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目的研究广西养殖场、农贸市场及餐饮场所牡蛎中诺如病毒的污染状况,对广西养殖牡蛎中诺如病毒可能引发的发病风险进行评估。方法采用荧光逆转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)法对广西养殖场、农贸市场、餐饮场所牡蛎样品中诺如病毒污染状况进行检测,采用Risk Ranger软件对牡蛎中诺如病毒进行半定量风险评估。结果 480份牡蛎样品中诺如病毒总检出率为11.04%(53/480),其中养殖场及农贸市场检出率分别为15.83%(38/240)、12.50%(15/120),餐饮场所牡蛎样品未检出诺如病毒;基因分型结果显示检出的诺如病毒均为GⅡ型。风险评估结果显示,加工后食用和生食的风险评分为44和67分,分别为中度和高度风险,预计食用者每人每天患病的可能性分别为3.29×10~(-6)和3.29×10~(-2),预计广西每年患病人数分别为3.10×10~3和3.10×10~7人。结论广西养殖场及农贸市场牡蛎中诺如病毒污染情况较为严重,污染的诺如病毒基因型均为GⅡ型,不生食牡蛎及食用前有效的加工处理是减少诺如病毒食源性疾病发生的有效方法。 相似文献
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目的 了解福建省养殖环节牡蛎中诺如病毒(Norovirus)污染状况及基因分型,进一步定量分析诺如病毒污染水平,为食品中诺如病毒污染监测及安全风险评估提供数据支持.方法 2017年8月—2018年9月,于福建省某养殖基地采集牡蛎样品共244份,采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(PCR)法对样品中诺如病毒进行检测,确定其污... 相似文献
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目的监测北京市市售扇贝中诺如病毒和A组轮状病毒污染状况,分析其基因特征。方法 2014年11月至2015年10月,采集北京市3个水产品出售市场新鲜扇贝72份。取扇贝消化组织,用聚乙二醇(PEG)8000沉淀法进行病毒富集后提取核酸,用实时荧光逆转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)法检测诺如病毒和A组轮状病毒核酸。用半巢式RT-PCR方法扩增诺如病毒GⅠ/GⅡ组衣壳蛋白区基因,对PCR产物进行测序,用BioEdit 7.0.9.0软件进行序列比对,用MEGA 6.06软件构建进化树。结果 72份扇贝样品均未检出A组轮状病毒;诺如病毒检出率为27.8%(20/72),其中GⅡ组16份,GⅠ组2份,GⅠ和GⅡ组混合2份。冬季检出率最高,为61.1%(11/18);夏季未检出。8份诺如病毒核酸阳性样品测序结果为GⅡ.17型,属于GⅡ.17型ClusterⅢb分枝。有6株GⅡ.17型毒株与2015年中国人源诺如病毒、2016和2017年日本人源诺如病毒、2017和2018年韩国水中诺如病毒以及2015年日本牡蛎中诺如病毒序列相似性为100.0%。结论北京市市售扇贝中存在诺如病毒污染,食用扇贝有引起病毒性急性胃肠炎的风险。 相似文献
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目的通过建立针对北京市居民从零售到餐桌的牡蛎-诺如病毒暴露模型,对北京市居民通过市售牡蛎暴露诺如病毒的风险开展初步定量评估。方法利用北京市市售牡蛎中诺如病毒的356条定量检测数据,模拟北京市居民牡蛎消费情景,建立暴露评估模型,结合文献发表的基于暴发数据推导的剂量-反应关系模型,对居民通过生食牡蛎后发生诺如病毒感染的健康风险及其影响因素进行评估。结果 GI型和GII型诺如病毒阳性样品的污染水平分别为2.62×104个病毒拷贝/g(95%CI:3.73×103~1.54×105)和5.02×104个病毒拷贝/g(95%CI:8.13×103~2.52×105)。对血清分泌受体阳性的人群,生食1个可能受GI型和GII型诺如病毒污染的牡蛎的发病风险分别为0.93(95%CI:0.73~0.98)和0.95(95%CI:0.80~0.99);对血清分泌受体阴性的人群,生食1个可能污染GI型和GII型诺如病毒牡蛎的发病风险分别为0.37(95%CI:0.04~0.64)和0.57(95%CI:0.07~0.99)。风险的估计值与诺如病毒阴性样品的赋值相关,相关系数为0.49。不确定性分析显示,现有检测方法的检出限高于半数感染及致病剂量,是评估结果不确定性的主要来源。结论北京市居民通过生食牡蛎发生食源性诺如病毒感染的风险很高;提高病毒拷贝定量检测技术的灵敏度,降低检测方法的检出限水平是降低评估结果不确定性的主要途径。 相似文献
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目的 对2015~2016年河北省6个设区市的市售牡蛎、海虹、血蚶样品中的诺如病毒进行连续一年的检测, 了解河北省贝类水产品中诺如病毒污染状况。方法 分离贝类水产品消化腺, 用蛋白酶K消化后进行前处理, 提取RNA, 用一步法实时荧光逆转录聚合酶链式反应法检测GⅠ型和GⅡ型诺如病毒。对河北省贝类水产品的诺如病毒污染状况进行分析。结果 共采集691份贝类样品进行检测, 其中仅检出GⅠ型阳性样品16份, 阳性率2.32%; 仅检出GⅡ型阳性样品22份, 阳性率3.18%; 同时检出GⅠ和GⅡ型的阳性样品4份, 阳性率0.58%; 总阳性率6.08%。2016年6~7月阳性率最高。沿海地区样品阳性率为内陆地区的2.35倍, 有统计学差异(χ2=8.58, P<0.01)。结论 河北省市售贝类水产品中部分存在诺如病毒污染, 需要加强对贝类水产品的诺如病毒污染检测和控制, 特别是沿海地区, 降低诺如病毒引起的食源性腹泻的疾病负担。 相似文献
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目的 调查2011-2012年广东省市售牡蛎中诺如病毒的污染状况,为采取有效措施减轻牡蛎中诺如病毒污染程度提供建议,达到预防和控制食用牡蛎引起诺如病毒胃肠炎疾病的目的.方法 2011年3月-2012年10月,在广东省部分沿海城市进行市售牡蛎的采样检测,对其诺如病毒污染状况进行连续两年监测,采用荧光RT-PCR检测诺如病毒阳性标本基因分型,并对不同城市、季节及场所牡蛎中诺如病毒的污染情况及基因分型情况进行比较.结果 牡蛎中诺如病毒总检出率为14.9% (41/275);四个季节牡蛎中诺如病毒检出率依次为4.4%、15.7%、18.2%和36.7%;从基因分型分析,GⅠ型病毒株检出率为4.0%,GⅡ型病毒株检出率为6.2%,GⅠ和GⅡ型病毒株同时检出率为4.7%.结论 2011-2012年广东省市售牡蛎的诺如病毒污染情况在市场、餐饮场所以及不同地区间比较差异无统计学意义,其基因分型间比较差异无统计学意义,但呈现明显季节性特点,以冬季污染最严重. 相似文献
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M. Cruz-Romero A.L. Kelly J.P. Kerry 《Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies》2008,9(4):441-447
The microbiological quality of oysters high-pressure (HP)-treated in-shell at 260 MPa for 3 min, or 500 or 800 MPa for 5 min and then stored at 2 °C, were investigated. Microbial counts after HP treatment showed that the bacterial load was reduced after treatment at all pressures to levels below the detection limit. Randomly-selected isolates from the total aerobic viable counts of untreated and HP-treated oysters after 14 days of storage were identified by the API identification system. Bacteria isolated from oysters HP-treated at 260 MPa were Shewanella putrifaciens and Pseudomonas fluorescens. For oysters HP-treated at 500 or 800 MPa, the main bacteria isolated were Pseudomonas spp. Vibrio spp. comprised 44% of the microflora in untreated oysters after storage for 14 days at 2 °C, but no Vibrio were detected in HP-treated oysters. This study confirmed that HP processing can inactivate microorganisms and delay microbial growth in chilled stored oysters.
Industrial relevance
High-pressure (HP) treatment is being increasingly employed for commercial processing of oysters but no studies of the microflora of HP-treated in-shell oysters have been reported. HP treatment significantly changed the microflora of oysters and apparently has good potential for inactivation of Vibrio spp as HP treatment, in combination with adequate chilled storage, can improve the microbiological shelf-life and safety of oysters. 相似文献9.
Doris Sobral Marques Souza Rômi Sharon Piazza Mariana Rangel Pilotto Mariana de Almeida do Nascimento Vanessa Moresco Satie Taniguchi Diego Averaldo Guiguet Leal Éder Carlos Schmidt Eduardo Cargin-Ferreira Márcia Caruso Bícego Silvio Tarou Sasaki Rosalinda Carmela Montone Rafael Alves de Araujo Regina Maura Bueno Franco Zenilda Laurita Bouzon Afonso Celso Dias Bainy Célia Regina Monte Barardi 《International journal of food microbiology》2013
Aims
(1) Evaluate the dynamic of the depuration process of Crassostrea gigas oysters using different ultraviolet doses with different amounts of contaminants (virus, protozoa and organic contaminants) and (2) investigate the morphological changes in the oysters' tissues produced by the depuration procedures.Methods
The oysters were allocated in sites with different degrees of contamination and analyzed after 14 days. Some animals were used as positive controls by artificial bioaccumulation with HAdV2 and MNV1 and subjected to depuration assays using UV lamps (18 or 36 W) for 168 h. The following pollutants were researched in the naturally contaminated oysters, oysters after 14 days in sites and oysters during the depuration processes: virus (HAdV, HAV, HuNoV GI/GII and JCPyV), by (RT) qPCR; protozoa (Cryptosporidium and Giardia species), by immunomagnetic separation and immunofluorescence; and organic compounds (AHs, PAHs, LABs, PCBs and organochlorine pesticides—OCs), by chromatography. Changes in the oysters' tissues produced by the depuration processes were also evaluated using histochemical analysis by light microscopy. In the artificially bioaccumulated oysters, only HAdV2 and MNV1 were investigated by (RT) qPCR before the depuration procedures and after 96 and 168 h of these procedures.Results
At 14 days post-allocation, HAdV was found in all the sites (6.2 × 105 to 4.4 × 107 GC g− 1), and Giardia species in only one site. Levels of PCBs and OCs in the oyster's tissues were below the detection limit for all samples. AHs (3.5 to 4.4 μg g− 1), PAHs (11 to 191 ng g− 1) and LABs (57 to 751 ng g− 1) were detected in the samples from 3 sites. During the depuration assays, we found HAdV, Giardia and Cryptosporidium species until 168 h, independent of UV treatment. AHs, PAHs and LABs were found also after 168 h of depuration (36 W and without UV lamp). The depuration procedures did not produce changes in the oysters' tissues. In the artificially contaminated and depurated oysters, we detected HAdV until 168 h and MNV1 until 96 h of depuration.Conclusion
The applied depuration treatments were unable to eliminate the protozoa or to degrade the HAdV genomes but were able to degrade the MNV1 genomes. Similarly, the UV water treatment was not efficient for aliphatic hydrocarbons, PAHs and LABs, as their concentrations were equivalent or higher to the concentrations of the control samples and samples from depuration tanks without UV treatment. 相似文献10.
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目的 调查2017年11月2日武汉市某小学食源性胃肠炎暴发疫情,明确致病菌和传播方式.方法 采用病例对照研究等方法,研究本次事件病因,分析可疑食物.结果 调查159例病例,均为学生,罹患率为11.5%(159/1 378).临床症状主要包括呕吐(95.0%,151/159)、恶心(84.3%,134/159)和腹痛(8... 相似文献
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目的监测秦皇岛市部分诺如病毒引起病毒性腹泻情况,并对阳性样本进行分型。方法收集哨点医院病腹泻患者粪便标本共200份,采用实时荧光定量PCR方法 (real-timeRT-PCR)检测病毒核酸,Mengo病毒作为过程控制和扩增控制,检测诺如病毒回收率和抑制率。结果 Mengo病毒回收率均1%,PCR抑制率≤2%,符合检测要求。检测出病毒阳性15例,其中诺如病毒GⅠ型2例, GⅡ型13例。结论本次采集的样本中诺如病毒流行型分别为GⅠ和GⅡ型,其中以GⅡ组毒株流行为主,诺如病毒阳性率与性别、年龄无关。 相似文献
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目的 了解2017年北京市食源性疾病监测哨点医院腹泻病例诺如病毒感染的流行病学特征,为诺如病毒的预防控制提供科学依据。方法 采用描述性流行病学方法对收集的北京市35家哨点医院腹泻病例(2 490例)的流行病学信息和诺如病毒检测结果进行统计分析。结果 2 490份病例标本中,诺如病毒的检出率为14.30%(356/2 490),以GⅡ基因组为主(87.08%,310/356)。第一季度和第二季度的诺如病毒检出率较高,分别为17.77%(99/557)和20.69%(149/720);不同性别腹泻病例诺如病毒检出率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);不同年龄组腹泻病例诺如病毒检出率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),且以15~24岁年龄组检出率最高(21.66%,81/374)。诺如感染者出现恶心(18.40%,188/1 022)和呕吐(22.87%,145/634)症状的比例要明显高于其他腹泻病例。结论 2017年北京市食源性疾病监测哨点医院腹泻病例诺如病毒感染以GⅡ基因组为主,散发感染的流行高峰出现在第一和第二季度,青年人群检出率较高。 相似文献
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目的 调查秦皇岛市诺如病毒污染的高风险食品生菜和草莓中诺如病毒的污染状况。方法 2015年9月至2016年6月采集市售的生菜201份、草莓136份, 利用实时荧光RT-PCR法检测诺如病毒, 在样品中添加Mengo病毒进行过程控制, 并根据Mengo病毒标准曲线计算 诺如病毒回收率。结果 Mengo病毒回收率均达到了ISO/TS 15216-2-2013对 病毒回收率>1%的要求。同时对201份生菜样品进行检测, 检出诺如病毒阳性标本9份, 总检出率为4.5%, 其中GⅠ型检出率为0.5%(1/201); GⅡ型检出率为3.5%(7/201); GⅠ型和GⅡ型同时检出率为0.5%(1/201)。136份草莓样品中检出阳性标本4份, 总检出率为2.9%, 其中GⅠ型检出率为0.7%(1/136); GⅡ型检出率为2.2%(3/136)。结论 秦皇岛市售蔬菜、浆果中部分存在诺如病毒污染, 诺如病毒检出率在不同采样环节以及时间分布比较差异无统计学意义, 需要进一步加强日常监测。 相似文献
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目的分析湖北省某中学一起诺如病毒感染性腹泻暴发疫情的流行病学因素,为制定防控措施提供依据。方法采用现场流行病学的方法,对病例进行调查,运用描述性流行病学方法、病例对照方法对暴发疫情数据和各种因素进行分析。结果疫情涉及91例疑似病例和2名隐性感染者,罹患率为33.8%(91/269)。4名厨工中,2名为隐性感染者。首发病例为八(2)班学生,发病日期为2017年2月15日7∶30。69.2%(63/91)的病例在2月15日8∶00~24∶00发病,发病时间中位数为2月15日16∶00。病例对照研究结果提示,进食2月14日早餐热干面发病风险增加[比值比(OR)=9.93,95%置信区间(95%CI)为1.17~84.04]。结论此次事件为一起由诺如病毒引起的感染性腹泻暴发疫情,在诺如病毒感染性腹泻高发季节,应继续加强对学校诺如病毒感染性腹泻疫情监测,积极开展健康教育,有效预防诺如病毒感染性腹泻暴发疫情的发生。 相似文献
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Mesquita JR Vaz L Cerqueira S Castilho F Santos R Monteiro S Manso CF Romalde JL Nascimento MS 《Food microbiology》2011,28(5):936-941
This is the first report on the screening of shellfish from Portugal for the presence of human enteropathogenic viruses. Approximately 2000 shellfish (Curbicula fluminea, Ruditapes decussatus, Tellina crassa, Spisula solida, Dosinia exoleta, Ensis spp., Mytilus spp., Ostrea edulis and Cerastoderma edule), organized in 49 batches, were collected between March 2008 and February 2009. They were tested for norovirus (NoV), hepatitis A virus (HAV) and enterovirus (EV) by RT-PCR followed by nucleotide sequencing. Bacterial contamination was also evaluated by Escherichia coli counts. Viral contamination was detected throughout the year in all shellfish species and in all collection areas, independently of their harvesting areas classification. Overall, 67% of all analyzed batches were contaminated by at least one of the studied viruses while the simultaneous presence of two and three viruses was detected in 22% and 6% batches, respectively. Of the three viruses, NoV was detected in 37% of the batches, followed by EV in 35%, and HAV in 33%. Nucleotide sequencing of the NoV and HAV RT-PCR products demonstrated that all strains belonged to NoV genotype GII.4 and HAV subgenotype 1B. The presence of NoV and HAV in shellfish from “A class” harvesting areas of Portugal can represent a potential health risk. 相似文献
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目的识别诺如病毒感染性腹泻发生的危险因素,为预防控制诺如病毒感染性腹泻的发生提供科学依据。方法应用1∶1匹配的病例对照调查方法开展调查,病例来源于哨点医院监测的实验室确诊病例,对照来源于与病例在性别、年龄和居住地相匹配的社区对照;调查问卷包括社会经济学情况、既往病史、外出史、发病/调查前3 d饮食饮水史和家庭卫生习惯等内容。结果调查期间,共收集130对病例/对照调查对象,通过多因素回归分析方法,发现国内旅行[比值比(OR):8.94, 95%可信区间(95%CI):1.18~67.48]、食用海水贝类(OR:6.04, 95%CI:1.23~29.76)、食用猪肉(OR:0.32,95%CI:0.12~0.89)及在不正规和流动摊点就餐(OR:4.93, 95%CI:1.01~24.17)同诺如病毒感染性腹泻的发生存在统计学关联性。结论针对公众,应加强食用海水产品烧熟煮透和防止交叉污染的宣传,尽量不要在非正规/流动摊点就餐,外出旅行时尤其注意个人卫生和饮食卫生;建议监管部门应加强对不正规和流动摊点的卫生监管。 相似文献
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针对目前缺乏适配多项检测标准、稳定、安全的诺如病毒RNA标准样品的问题,研制基于MS2噬菌体内含常见GI/GII型诺如病毒检测靶标两联装甲RNA标准参考样品。人工合成MS2噬菌体成熟酶基因、衣壳蛋白基因、包装位点及GI/GII型诺如病毒靶标基因,克隆于表达载体pET-28a(+)中,构建重组质粒pET-MS2-NoV。经大肠杆菌BL21诱导表达,先后利用PEG6000、酶处理和丙烯葡聚糖凝胶层析柱纯化表达产物。SDS-PAGE和透射电镜鉴定产物大小及结构,荧光定量PCR检测有无残留核酸。之后对纯化的病毒样颗粒(Virus-like particles,VLPs)开展定值、均匀性和短期稳定性研究。SDS-PAGE结果表明重组质粒在BL21中表达出了目的蛋白,大小在10~15 ku之间,与预期一致;纯化后的VLPs无杂蛋白和残留核酸;透射电镜下呈结构完整、大小均一的球状,直径约25 nm。纯化后AR-NoV中GI型和GII型靶标定值结果分别为(4.04±0.62)×107 copies/μL和(6.16±0.30)×107 copies/μL。单因素方差检验证实样品均一性良好,F相似文献
19.
目的对上海市诺如病毒感染性腹泻的疾病负担进行综合评估,为管理部门制定预防和控制诺如病毒感染的措施提供依据。方法结合上海市哨点医院诺如病毒感染性腹泻监测和诺如病毒感染暴发事件报告,采用伤残调整寿命年(DALYs)、发病率、就诊率和住院率等指标对上海市诺如病毒感染性腹泻的疾病负担进行评估。结果 2015年上海市感染性腹泻发病人数为483.05万人,其中诺如病毒感染性腹泻的发病人数为123.23万人,住院病例为370人,所产生的疾病负担为2 938.98 DALYs,即0.12 DALYs/千人。结论上海市诺如病毒感染性腹泻的疾病负担相对较高,需要加强预防控制。 相似文献
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A model of the effect of temperature on the growth of pathogenic and nonpathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from oysters in Korea 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is recognized as the leading cause of human gastroenteritis associated with the consumption of seafood. The objective of this study was to model the growth kinetics of pathogenic and nonpathogenic V. parahaemolyticus in broth and oyster slurry. Primary growth models of V. parahaemolyticus in broth and oyster slurry fit well to a modified Gomperz equation (broth R(2)=0.99; oyster slurry R(2)=0.96). The lag time (LT), specific growth rate (SGR), and maximum population density (MPD) of each primary model were compared. The growth of nonpathogenic V. parahaemolyticus was found to be more rapid than that of pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus, regardless of the model medium. In addition, significant (P<0.05) differences in the growth kinetics between pathogenic and nonpathogenic V. parahaemolyticus in broth were observed at 10 degrees C. When compared to growth in broth, the growth of V. parahaemolyticus was delayed in oyster slurry, and growth was not observed at 10 or 15 degrees C. The Davey and square root models were identified as appropriate secondary models for predicting the LT and SGR, respectively. For the broth model, the average B(f) and A(f) values for LT were found to be 0.97 and 1.3, respectively, whereas the average B(f) and A(f) values for SGR were 1.05 and 1.11, respectively. The model generated in this study predicted an LT that was shorter and an SGR that was similar to those that were actually observed, which indicates that these models provide a reliable and safe prediction of V. parahaemolyticus growth. 相似文献