钴卟啉-四丁基溴化铵串联催化苯乙烯在氧气和二氧化碳中合成碳酸苯乙烯酯

通过仿生催化,将苯乙烯、氧气(O₂)和二氧化碳(CO₂)直接合成环状碳酸酯在现代化学中极具学术研究意义和工业应用价值。采用钴卟啉-四丁基溴化铵为双组分催化剂,以2-氧代环戊烷羧酸甲酯为助剂,在O₂和CO₂条件下,直接将苯乙烯转化为碳酸苯乙烯酯。系统考察了催化剂用量等因素对催化性能的影响。在最佳反应条件下,苯乙烯的转化率高达99%,环状碳酸酯的收率可达35%。利用在线紫外与在线红外探讨了该串联反应可能的机理。结果表明,钴中心与2-氧代环戊烷羧酸甲酯的环内氧原子配位后活化氧气形成过氧活性物种,进而形成高价钴-氧中间体,其通过传递氧原子给苯乙烯而生成环氧苯乙烷。而后,环氧苯乙烷在四丁基溴化铵的催化作用下开环,并通过CO₂插入反应和分子内闭环反应最终生成环状碳酸酯。     

Kinetic study of CO2 fixation into propylene carbonate with water as efficient medium using microreaction system

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) utilization and fixation have become one of the most important research areas nowadays due to the increase of global greenhouse effect. Cyclic carbonate, which is widely used in various fields, can be synthesized by fixation of CO₂ with epoxide in industry. Moreover, the synthesis of cyclic carbonate is a 100% atom economical reaction, which makes it eco-friendly and promising. To enhance the reaction efficiency and safety, a microreaction system was used as the platform for cycloaddition reaction. In this work, tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) was chosen as catalyst, and propylene oxide (PO) as a mode substrate. Interestingly, the addition of water can increase the propylene carbonate (PC) yield and decrease the activation energy considerably, proving water as catalyst promoter for PC synthesis. PC yield and selectivity could reach 91.6% and 99.8%, respectively. The Influence factors and kinetic equation for CO₂ cycloaddition were obtained as well.     

Efficient homogenous catalysis of CO2 to generate cyclic carbonates by heterogenous and recyclable polypyrazoles

The cycloaddition between CO₂ and epoxides to produce cyclic carbonate is an attractive and efficiency pathway for the utilization of CO₂ as C1 source. The development of catalyst to mediate cycloaddition between CO₂ and epoxides at low temperature and pressure is still a challenge. Herein, a series of polypyrazoles with glass transition temperature (T_g) in the range of 42.3–52.5 ℃ were synthesized and served as catalyst to mediate the cycloaddition of CO₂ and epoxides by the assistant of tetrabutylammonium bromide. The catalytic behaviors of polypyrazole on the model cycloaddition of CO₂ to epichlorohydrin, including the reaction parameters optimization and versatility were investigated in detail, and excellent yield (99.9%) and selectivity (99%) were obtained under the optimized reaction conditions of 70 ℃ and 1.0 MPa for 6.0 h. Noteworthily, the polypyrazole acts as homogeneous catalyst during reaction (higher than T_g). And under room temperature, polypyrazoles can be easily separated and recovered, which is a promising feature of a heterogeneous catalyst. Furthermore, the reaction mechanism was proposed. The DFT calculation suggested that the formation of hydrogen bond between pyrazole and epoxide greatly reduced the energy barrier, which play an important role in promoting CO₂ cycloaddition.     

Determination of the CO2 dissociation pressures of molten carbonates by an EMF technique

A study is reported of the CO₂ dissociation pressures for molten carbonates using an emf technique. In the gas concentration cell Au/O₂(CO₂)_diss/CO₃²⁻/CO₂, O₂/Pt, the conditions are adjusted so that the CO₂ in the Au compartment is due to the carbonate dissociation. It is shown that E^o_Au(CO2/O2) = E^o_Pt(CO2/O2) and it follows that this technique may thus be used to monitor the CO₂ dissociation pressures of the electrolyte in a continuous manner, with minimum disturbances. The method appears particularly suited for very low dissociation pressure measurements.     

基于Langmuir-Hinshelwood动力学解析O2/CO2/H2O气氛下烟煤焦反应机理

流化床富氧燃烧湿烟气循环兼具经济与环保优势。湿烟气循环（O₂/CO₂/H₂O）条件下煤焦与O₂、CO₂及H₂O的反应同时发生。为探究O₂/CO₂/H₂O气氛下煤焦-O₂、煤焦-CO₂、煤焦-H₂O反应间的相互作用机制,在自制高精度热重实验装置上系统考察了O₂、CO₂、H₂O及其混合气氛下,典型烟煤焦在900℃的反应特性。基于吸附和脱附原理的Langmuir-Hinshelwood（L-H）机理性模型分别计算了烟煤焦与O₂、CO₂和H₂O反应的动力学参数。通过采用单独活性位点与竞争活性位点两种假设分析了O₂/CO₂、O₂/H₂O和CO₂/H₂O气氛下烟煤焦-O₂、烟煤焦-CO₂和烟煤焦-H₂O两两反应间的作用机制,揭示了H₂O分子优先吸附于烟煤焦表面活性位点,O₂分子次之,而CO₂分子相对滞后。O₂/CO₂/H₂O气氛下烟煤焦-O₂、烟煤焦-CO₂、烟煤焦-H₂O反应表现出部分竞争反应活性位点,传统的单独活性位点与竞争活性位点假设均无法准确描述其反应速率特性。基于H₂O分子优先,O₂分子次优先吸附的原理,建立了O₂、CO₂、H₂O混合气氛下煤焦反应速率L-H动力学方程,方程计算结果与实验值良好吻合。研究结果为深入分析煤焦颗粒流化床富氧燃烧特性及构建可靠、准确的燃烧反应模型提供了理论支撑。     

基于热重-质谱联用的煤粉富氧燃烧动力学及污染物生成特性

富氧燃烧是最具工业化前景的燃烧中碳捕集技术之一,为更深入掌握煤粉富氧燃烧的着火模式和污染物生成特性,本文构建了热重-质谱联用实验系统,以烟煤和无烟煤标准煤样为对象,针对3个不同的氧气体积分数：21%、30%和50%,研究了O₂/Ar和O₂/CO₂气氛下煤粉的富氧燃烧特性。结果表明,O₂/CO₂气氛下煤粉着火温度和燃尽温度均降低,燃烧速率提高,燃烧时间缩短;两种煤粉在O₂/Ar气氛下的燃烧都属于非均相着火,而富氧燃烧都属于均相着火模式;氧气体积分数在30%以上时,无烟煤O₂/CO₂燃烧的表观活化能明显低于O₂/Ar气氛,在相同工况下烟煤的表观活化能均低于无烟煤;O₂/CO₂气氛促进了CO和挥发分NO的逸出,生成温度均低于O₂/Ar气氛,CO会对NO起到还原作用。     

A study of the kinetics of the oxidative coupling of methane over a Li/Sn/MgO catalyst

The rate of reaction of methane with oxygen in the presence of a Li/Sn/MgO catalyst has been studied as a function of the partial pressures of CH₄, O₂ and CO₂ using a well-mixed reaction system which is practically gradientless with respect to gas-phase concentrations. It is concluded that the rate-determining step involves reaction of a molecule of CH₄ adsorbed on the catalyst surface with an adsorbed di-atomic oxygen species. The kinetics are consistent with a Langmuir-Hinshelwood type mechanism involving competitive adsorption of CH₄, O₂ and CO₂ on a single site. A comparison is made with previously published results for the Li/MgO material.     

光照条件下Na2CO3/H2O2协同降解偶氮染料研究

本研究主要在光照条件下,利用Na₂CO₃/H₂O₂反应体系降解偶氮染料酸性橙8(AO 8),考察了光照条件对AO 8降解的影响,探究了不同活性基团对AO 8降解的贡献。结果表明,在光照条件下Na₂CO₃和H₂O₂可以产生协同效应,与单独加入Na₂CO₃或H₂O₂相比,能够有效促进偶氮染料AO 8的降解。在优化条件下,该体系中AO 8的降解率达到73.83%。同时研究分析了不同活性基团在AO 8降解过程中的作用,其中贡献率表现依次为CO₃·^->HO·>O₂·^->¹O₂。本研究结果可为偶氮染料废水的处理提供了一条新的途径。     

Chemical Effects of CO2 Concentration on Soot Formation in Jet-stirred/Plug-flow Reactor

Soot formation was investigated numerically with CO2 addition in a jet-stirred/plug-flow reactor （JSR/PFR） C2H4/OJN2 reactor （C/O ratio of 2.2） at atmospheric pressure. An updated Kazakov mechanism empha- sizes the effect of the O2/CO2 atmosphere instead of an O2/N2 one in the premixed flame. The soot formation was taken into account in the JSR/PFR for C2H4/O2/N2. The effects of CO2 addition on soot formation in different C2H4/O2/CO2/N2 atmospheres were studied, with special emphasis on the chemical effect. The simulation shows that the endothermic reaction CO2 ＋ H - CO ＋ OH is responsible of the reduction of hydrocarbon intermediates in the CO2 added combustion through the supplementary formation of hydroxyl radicals. The competition of CO2 for H radical through the above forward reaction with the single most important chain branching reaction H ＋ O2, ＇ O ＋ OH reduces significantly the fuel burning rate. The chemical effects of CO2 cause a significant increase in residence time and mole fractions of CO and OH, significant decreases in some intermediates （H, C2H2）, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs, C6H6 and CI6H10, etc.） and soot volume fraction. The CO2 addition will leads to a decrease by only about 5% to 20% of the maximum mole fractions of some C3 to Clo hydrocarbon intermediates. The sensitivity analysis and reaction-path analysis results show that C2H4 reaction path and products are altered due to the CO2 addition.     

DECOMPOSITION BEHAVIOR AND MECHANISM OF CALCIUM SULFATE UNDER THE CONDITION OF O2/CO2 PULVERIZED COAL COMBUSTION

The decomposition behavior and mechanism of calcium sulfate in O₂/CO₂ pulverized coal combustion were studied in an entrained flow reactor. A reaction rate expression correlating the influence of various factors was proposed for CaS0₄ decomposition and it is able to predict CaS0₄ decomposition satisfactorily. Under the conditions investigated, the decomposition of CaS0₄ was found to be a regime of chemically controlled shrinking core reaction. A CO₂-rich atmosphere enhances CaSO₄ decomposition in absence of oxygen. CaSO₄ particles have catalytic effect on formation of CO from CO₂. A high SO₂ concentration inhibits CaSO₄ decomposition. The kinetics of CaSO₄decomposition has obvious dependence on experimental facilities and conditions, whereas the activation energy has much lower dependence. The kinetics derived in this work is more appropriate for investigating desulfurization in O₂/CO₂ pulverized coal combustion because an entrained flow reactor has a much closer condition to that in O₂/CO₂ pulverized coal combustion than a TGA.     

Synthesis of cyclic carbonates from epoxides: Use of reticular oxygen of Al2O3 or Al2O3-supported CeOx for the selective epoxidation of propene

Reticular oxygen of Al₂O₃ or CeO_x supported on Al₂O₃ was used for the epoxidation of propene without any double bond cleavage. In batch reaction, Al₂O₃ alone was able to convert propene into propene oxide (PO) with 100% selectivity and 2% conversion of propene with a close to 3:1 ratio with respect to the number of Al(III) reduced to elemental Al. When Ce₂O₃/Al₂O₃ or CeO₂/Al₂O₃ was used, Al remained in its +3 oxidation state, while the Ce oxide was the oxidant as demonstrated by XPS analyses. CeO_x/Al₂O₃ was more active (propene conversion yield of 4–5%) but the selectivity was lower (70%) as PO was isomerized into acetone and propionaldehyde.

Interestingly the use of reticular oxygen very much improves the selectivity with respect to the use of pure O₂. In fact, while propene was more efficiently oxidized (10%) with O₂ in presence of Al₂O₃ or CeO_x/Al₂O₃, the selectivity was as low as 40% because C1 and C2 products were formed. However, the use of reticular oxygen represents a selective two-step technique for the use of molecular oxygen as oxidant of propene. The used oxides can be re-oxidized and the whole process can be further improved towards higher yields.

PO is quantitatively converted into propene carbonate by reaction with CO₂ in presence of Nb₂O₅.     

O2/CO2气氛下多种碳基随机孔模型的建立

传统随机孔模型基于简单一步反应建立,不适用于处理O₂/CO₂气氛下焦炭颗粒复杂气固反应。针对此问题,基于焦炭本身具有多种碳基的特点,以及焦炭颗粒在O₂/CO₂气氛下燃烧的特性,建立复杂气固反应下的多种碳基随机孔模型和孔隙结构模型。模拟直径为100 μm的焦炭颗粒在O₂/CO₂气氛下燃烧的过程,使用FORTRAN语言自主编程计算并分析结果。研究表明,燃烧初期颗粒呈现竞争效应,孔隙内部气体浓度产生剧烈波动。波动的生成原因是化学反应与物理扩散之间的竞争,可以通过增加环境氧浓度和减小焦炭颗粒粒径来改善。所提出的多种碳基随机孔模型对于表征O₂/CO₂气氛下焦炭颗粒的燃烧特性有着良好的适应性。     

Investigation of a Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3−δ based cathode SOFC: II. The effect of CO2 on the chemical stability

The effect of carbon dioxide on the chemical stability of a Ba_0.5Sr_0.5Co_0.8Fe_0.2O_3−δ cathode in the real reaction environment at 450 °C was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), temperature programmed desorption (TPD), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) techniques. It was found that the presence even of very small quantities of CO₂ seriously deteriorates the fuel cell performance at 450 °C. XPS, TPD and XRD results strongly evidenced the formation of carbonates involving strontium and possibly barium after the BSCF cathode was operated in 1% CO₂/O₂ gas mixture at 450 °C for 24 h. SEM-EDX analysis of the BSCF cathode surface, after treatment in CO₂/O₂ environment at 450 °C, showed small particles on the surface probably associated with a carbonate phase and a segregated phase of the perovskite. The corresponding EDX spectra confirmed the presence of a carbonate layer and also revealed the surface enrichment of strontium and barium elements. EIS results indicated that both ohmic and polarization resistances increased gradually with the introduction of carbon dioxide in the oxidant stream, which could be interpreted by the decreased oxygen reduction kinetics and the formation of carbonate insulating layer.     

不同季铵盐作用下的CO2水合物相平衡

CO₂气体水合物形成热力学性质是实施海水淡化、沼气纯化、碳捕集和封存、能源利用、天然气储存等技术的关键。采用恒容温度搜索法,在温度272.75~294.35 K,压力0.35~4.50 MPa的范围内,探究了四种季铵盐促进剂对CO₂气体水合物相平衡的影响。结果表明,相同条件下,季铵盐作用下CO₂水合物的相平衡温度由高到低分别为：四丁基氟化铵（TBAF）>四丁基溴化铵（TBAB）>四丁基氯化铵（TBAC）>苄基三乙基氯化铵（TEBAC）。基于Clausius-Clapeyron方程,计算了不同体系的相变潜热,探讨了其对水合物稳定性的影响。可以看出,水合物的相平衡压力对数与温度倒数呈线性关系,其中,TBAF、TBAB作用下的CO₂水合物相变潜热相接近且明显高于其他季铵盐,说明其促进效果最好,所对应的水合物生成条件也最为温和。利用Chen-Guo模型,结合PR状态方程和改进Joshi经验活度模型,分别计算了TBAF、TBAB、TBAC和TEBAC作用下CO₂水合物热力学相平衡数据,计算结果与实验数据吻合良好,最大平均相对误差为7.50%。     

Numerical Analysis on the Characteristics of Soot Particles in C2H4/CO2/O2/N2 Combustion

The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of soot particles in C₂H₄/CO₂/O₂/N₂ combustion at equivalence ratio of 3.0-5.0. As the oxidant is switched from conventional air to CO₂/O₂/N₂ mixture, the key species C₂H₂, C₃H₃ responsible for formation of first aromatic ring, the typical aromatics and 4-ring aromatics total production rate all decrease greatly. In addition, with CO₂ mole fraction from 0.2 to 0.5 in the mixture, the soot particle number density, volume fraction, surface area density, which are three most important parameters to soot particle property, are suppressed obviously. Furthermore, the increasing content of CO₂ in the oxidizer influences mostly H, OH radical concentrations by two reactions: CO+OH=CO₂ H and H+O₂=O+OH, and the production rate of H, OH from the two reactions declined, which revealed that CO₂ in mixture has an inhibiting effect on soot particle generation.     

A CO and CO2 tolerating (La0.9Ca0.1)2(Ni0.75Cu0.25)O4+d Ruddlesden-Popper membrane for oxygen separation

A series of novel dense mixed conducting ceramic membranes based on K₂NiF₄-type (La_1–xCa_x)₂ (Ni_0.75Cu_0.25)O_4+δ was successfully prepared through a sol-gel route. Their chemical compatibility, oxygen permeability, CO and CO₂ tolerance, and long-term CO₂ resistance regarding phase composition and crystal structure at different atmospheres were studied. The results show that higher Ca contents in the material lead to the formation of CaCO₃. A constant oxygen permeation flux of about 0.63 mL·min⁻¹·cm⁻² at 1173 K through a 0.65 mm thick membrane was measured for (La_0.9Ca_0.1)₂ (Ni_0.75Cu_0.25)O_4+δ, using either helium or pure CO₂ as sweep gas. Steady oxygen fluxes with no sign of deterioration of this membrane were observed with increasing CO₂ concentration. The membrane showed excellent chemical stability towards CO₂ for more than 1360 h and phase stability in presence of CO for 4 h at high temperature. In addition, this membrane did not deteriorate in a high-energy CO₂ plasma. The present work demonstrates that this (La_0.9Ca_0.1)₂(Ni_0.75Cu_0.25)O_4+δ membrane is a promising chemically robust candidate for oxygen separation applications.     

离子液体中电活化CO2合成有机碳酸酯的研究进展

综述了近年来离子液体介质中CO₂电活化合成有机碳酸酯的研究进展, 着重概述了电催化合成碳酸二甲酯(DMC)和环状碳酸酯的研究现状, 并简述了CO₂间接电活化和直接电活化技术, 以及反应介质、电极材料等因素对反应产物的影响, 对电催化还原CO₂的关键技术和今后研究重点进行了探讨。离子液体具有不易挥发、可循环使用、导电性好、对CO₂有较高溶解度等优点, 在CO₂固定和有机资源化研究中日益受到重视。电化学作为一种环境友好的绿色合成新技术, 在CO₂有机资源化方面有很好的应用前景, 对缓解日益严峻的温室效应、实现CO₂的资源化利用具有十分重要的现实意义。     

Kinetics of CO and H2 oxidation over CuO-CeO2 catalyst in H2 mixtures with CO2 and H2O

The kinetics of CO and H₂ oxidation over a CuO-CeO₂ catalyst were simultaneously investigated under reaction conditions of preferential CO oxidation (PROX) in hydrogen-rich mixtures with CO₂ and H₂O. An integral packed-bed tubular reactor was used to produce kinetic data for power-law kinetics for both CO and H₂ oxidations. The experimental results showed that the CO oxidation rate was essentially independent of H₂ and O₂ concentrations, while the H₂ oxidation rate was practically independent of CO and O₂ concentrations. In the CO oxidation, the reaction orders were 0.91, −0.37 and −0.62 with respect to the partial pressure of CO, CO₂ and H₂O, respectively. In the H₂ oxidation, the orders were 1.0, −0.48 and −0.69 with respect to the partial pressure of H₂, CO₂ and H₂O, respectively. The activation energies of the CO oxidation and the H₂ oxidation were 94.4 and 142 kJ/mol, respectively. The rate expressions of both oxidations were able to predict the performance of the PROX reactor with accuracy. The independence between the CO and the H₂ oxidation suggested different sites for CO and H₂ adsorption on the CuO-CeO₂ catalyst. Based on the results, we proposed a new reaction model for the preferential CO oxidation. The model assumes that CO adsorbs selectively on the Cu⁺ sites; H₂ dissociates and adsorbs on the Cu⁰ sites; the adsorbed species migrates to the interface between the copper components and the ceria support, and reacts there with the oxygen supplied by the ceria support; and the oxygen deficiency on the support is replenished by the oxygen in the reaction mixture.     

不同CO2浓度下负直流电场对C3H8/O2/Ar/CO2预混火焰的影响规律

为了揭示电场对火焰效应与火焰传播速率的关系,在定容燃烧弹上研究了常温常压下、负直流电场（U=0、-5、-10 kV）对当量燃空比f为1.0的C₃H₈/O₂/Ar/CO₂预混火焰影响规律随混合气中CO₂掺混浓度（混合气中CO₂体积分数分别为0、10%、15%、20%）的变化关系。实验结果表明：给定加载电压,随着CO₂掺混浓度的增大,C₃H₈/O₂/Ar/CO₂预混火焰传播速率降低,规范化火焰变形率与平均火焰传播速率变化率均增大。当U=-10 kV时,CO₂掺混浓度为0、10%、15%、20%时对应的平均火焰变形率分别为1.01、1.31、1.80、3.12,平均火焰传播速度变化率分别为10.87%、17.87%、19.16%和34.63%。研究结果表明负直流电场对C₃H₈/O₂/Ar/CO₂火焰传播的促进效应随着火焰传播速率的降低而显著增强。     

Catalytic combustion of diesel soot on Co, K supported catalysts

Catalysts containing 12% Co and 4.5% K, supported on MgO and CeO₂ have been studied for diesel soot catalytic combustion. It has been found that this reaction occurs by a redox mechanism when Co and K are deposited on any of the above-mentioned supports. On MgO-supported catalysts, CoO_x species are responsible for the supply of oxygen by a redox reaction. In this catalyst, K plays different roles, one of them being the stabilization of the CoO_x particles. On CeO₂-supported catalysts, Co does not significantly improve the activity of the K/CeO₂ catalyst, since in this case the support itself displays redox properties. XPS analyses indicate that the oxygen availability on the surface is much higher on CeO₂ than on MgO. On both CeO₂ and MgO-supported catalysts, K might provide a route for CO₂ release through a carbonate intermediate species. The presence of NO in the gas phase improves the catalytic activity for soot elimination. NO is oxidized to NO₂ on the Co, K/CeO₂ catalyst, and NO₂ is a stronger oxidizing agent than O₂, therefore decreasing the temperature needed to burn the soot.