Analysis of nuclear proliferation resistance

All the civil nuclear energy systems could contribute to the proliferation risk that weapons-usable material might be diverted or misused for the weapons purpose by terrorists or states. Proliferation-resistant nuclear energy systems are of great importance for the peaceful use of nuclear energy by impeding the diversion or undeclared production of weapons-usable material by states. Since the National Alternative Systems Assessment Program (NASAP) carried out the assessment of proliferation resistance of the civil nuclear energy systems in late 1970s, several comprehensive studies have been performed, including the International Nuclear Fuel Cycle Evaluation (INFCE) by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the Spent Fuel Standard by the United States National Academy of Science, the Technical Opportunities for Increasing the Proliferation Resistance of Global Civilian Nuclear Power Systems (TOPS) by the United States Department of Energy, the International Project on Innovative Nuclear Reactors and Fuel Cycles (INPRO) Methodology by the IAEA, and the Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems (Gen IV) by the Gen IV International Forum. However, all these studies appear lack in the interpretation of country-specific proliferation risk that is arbitrary imposed to the specific countries by major nuclear weapons states, even though the countries are members of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). This paper outlines the assessments of proliferation resistance of the above studies, points out the country-specific proliferation risk, and suggests further studies to increase the proliferation resistance of the civil nuclear energy systems in the specific NPT member countries such as South Korea.     

Options for small and medium sized reactors (SMRs) to overcome loss of economies of scale and incorporate increased proliferation resistance and energy security

The designers of innovative small and medium sized reactors pursue new design and deployment strategies making use of certain advantages provided by smaller reactor size and capacity to achieve reduced design complexity and simplified operation and maintenance requirements, and to provide for incremental capacity increase through multi-module plant clustering. Competitiveness of SMRs depends on the incorporated strategies to overcome loss of economies of scale but equally it depends on finding appropriate market niches for such reactors. For many less developed countries, these are the features of enhanced proliferation resistance and increased robustness of barriers for sabotage protection that may ensure the progress of nuclear power. For such countries, small reactors without on-site refuelling, designed for infrequent replacement of well-contained fuel cassette(s) in a manner that impedes clandestine diversion of nuclear fuel material, may provide a solution. Based on the outputs of recent IAEA activities for innovative SMRs, the paper provides a summary of the state-of-the-art in approaches to improve SMR competitiveness and incorporate enhanced proliferation resistance and energy security.     

研究堆控制棒通道冷却剂流动阻力特性实验研究

可移动线圈电磁驱动机构是一种新型的控制棒驱动机构,应用于研究堆.控制棒、跟随组件等在控制棒通道内上下移动,同时冷却剂冲刷控制棒和跟随组件.所以控制棒通道内的流体阻力特性直接关系到整个堆芯的流量分配和控制棒跟随组件是否能得到足够的冷却.在进行了控制棒通道的阻力特性实验后,得到了多种运行工况下阻力与流速、棒位等参数的关系,以及影响驱动线阻力特性的因素.     

生理浓度的活性氧对抗辐射菌的影响

本研究探讨了生理状态下抗辐射菌(Deinococcusradiodurans,DR)内活性氧(Reactiveoxygenspecies,ROS)的释放;生理状态下释放的ROS在DR增殖中的作用;以及受不同剂量照射下ROS的释放及其作用的改变。受电离辐射后DR的O2释放随着剂量的升高而增加,并在700Gy时达到最高值,当剂量超过1kGy.-时O2释放即迅速下降,加入二亚苯基碘(Diphenyleneiodonium,DPI)后,O2释放显著降低,且照射.-.-后O2的释放均未超过对照组。.-受照后DR的增殖率随剂量的增大而上升,剂量为1kGy时增殖率达到最高点,而剂量超过1kGy时增殖率迅速下降;达3kGy时增殖率低…     

Proposal of a plutonium burner system based on HTGR with high proliferation resistance

An innovative plutonium burner concept based on high temperature gas cooled reactor (HTGR) technology, “Clean Burn”, is proposed by Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA). That is expected to be as an effective and safe method to consume surplus plutonium accumulated in Japan. A similar concept proposed by General Atomics (GA), Deep Burn, cannot be introduced to Japan because of its adopting highly enriched plutonium, which shall infringe on a Japanese nuclear nonproliferation policy according to Japan–US reprocessing negotiation. The Clean Burn concept can avoid this problem by employing an inert matrix fuel (IMF) and a tightly coupled fuel reprocessing and fabrication plants. Both features make it impossible to extract plutonium alone out of the fabrication process and its outcomes. As a result, the Clean Burn can use surplus plutonium as a fuel without mixing it with uranium matrix. Thus, surplus plutonium alone will be incinerated effectively, while generation of plutonium from the uranium matrix is avoided. High neutronic performance, i.e., achievement of burn-up of about 500 GWd/t and consumption ratio of plutonium-239 reaching to about 95%, is also assessed. Furthermore, reactivity defect caused by the inert matrix is found to be negligible. It is concluded that the Clean Burn concept is a useful option to incinerate plutonium with high proliferation resistance.     

局部辐照大鼠血清对成骨细胞增殖分化的影响

SD大鼠胫骨部位30Gy照射2周和12周后处死,取血离心得血清;酶消化法分离培养新生SD大鼠头盖骨成骨细胞。采用MTT和PNPP法观察不同血清对成骨细胞增殖和分化的影响;用流式细胞仪观察成骨细胞周期变化;用RealtimePCR方法观察成骨细胞CyclinD、CyclinE、p21和p53的表达。结果显示：辐照2周和12周的大鼠血清抑制成骨细胞增殖,对成骨细胞ALP的表达无明显影响;辐照2周和12周的大鼠血清增加G1期成骨细胞比例,减少S期和G2期细胞比例;辐照2周大鼠血清抑制成骨细胞CyclinD和CyclinE的表达;12周大鼠血清促进成骨细胞p21和p53的表达,抑制成骨细胞CyclinE的表达。局部辐照大鼠血清通过抑制成骨细胞CyclinD和CyclinE表达,上调p21和p53的表达持续阻滞细胞于G1期抑制成骨细胞增殖。     

188Re对血管平滑肌与内皮细胞的辐射差异性

为比较β射线对平滑肌和内皮细胞的增殖抑制作用，探寻血管内放射治疗中保护内皮细胞的措施，应用放射性核素^188Reβ射线对培养的平滑肌细胞和内皮细胞进行了辐射，通过细胞增殖计数，细胞增殖周期分析和^3H-TdR掺入实验观察，研究辐射对平滑肌和内皮细胞在增殖方面的影响，结果显示，5．2Gy剂量β辐射，平滑肌细胞增殖计数，细胞增殖率，^3H-TdR参入率显著下降，而内皮细胞的上述指标则无明显改变；高于10Gy，小于20Gy折剂量辐射，两组细胞的增匀受到明显抑制，表明在体外细胞培养条件下，平滑肌细胞及内皮细胞对高剂量β辐射的敏感性一致，而对低剂量β辐射，内皮细胞较平滑肌细胞耐受，5．2Gy低剂量β辐射，是一个既能有效抑制平滑肌细胞增殖，又不影响内皮细胞增殖，且对心肌细胞无损伤作用的血管内放疗窗口。     

Influence of second phase particles on corrosion resistance of N36 alloy in superheated steam

The nodular corrosion resistance of N36 (Zr–0.8Sn–1Nb–0.3Fe–0.12O, wt%) alloy with different temperatures of interstage annealing and optimized Zircaloy-4 (lower content of tin) cladding tubes were tested in 500 °C and 10.3 MPa superheated steam. The result showed that no nodular spots appeared on surface of N36 alloy cladding tubes after 500 h corrosion, while nodular spots on optimized Zircaloy-4 tubes after 8 h. The differences of weight gain between two kinds of N36 tubes suggested that the percentage (volume fraction) of tetragonal Zr dioxide in oxide film can be effectively influenced by characteristics, such as size, of the second phase particles on the oxide film-matrix boundary. The analysis by SEM and LRS clearly indicated that smaller and fine distributed second phase particles were beneficial to stabilize the oxide via endure the uniform stress so it could slow down the altering process from tetragonal Zr dioxide to monoclinic Zr dioxide.     

加速器驱动次临界系统（ADS）与核能可持续发展

描述了ADS系统的主要技术特点和在我国核能可持续发展战略中的作用及地位;介绍了国内外ADS研究的状态和发展趋势;提出了ADS研发必须解决的关键技术问题及解决这些问题的时间表;分析了ADS研发与国内核能相关发展计划的关系;并就我国开展ADS的研发提出了一些建议。     

Fundamental studies on extraction of actinides from spent fuels using liquefied gases – Conversion of copper into nitrate with NO2 and extraction of Nd(III) nitrate by CO2 with TBP

The nitrate conversion with liquefied NO₂ and the nitrate extraction with SC-CO₂ were demonstrated for copper powder and neodymium nitrate instead of actinide compounds. Copper contacted with NO₂ in an autoclave at 353 K changed to water-soluble compounds. By XRD analysis of the product in the atmospheric condition, the formation of copper nitrate hydrate (Cu(NO₃)₂·2.5H₂O) was confirmed. As for the extraction, neodymium nitrate loaded in an autoclave was successfully extracted with the fluid of TBP and SC-CO₂ at 15 MPa, 313 K.     

白介素-6对受全身分次照射荷瘤小鼠肿瘤细胞增殖与凋亡的影响

以受分次全身照射的三种荷瘤小鼠为研究对象,探讨白介素-6(IL-6)对不同肿瘤细胞增殖、凋亡及凋亡相关基因p53、bcl-2表达的影响。本实验采用流式细胞术检测IL-6对S180肉瘤、H22肝癌、Lewis肺癌三种荷瘤小鼠经6MVX线分次全身照射后肿瘤细胞凋亡及增殖指数的影响,以免疫组织抗生蛋白链霉素?过氧化物酶?生物素(SP)法检测以上三种荷瘤小鼠肿瘤组织中p53、bcl-2的表达水平,及IL-6对经照射的三种荷瘤小鼠肿瘤组织p53、bcl-2表达水平的影响。结果表明:在接受全身分次照射的三种荷瘤小鼠中,Lewis肺癌IL-6组SPF值及PI值均较对照组低,AI值较对照组高(P<0.05),S180肉瘤荷瘤鼠结果相反(P<0.01),而在H22肝癌两组肿瘤细胞凋亡及增殖指数未见明显差异(P>0.05)。其机理可能与IL-6改变了肿瘤细胞所处的周期时相的比例有关。IL-6对凋亡相关基因p53、bcl-2的表达在不同肿瘤组织中具有不同影响,Lewis肺癌荷瘤鼠IL-6组肿瘤细胞p53表达水平较对照组低,S180肉瘤荷瘤鼠IL-6组肿瘤细胞bcl-2、p53表达水平较对照组高,而H22肝癌荷瘤鼠两组肿瘤细胞bcl-2、p53表达水平无明显差异。其作用可能与IL-6对不同肿瘤组织中凋亡相关基因p53、bcl-2的表达产生不同影响有关。     

1950MHz GSM-Talk信号对睾丸支持细胞增殖和分泌功能的影响

采用贴壁生长的小鼠睾丸支持细胞（TM4）在含10％胎牛血清的DMEM／F121：1培养液中培养至指数生长期后,消化制备成1．5×10^3个·mL^-1的细胞悬液,接种于35mm培养皿中,每皿接种3mL,接种12个皿。细胞接种后24h更换新鲜培养液,然后将培养皿随机分为假辐照组和辐照组,每组6个皿。将2组细胞分别置于辐照装置的2个小室中,其中一个小室产生GSM-Talk信号,1950MHz连续波,比吸收率为3W·kg^-1,辐照时间为5d;另一个小室不产生GSM信号,用于假辐照。辐照结束后1-5d,采用CCK-8和BrdU法检测细胞的增殖情况,免疫荧光染色检测细胞增殖标记物Ki67的蛋白表达,ELISA法检测小鼠干细胞因子（SCF）和小鼠胶质细胞系来源的神经生长因子（GDNF）的水平。结果显示：与对照组相比,辐照组TM4细胞的增殖能力明显减弱佃〈0．05）,细胞增殖标记物Ki67的表达亦有减弱趋势,细胞上清中SCF水平明显降低p〈0．05）,而GDNF水平明显升高（p〈0．05）。实验结果提示,GSM-Talk连续辐照5d可抑制TM4细胞的增殖并影响其分泌功能。     

Potential and limits of water cooled divertor concepts based on monoblock design as possible candidates for a DEMO reactor

In this paper water-cooled divertor concepts based on tungsten monoblock design identified in previous studies as candidate for fusion power plant have been reviewed to assess their potential and limits as possible candidates for a DEMO concept deliverable in a short to medium term (“conservative baseline design”). The rationale and technology development assumptions that have led to their selection are revisited taking into account present factual information on reactor parameters, materials properties and manufacturing technologies.For that purpose, main parameters impacting the divertor design are identified and their relevance discussed. The state of the art knowledge on materials and relevant manufacturing techniques is reviewed. Particular attention is paid to material properties change after irradiation; phenomenon thresholds (if any) and possible operating ranges are identified (in terms of temperature and damage dose). The suitability of various proposed heat sink/structural and sacrificial layer materials, as proposed in the past, are re-assessed (e.g. with regard to the possibility of reducing peak heat flux and/or neutron radiation damages). As a result, potential and limits of various proposed concepts are highlighted, ranges in which they could operate (if any) defined and possible improvements are proposed.Identified missing point in materials database and/or manufacturing techniques knowledge that should be uppermost investigated in future R&D activities are reported.This work has been carried out in the frame of EFDA PPPT Work Programme activities.     

γ射线对叶组织电阻变化的影响及动态分析

测试了水稻和烟草两种叶片经不同剂量的^60Co γ射线辐照处理后，组织电阻及离子外渗的动态变化情况。研究结果表明：当超过一定的剂量阈值后，随着辐照剂量的增加，两种植物的叶组织电阻均呈现先上升、后下降的变化规律；叶组织电阻的改变与离子外渗的变化趋势并不一致；用测量叶组织电阻的方法可以较灵敏地体现出植物对γ射线的动态反应情况。运用电生理学的基础理论对上述生理现象的产生原因从机理上进行了分析与探讨。     

耐温屏蔽复合材料的研制及性能研究

为满足核电站、乏燃料存储设施等对防护材料的耐温性、热稳定性、耐辐照性能等要求,研制四官能环氧树脂基(AGA型)耐温屏蔽复合材料。首先对基体材料的热稳定性进行分析,由热重分析(thermogravimetric analysis,TG)曲线得到其起始分解温度为353.5℃,200℃恒温储存170 h后,基体材料失重1.22%。动态热机械性能分析(dynamic thermomechanical analysis,DMA)表明,随着钨(W)含量的增加,AGA型耐温屏蔽复合材料的玻璃化温度向高温区移动并且峰型变宽。用⁶⁰Co放射源辐照50 kGy剂量,当AGA型耐温屏蔽复合材料的W含量10.5 wt%,B₄C含量3 wt%时,其辐照前后冲击强度均为最优。用²⁵²Cf中子源测试2 cm厚AGA型耐温屏蔽复合材料的屏蔽性能,当加入3 wt%的B₄C时,AGA-4耐温屏蔽复合材料的快中子透射率为50.00%。实验结果表明,AGA型耐温屏蔽复合材料具有一定的耐温性和耐辐照性能,并且密度较小。     

耐高温绝缘漆在核电控制棒驱动机构线圈组件用电磁线及引接线上的应用研究

采用环氧改性有机硅树脂为基体,加入超细无机填料和有机助剂等材料制备了耐高温绝缘漆,并应用于核电控制棒驱动机构用电磁线及引接线。考察了其耐高温、耐辐射的主要性能指标。实验结果表明:加入超细无机填料的耐高温绝缘漆具有较好的耐高温、柔韧和附着力性能,作为核电控制棒驱动机构用电磁线及引接线的涂覆层,可有效提高电磁线及引接线的耐高温、耐辐射性能。     

Influences of the ZrC coating process and heat treatment on ZrC-coated kernels used as fuel in Pu-burner high temperature gas-cooled reactor in Japan

ABSTRACT

The concept of Pu-burner high temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) has been proposed to more safely reduce the amount of recovered Pu. In the Pu-burner HTGR concept, coated fuel particles with ZrC-coated yttria-stabilized zirconia containing PuO₂ (PuO₂-YSZ) kernels are employed for very high burn-up and high nuclear proliferation resistance. The role of ZrC layer is that of oxygen getter. CeO₂-YSZ kernels were fabricated to simulate the PuO₂-YSZ kernel and coated with a ZrC layer. In this study, we clarified that both Ce-rich grains and Zr-rich grains were densely distributed in surface regions of the as-fabricated CeO₂-YSZ kernel. However, we have already clarified that the surface region of the CeO₂-YSZ kernel coated with a ZrC layer was porous and mainly consisted of Zr-rich grains. These experimental results confirmed that Ce-rich grains were selectively corroded during the ZrC coating process. Then, the chemical stability of Zr-rich grains would be higher than that of Pu-rich grains. Thus, it would be more difficult to extract Pu from PuO₂-YSZ kernels (in which almost all grains are Zr-rich) than from PuO₂-YSZ kernels (in which many Pu-rich grains are included). Influences of the sintering of fuel compact on the microstructure of the ZrC-coated CeO₂-YSZ kernel is also reported.     

The effect of the electron irradiation on the series resistance of Au/Ni/6H-SiC and Au/Ni/4H-SiC Schottky contacts

The effect of electron irradiation on Au/Ni/6H-SiC and Au/Ni/4H-SiC Schottky contacts has been studied by current voltage (I-V) characterization at room temperature. The diodes have been subjected to the electron irradiation at various energies (6, 12 and 15 MeV) and influence of the electron irradiation on the diode parameters such as barrier height, ideality factor, and series resistance has been studied. Cheung functions, Norde model and conductance method have been used to determine the diode parameters. The ideality factor of the diodes is greater than unity indicating activation of some other current transport mechanism(s). The series resistances of the diodes increase by increasing electron energy. The reverse current increases for the Au/Ni/6H-SiC diode after each electron irradiation experiment, while decreasing trend is observed for Au/Ni/4H-SiC diode. Decrease in the barrier height of Au/Ni/4H-SiC diode is observed and mainly attributed to the increase of the reverse current, while the decrease of the forward current is caused by increase in series resistance, for high electron irradiation energies.     

Frequency dependence studies on the interface trap density and series resistance of HfO2 gate dielectric deposited on Si substrate: Before and after 50 MeV Li ions irradiation

We report the first investigation of the frequency dependent effect of 50 MeV Li³⁺ ion irradiation on the series resistance and interface state density determined from capacitance-voltage (C-V) and conductance-voltage (G-V) characteristics in HfO₂ based MOS capacitors prepared by rf-sputtering. The samples were irradiated by 50 MeV Li³⁺ ions at room temperature. The measured capacitance and conductance were corrected for series resistance. The series resistance was estimated at various frequencies from 1 KHz to 1 MHz before and after irradiation. It was observed that the series resistance decreases from 6344.5 to 322 Ω as a function of frequency before irradiation and 8954-134 Ω after irradiation. The interface state density D_it decreases from 1.12 × 10¹² eV⁻¹ cm⁻² before irradiation to 3.67 × 10¹¹ eV⁻¹ cm⁻² after ion irradiation and further decreases with increasing frequency.