and failure mechanism. The results have shown that the fabric density has significant influence on the in-plane shear and inter-ply shear properties of 3D angle interlock preforms and the shear performance decreases with the increasing of the fabric density. The lower fabric density, the better deformability. The inter-ply shear damage mode is the binder yarn pulling out from the fabric. It is expected that the study can provide an experimental basis for building up the theoretical model.