活性染料染色理念和技术发展——祝贺我国活性染料生产五十周年

本文首先从活性染料染色的理念作了回顾,从回顾发生共价键结合的简单结构的活性染料开始,到不仅形成一个共价键,染料与纤维还发生较强分子作用力和形成多个共价键结合的染料染色,以及近年来开发的活性交联染色和聚合染色的发展过程;文章后面较全面介绍了活性染料染色的一些新技术,特别是一些生态和清洁染色技术,主要包括:低碱和中性染色;低盐和无盐染色;低温和冷轧堆染色;湿短蒸染色;小浴比染色;短流程和一浴法染色; "一次正确和受控染色";交联和聚合染色;非纤维素纤维染色;非水介质染色;染色后水洗、固色和水循环利用,以及多功能性染色等.     

分散／活性染料-浴法染色近年进展（一）

多组分纺织品是当前发展最迅速的一类纺织品,由于组分多,结构复杂,染色难度大,一般要选用两种染料染色。分散和活性两种染料是多组分纺织品染色的主要染料,它们分别用来染聚酯和纤维素纤维,后者还可染蛋白质纤维。这两种染料染色性能和工艺条件差异大,多半采用两浴法染多组分纺织品,染色工艺长,加工效率低,耗水耗能和污水排放量大。该丈系统地介绍了分散和活性染料一浴法染色的难点和一浴法染色的思路,从理论上分析了一浴法染色的基础和途径,特别是对烟酸均三嗪染料的结构和性能,进行低碱或中性固色的条件,以及和分散染料一浴法染色的近年进展作了深入的讨论,提出了一些新的染色思路,对开发此类染料,染色助剂和染色工艺有较好的参考价值,有利于一浴法生态染色。     

分散／活性染料一浴法染色近年进展（二）

多组分纺织品是当前发展最迅速的一类纺织品,由于组分多,结构复杂,染色难度大,一般要选用两种染料染色。分散和活性两种染料是多组分纺织品染色的主要染料,它们分别用来染聚酯和纤维素纤维,后者还可染蛋白质纤维。这两种染料染色性能和工艺条件差异大,多半采用两浴法染多组分纺织品,染色工艺长,加工效率低,耗水耗能和污水排放量大。该文系统地介绍了分散和活性染料一浴法染色的难点和一浴法染色的思路,从理论上分析了一浴法染色的基础和途径,特别是对烟酸均三嗪染料的结构和性能,进行低破成中性固色的条件,以及和分散染料一浴法染色的近年进展作了深入的讨论,提出了一些新的染色思路,对开发此类染料,染色助剂和染色工艺有较好的参考价值,有利于一浴法生态染色。     

活性染料对染色工艺敏感性研究

染色工艺对活性染料的染色性能有较大影响，反映了活性染料的敏感性。研究结果表明：当温度达60℃-70℃时绝大部分染料的固色率高，有4支染料在70℃-80℃时固色率最高；盐的浓度增加，固色率提高，当达到60g/L时达到最高；有3支染料对盐浓度的变化不敏感；碱的用量在20g/L-25g/L时较为合理，染浴中染料的逍度在2%-4%时可获得满意效果，最佳的浴比为1：10-1：20。     

阳离子染料可染涤纶短纤维染色饱和值的测定

阳离子可染聚酯(CDP)短纤维的染色饱和值(Sf)是衡量纤维染色性能和制定合理染色工艺的重要参数,目前其测定方法还没有具体统一的标准。采用直接法,以亚甲基蓝为标准染料,研究了染色温度、时间、染浴的p H值及染料的平衡上染率等因素对CDP短纤维的Sf的影响,确定CDP短纤维Sf测定的最佳条件。结果表明:CDP短纤维Sf的测定的最佳条件为浴比1∶100,染料质量分数2.5%,染色温度125℃,保温时间120 min,染浴的p H值4.5,染料的平衡上染率80%~95%,CDP短纤维的Sf约2.6%。     

聚乳酸纤维分散染料染色工艺的研究

本文主要研究了聚乳酸纤维用分散染料的染色工艺染料在高于7n℃时上色，在100～110℃上染率达到最大，上染率随时间延长而增加，30分钟达到平衡；染浴的pH在3～7时对纤维的损伤较小，浴比对上染率影响较小，pH值上升．纤维强度随之降低，选择适合的染色助剂可提高上染率。     

生态纺织品染色技术综述

本文从生态角度介绍和分析了近年来开发的环保型染料、环保型助剂和一些新的生态染色技术。着重介绍了仿生染色技术、超临界二氧化碳流体染色技术、短流程染色技术、环保型活性染料染色技术、电化学染色、超声波染色技术、微波染色技术、低温等离子体染色技术及其他一些染色新技术。     

世界染料与染整工艺科技创新

根据染料母体的生物相容性论述了非诱变性染料和仿生染料在纺织纤维着色中的发展方向；论述了实现高固色率活性染料的有效途径以及通过交联染色方法实现染料与纤维近100％化学结合的可行性；介绍了环境友好染色新工艺，活性染料无盐染色，还原染料和硫化染料生化法还原或电还原法染色，非水溶剂染色以及喷墨印染技术。     

锦/棉交织物活性染料一浴法染色工艺的研究

锦纶和棉的染色性能不同，所以锦/棉交织物的同色性染色工艺较为复杂。传统的染色方法是采用分散/活性，分散/直接，酸性/活性等两浴法染色。本文用活性染料对锦/棉织物进行一浴两步法染色。选择pH值4.5-5可以对锦纶染色，在碱性条件下对锦纶不上色或轻微上色的活性染料，首先在酸性条件下对锦纶纤维染色，然后调节pH值到碱性对棉纤维染色，得到了优异的同色性。     

Lanasol Blue CE染色性能研究

本文研究了Lanasol Blue CE在不同温度下染色时的固色率,对得色深度及不同浴比对固色率的影响进行了探讨.实验结果表明,Lanasol Blue CE在50℃、浴比1:20条件下用红外染色机进行染色,所得结果满足应用要求,能够实现小浴比低温染色.     

印染行业废水处理存在问题及对策

分析了印染加工过程各工序废水排放的特点,对国内外的印染废水处理现状进行了调查对比,总结了国内印染废水行业处理存在的问题,最终提出应摒弃单纯末端治理的传统方式,通过引入清洁生产理念、改善工艺、更新设备以及采取以废治废、资源化治理的后续处理方式,将印染行业废水治理作为一系统工程进行综合整治。     

Treatment of cellulose with cationic,nucleophilic polymers to enable reactive dyeing at neutral pH without electrolyte addition

Reactive dyeing of cotton requires very high concentrations of salt, which pollutes freshwater courses. The dyeing effluent is highly colored as a result of high levels of hydrolysis of the dye, and high volumes of water are used in the wash‐off process to remove the hydrolyzed dye in order to achieve the excellent wash‐fastness levels expected. A substantive cationic, nucleophilic polymer was applied to cotton as a pretreatment agent prior to dyeing. This enabled salt and alkali to be completely eliminated from the dyeing process, significantly reducing the duration of the dyeing process and requiring less than 50% of the volume of water compared with those of the standard reactive dyeing processes. Dyeings secured using the pretreatment method required one simple washing stage to give wash‐fastness values equal to those observed for the standard reactive dyeings that required several wash‐off stages. The color strength of the pretreated dyeing was also slightly higher than that of the standard dyeings, and this was attributable to a reduction in dye hydrolysis and hence a higher fixation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 1026–1031, 2003     

Deep‐colour vat dyeing of cotton knit fabric on a modified jet dyeing machine

To improve the vat dyeing of cotton knit fabric with Indanthren Black RB Coll. (CI Vat Black 9), the basic parameters of dyeing, including the concentrations of chemicals, the dyeing temperature and duration, and the apparent diffusion coefficient of the dye, were obtained by test dyeing with a stoppered Erlenmeyer flask and the cellophane film roll method. A stable vat dyeing process has been developed on a modified jet dyeing machine for the first time without using nitrogen to purge oxygen. Modifications were made to improve the airtightness of the machine and the equipment in the liquor circulating system, with a water inlet and outlet for the gentle oxidation of dyed fabric, and with monitoring by means of a sensor inserted in the liquor circulating system for in situ measurements of the redox potential and the pH of the dyeing liquors. These measurements made it possible to follow to their completion the process of dyeing and the process of gentle oxidation by overflow washing with water and final oxidation. Optimal conditions with regard to the amount of reducing agent, the dyeing temperature (80 °C), and oxidising processes were established with this machine. It was found that, by using the modified machine and process conditions, dyeing proceeded stably and reproducibly (at 80 °C) to yield grade A dyed fabric. Visual inspection confirmed that faultless deep‐colour dyeing of the fabric was attained. Production has been proceeding successfully for the past 2 years. Owing to its insolubility, complete removal of the dye from the wastewater has been possible.     

A novel and eco-friendly approach for dyeing polyester fabrics by liquid disperse dyes treated with deep eutectic solvent

Disperse dyes do not contain water-soluble groups and are difficult to dissolve in water, so they cannot be directly formulated into dyeing liquor. In the current dyeing process, the solubility of disperse dyes is mainly improved by adding dispersants. However, dispersants are not absorbed by fibres and survive in the dyeing effluent, aggravating the pollution of water bodies and causing difficulties in treatment. Therefore, the development of a novel, eco-friendly dyeing approach is important to overcome these problems. Herein, for the purpose of improving the solubility of disperse dyes and reducing the dosage of dispersants, a deep eutectic solvent consisting of choline chloride/ethylene glycol was employed instead of dispersant to dissolve CI Disperse Blue 79 and CI Disperse Red 343, thus forming liquid disperse dyes. The results show that both CI Disperse Blue 79 and CI Disperse Red 343 were well dissolved in choline chloride/ethylene glycol with excellent stability, and the dissolution behaviour was strongly associated with the dissolution temperature and time. Moreover, polyester fabrics can be dyed successfully with liquid disperse dyes, and it was observed that the K/S value and rubbing fastness were evidently improved at the same dyeing temperature with unchanged colour characteristics, and a higher K/S value could still be obtained by lowering the dyeing temperature. This work establishes a green dyeing process, which reduces dyeing costs and meets the demand for environmental protection. It is also expected to realise the liquid state of disperse dyes, which will help to promote the further development of textile dyeing.     

Waterless dyeing of polylactic acid with disperse dyes using decamethylcyclopentasiloxane as medium

Polylactic acid (PLA) fibre as a new generation of eco-friendly polyester fibre is expected to substitute polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibre to be an important textile fibre raw material. However, there exist severe strength loss and light dyeing colour by the traditional water bath dyeing method, which seriously affect the promotion and application of PLA fibre in the textile fields. Therefore, it is necessary to study waterless dyeing method for PLA. Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) possesses excellent physical and chemical properties with the characteristics of odourless, non-flammable, and stable to various chemicals, which has been studied to be used as a waterless dyeing medium for PET fabric. In this study, D5 was selected as the medium to study the waterless dyeing process and properties for PLA. The effects of disperse dye dosage, dyeing temperature, dyeing time and liquor ratio on the dyeing properties of PLA fabric were investigated. The results showed that the optimal dyeing process conditions were as follows: the dye dosage was 4%, dyeing temperature and time were 120°C and 40 min, respectively, and the liquor ratio was 1:10. Then PLA was dyed by three different colour disperse dyes using the optimal process which were compared with the traditional water bath. The results showed that the properties of dyed PLA fabrics with D5 could reach the dyeing effect of the traditional water bath method, while causing less influence on its mechanical property. Therefore, this research proved that D5 can be used as a dyeing medium for PLA fabric to substitute the traditional water bath dyeing.     

The Dyeing of Polyester Textile Fabric in Perchloroethylene by the Exhaust Process

The dyeing behaviour of disperse dyes in perchloroethylene is considered. In particular, the relationship between distribution equilibrium and colour yield, the effect of auxiliary solvents on colour yield, the effect of water on the dyeing mechanism, the dependence of the colour yield on the amount of water and time and temperature of dyeing, and the effect of auxiliary solvents on the colour yield in water-containing perchloroethylene liquors are discussed. The stripping of dyes from polyester with trichloroethylene is mentioned. Finally, the selection of dyes for use in the dyeing of polyester from perchloroethylene by exhaust processes is considered. The desire for a solvent-based dyeing process can be fulfilled. Dyeing of polyester from perchloroethylene can offer a number of technical advantages which make it a genuine alternative process to the conventional dyeing methods.     

合成纤维的超临界二氧化碳染色

传统染色工艺使用大量的水,存在环境污染严重及资源消耗、浪费大的问题,有机溶剂作染色介质也存在生态、成本问题等,很难工业化应用。超临界二氧化碳流体染色作为一种新型染色技术越来越得到关注。本文介绍了超临界流体的性质及其染色工艺的特点,讨论了分散染料在超临界二氧化碳中的溶解和分散性,分析了三种合成纤维在超临界二氧化碳流体中染色研究现状、应用趋势和存在问题。     

关于超临界流体染色的工艺基础研究

超临界流体染色 (SFD)是一种在技术、经济和环保等方面极具优势的染色新工艺。简要分析了现有水染工艺的缺陷 ,重点论述了SFD工艺的特点、基础研究的现状及存在的问题 ,探讨了今后的目标、主要内容和技术路线等     

CMF+RO在印染废水回用工程应用

针对二级生化后的达标印染废水含盐量高、色度高等特点,采用CMF+RO对其进行回用,回用率达70%,脱色率为100%,脱盐率为96%～98%,COD去除率为90%、产水硬度<10ppm,产水水质优于自来水,可直接或混合自来水用于高档布料染色.