醇脱氢酶在聚乙烯膜表面的固定化研究

以聚丙烯酸（PAA）改性的聚乙烯（PE）膜为载体,研究了醇脱氢酶（ADH）的两种固定化路线,并以甲醛为底物考察了固定化酶的催化性能。路线1用聚乙烯亚胺（PEI）进一步改性,使用戊二醛（GA）固定化ADH。最优固定化pH为6.0,温度为5～15℃,酶浓度为1.0 mg/ml,GA浓度为0.01%(质量);固定化酶的最适反应pH为6.5,温度为15～30℃,反应速率最高为9.6 μmol/(L·min);重复利用10次后可保持47.3%的活性。路线2以PAA-PE为载体,用1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-2-乙基碳二亚胺盐酸盐（EDC）和N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺（NHS）为活化剂,固定化ADH。EDC和NHS最优摩尔比为1∶0.5,固定化时间为24 h;固定化酶的最适反应pH为6.5,温度为20～37℃,反应速率为15.58 μmol/(L·min);重复利用10次后可保持53.8%的活性。     

聚乙烯亚胺/多巴胺改性氧化硅固定碳酸酐酶

利用聚乙烯亚胺（PEI）/多巴胺（DA）共沉积法改性氧化硅，并以此为载体固定化碳酸酐酶（CA）。考察了PEI/DA质量比、沉积时间对沉积率的影响，用傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对改性前后的微球进行了表征；研究了沉积率、载体用量、酶浓度及戊二醛（GA）浓度对固定化酶活回收率的影响；考察了固定化酶的储存稳定性和重复利用性。结果表明，随PEI/DA质量比增加，沉积率先增加后降低，质量比为1∶1时最大；随沉积时间增加，沉积率线性增长，10 h后PEI/DA体系沉积率为单独DA沉积改性的2.66倍，但沉积时间对N元素含量和酶活回收率影响不大；酶固定化时载体用量存在饱和值，CA和GA浓度的最优值分别为0.8 mg/ml和0.1%(质量)，此时酶活回收率可达78.8%。在25℃下储存30 d后，固定化酶的保留活性为77.2%，而游离酶只有12%；重复使用10次后，固定化酶仍能保持88.3%的相对活性。     

葡萄糖氧化酶固定条件的优化

以醋酸纤维素(CA)为原料,采用溶液浇铸法成膜。用物理包埋法将荧光指示剂固定CA膜中。以戊二醛为交联剂,将葡萄糖氧化酶固定于膜表面。研究了高碘酸钠、乙二胺、戊二醛、给酶量、pH值等固定化条件对酶活的影响,确定了优化的固定条件:在室温下与0.5 mol/L的高碘酸钠反应30 min;与0.04 mol/L的乙二胺反应150 min时;与溶度为1.5%(v/v)的戊二醛交联120 min;在4℃条件下,在pH6.5、给酶量35 mg/mL的酶液中交联21 h。利用SEM分析表明,荧光指示剂均匀分布膜中,成膜质量较好。通过优化固定条件,把荧光指示剂和葡萄糖氧化物酶(GOD)同时固定醋酸纤维素膜上,可以得到同时具有光敏感性和酶催化能力的复合敏感膜。     

磁性壳聚糖微球的制备及其用于甲酸脱氢酶的固定化

分别采用乳化交联法和共沉淀法制备磁性壳聚糖微球载体,并对形貌结构进行比较,结果表明,采用共沉淀法制备的磁性壳聚糖微球负载Fe3O4的效果好,故将其作为载体固定甲酸脱氢酶。最佳固定化条件:添加酶量9 U.g-1,pH=7.0,固定化时间5 h。游离酶和固定化酶的最适宜反应温度分别为50℃和30℃;游离酶的最适宜pH=7.0,固定化酶的最适宜pH=6.0;将游离酶和固定化酶分别置于60℃恒温水浴放置180 min后,游离酶和固定化酶的相对酶活力分别为0.78%和40.39%;将游离酶和固定化酶置于不同pH的缓冲液中保存1 h后,在强酸(pH=2.0)和强碱(pH=10.0)条件下,固定化酶的相对酶活力分别为11.03%和38.43%,游离酶已全部失活;固定化酶重复使用6次后,相对酶活力为73.53%,表明固定化酶具有较好的热稳定性、酸碱稳定性和操作稳定性。     

转谷氨酰胺酶在聚丙烯微孔膜上的固定化

研究了转谷氨酰胺酶在聚丙烯微孔膜上的化学固定化的影响因素,确定了最佳固定化工艺条件,即为:第一步光照反应6 min,单体质量分数为20%,第二步光照时间25 min,接枝率最高可达35.2%;己二胺质量分数为25%,胺烷基化时间150 min,胺烷基化温度60℃;戊二醛质量分数3%,戊二醛作用时间45 min;酶液浓度10 mg/mL,固定化时间20 h,固定化温度4℃,固定化酶膜的活力最高可达游离酶的45%.并研究了温度、pH、金属离子对固定化酶膜的酶学性质的影响,其贮存性能和操作稳定性也做了初步研究.     

明胶膜固定化脲酶的制备及性质

以明胶为载体,戊二醛为交联剂,采用包埋-交联联用法制备了明胶膜固定化脲酶,其酶活力为6 07U/g载体,酶活力收率为66 1%。最优固定化条件是包酶量为10mg酶/g明胶,ρ(明胶)=100g/L,φ(戊二醛)=0 5%。研究了固定化酶的性质,并与游离酶作了比较,游离酶的最适pH=7 0,固定化酶的最适pH=6 5;游离酶的最适温度为60℃,固定化酶的最适温度升至70℃;固定化酶与游离酶的米氏常数Km分别为11 7mM和12 4mM;固定化酶在80℃下180min仍保留初始活力的10%,而游离酶几乎完全失活。固定化酶重复使用20次其活力仅下降15%,4℃下贮存35d后仍保持初始活力的55%。     

利用酰胺活化聚乙烯醇作为载体固定漆酶的研究

交联聚乙烯醇经羧基化、酰胺化制成一种活性固定化酶的载体,并在温和的条件下对漆酶进行了固定。比较不同的固定化时间,pH值,温度和离子强度对固定化效果的影响,发现在12 h,40℃,pH值为3.2所制得的固定化酶的活力最高;在0.05~1.0 mol/L的范围内,随着作为固定化反应介质的缓冲溶液浓度的增加,所制得的固定化酶的活力有所下降。还发现固定化酶较游离酶的酶催化反应最适pH值有所升高。     

重组耐热β-葡萄糖苷酶的固定化及其对黄酮糖苷的定向转化

为提高黄酮糖苷类化合物酶法转化的效率,降低酶使用成本,对重组耐热β-葡萄糖苷酶的固定化条件进行了研究,比较了固定化酶和游离酶的酶学性质差异,同时研究了固定化酶转化3种黄酮糖苷的时效曲线及转化效率.结果 表明:重组耐热β-葡萄糖苷酶的固定化最优条件为在pH值6.0,室温条件下,酶活力2 U/mL,海藻酸钠质量分数1.5％...     

Urease immobilization on an ion‐exchange textile for urea hydrolysis

Ion‐exchange textiles are used as organic supports for urease immobilization with the aim of developing reactive fibrous materials able to promote urea removal. A non‐woven, polypropylene‐based cation‐exchange textile was prepared using UV‐induced graft polymerization. Urease was covalently immobilized onto the cation‐exchange textile using three different coupling agents: N‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl)‐N′‐ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), N‐cyclohexyl‐N′‐(b‐[N‐methylmorpholino]ethyl)carbodiimide p‐toluenesulfonate (CMC), and glutaraldehyde (GA). The immobilized biocatalyst was characterized by means of FT‐IR spectrometry, SEM micrographs, dependence of the enzyme activity on pH and temperature, and according to the kinetic constants of the free and immobilized ureases. The biotextile prepared with EDC in the presence of N‐hydroxysuccinimide performs best. The optimum pH was 7.2 for the free urease and 7.6 for the immobilized ureases. The reactivity was maximal at 45 °C for free urease, 50 °C for biotextiles prepared using EDC or CMC, and 55 °C for biotextiles prepared with GA. The activation energy for the immobilized ureases was 4.73–5.67 kcal mol^?1, which is somewhat higher than 4.3 kcal mol^?1 for free urease. The urea conversion for a continuous‐flow immobilized urease reactor is nearly as good as a continuously stirred tank reactor having a much longer residence time, suggesting that the packed bed reactor had sufficient diffusive mixing and residence time to reach nearly optimal results. Urease immobilized on a biotextile using EDC has good storage and operational stability. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

α-淀粉酶在MCM-41介孔分子筛上的固定化研究

采用浸渍法将α-淀粉酶固定在介孔分子筛MCM-41上。考察了吸附时间、给酶量和pH对α-淀粉酶固定化性能的影响,并对固定化酶的活性、稳定性和载体结构等进行了研究。结果表明,在固定化时间为11 h,给酶量为70 mg.g-1,pH=5.9的条件下,固定化酶活性回收率可达48%。与游离酶相比,固定化酶的耐热能力增强,温度达到70℃时,固定化酶相对活性可达到75%,而游离酶只有14%;在pH=3.3～8.0的内,固定化酶相对活性为62%～100%,而游离酶的相对活性为5%～100%,固定化酶具有更宽的pH适应性;此外,固定化酶储存稳定性明显增强,并具有一定的可重复操作性,且固定后载体仍然保持了良好的介孔结构。     

静电纺丝制备苯乙烯马来酸酐共聚物纳米纤维及其固定化b-D-半乳糖苷酶

采用静电纺丝技术制备苯乙烯-马来酸酐共聚物纳米纤维,最佳电纺条件为：聚合物浓度0.35 g/mL、针尖到接收板距离25 cm、电纺液流量250 mL/h、电压21 kV. 该条件下获得了直径约300 nm且分布均一的纳米纤维. 利用该纳米纤维固定b-D-半乳糖苷酶,固定化反应的最适pH值为4.0,此时酶负载量为(15.1±0.5) mg/g. 固定化酶催化2-硝基苯酚-b-D-半乳吡喃糖苷水解反应的米氏常数Km=2.7 mmol/L,略大于游离酶的Km值(2.2 mmol/L);最大反应速率Vmax为97.2 mmol/(min×mg),为游离酶的47.8%. 固定化酶在37℃下重复操作21次后活性损失仅为15%. 在连续搅拌式反应器中将固定化酶用于催化乳糖的水解反应,连续使用17 d仍能稳定运行.     

Artificial Intelligence Techniques to Optimize the EDC/NHS-Mediated Immobilization of Cellulase on Eudragit L-100

Two artificial intelligence techniques, namely artificial neural network (ANN) and genetic algorithm (GA) were combined to be used as a tool for optimizing the covalent immobilization of cellulase on a smart polymer, Eudragit L-100. 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethyllaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) concentration, N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) concentration and coupling time were taken as independent variables, and immobilization efficiency was taken as the response. The data of the central composite design were used to train ANN by back-propagation algorithm, and the result showed that the trained ANN fitted the data accurately (correlation coefficient R(2) = 0.99). Then a maximum immobilization efficiency of 88.76% was searched by genetic algorithm at a EDC concentration of 0.44%, NHS concentration of 0.37% and a coupling time of 2.22 h, where the experimental value was 87.97 ± 6.45%. The application of ANN based optimization by GA is quite successful.     

Covalent immobilization of naringinase for the transformation of a flavonoid

Naringinase (EC 3.2.1.40) from Penicillium sp was immobilized by covalent binding to woodchips to improve its catalytic activity. The immobilization of naringinase on glutaraldehyde‐coated woodchips (600 mg woodchips, 10 U naringinase, 45 °C, pH 4.0 and 12h) through 1% glutaraldehyde cross‐linking was optimized. The pH–activity curve of the immobilized enzyme shifted toward a lower pH compared with that of the soluble enzyme. The immobilization caused a marked increase in thermal stability of the enzyme. The immobilized naringinase was stable during storage at 4 °C. No loss of activity was observed when the immobilized enzyme was used for seven consecutive cycles of operations. The efficiency of immobilization was 120%, while soluble naringinase afforded 82% efficacy for the hydrolysis of standard naringin under optimal conditions. Its applicability for debittering kinnow mandarin juice afforded 76% debittering efficiency. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Liver alcohol dehydrogenase immobilized on polyvinylidene difluoride

A physical method for immobilization of liver alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) by hydrophobic adsorption onto a supporting membrane of polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) was performed. Simultaneously, a physicochemical characterization of the immobilized enzyme regarding its kinetic behaviour was performed. The activity/pH profile observed points to an effect of pH on activity that is completely different from the case of ADH in solution. The disturbance in the typical bell-shaped profile owing to the fact that the enzyme was immobilized is explained on the basis of a potent limitation to the diffusion of the protons in the support. The findings of the present work also reveal the existence of an effect that limits free external diffusion of the substrate towards and/or the product from the support; this effect seems to be the determinant of the overall rate of the enzymatic reaction and is thus of great importance in the effective kinetic behaviour (v([S])) of immobilized ADH, whose kinetic behaviour is complex (non-Michaelian), as may be seen from the lack of linearity observed in the corresponding double reciprocal and Eadie-Hofstee plots. By non-linear regression numerical analysis of the v([S]) data and application of the F-test for model discrimination, the minimum rate equation necessary to describe the intrinsic kinetic behaviour ofPVDF-immobilized ADH proved to be one of the polynomial quotient type of degree 2:2 (in substrate concentration).     

纳米粒子固定化双酶耦合体系连续催化制备(R)-苯基乙二醇

将活化醇盐水解法制备的SiO2纳米粒子分别与羰基还原酶(CR)和甲酸脱氢酶(FDH)进行共价固定化,固定化CR与FDH耦合,连续催化转化b-羟基苯乙酮制备(R)-苯基乙二醇,考察了NADH的再生与循环利用性. 结果表明,纳米粒子固定化CR和FDH酶载量分别为3.32和5.55 mg/g,催化活性为游离酶的50%~60%,最适反应pH值分别为6.5和8.5,最适反应温度分别为40和45℃. 耦合体系进行12批次反应,产物(R)-苯基乙二醇累积量达35.6 g/L,纳米粒子生产能力达178 g/g. 纳米粒子固定化酶经简单离心收集后可重复利用.     

乙基纤维素固定化α-淀粉酶的研究

对乙基纤维素固定化α-淀粉酶进行了研究,优化了α-淀粉酶的固定化工艺条件,并比较了游离酶和固定化酶的特性。结果表明,在α-淀粉酶浓度为4g·L-1、乙基纤维素质量分数为0.50%、4℃的条件下,固定化α-淀粉酶的重复操作稳定性最好;固定化α-淀粉酶的最适反应pH值为7.0、最适反应温度为60℃,具有良好的热稳定性、重复使用性和储存稳定性;该固定化方法操作简便,减少了酶变性的可能,最大程度保留了酶的活力。     

固定化黄孢原毛平革菌木素过氧化物酶的研究

用大孔吸附树脂进行黄孢原毛平革菌来源的木素过氧化物酶固定化试验,筛选出固定化效果较好的XAD7HP大孔树脂,研究了其固定化条件。结果表明,当树脂1.0g,酶液pH4.5,加酶量87.2U,吸附温度25℃,吸附4h,戊二醛质量分数0.2%,戊二醛处理时间120min,可获得最佳的固定化效果,固定化酶活力可达到16U/g(对载体)。     

氨基树脂固定胃蛋白酶的方法及性质研究

采用氨基树脂作为载体,戊二醛作为交联剂,对胃蛋白酶的固定化进行了研究,并对固定化条件和固定化胃蛋白酶的部分酶学性质进行了分析。确定固定条件为：戊二醛浓度为5%,载体处理温度为室温（25℃）,处理时间为5h,m（胃蛋白酶）：m（氨基树脂）为1：25,pH为3.0,固定时间为12h。此条件下固定化的胃蛋白酶活力为30U/g,酶的活力回收率为60%。与非固定化相比最适水解温度由50℃升高到60℃,最适pH值由2.0升高到4.0,游离酶米氏常数3.08g/L,固定化酶米氏常数1.2g/L,固定化胃蛋白酶的储存半衰期约为25天。对珠蛋白的操作半衰期为9天。     

胺化聚苯乙烯载体柔性固定化木瓜蛋白酶

提出酶的“柔性固定化”模型,并以Mannich反应得到担载量为0.4～6.0 mmol NH₂•g^-1的胺化聚苯乙烯树脂为载体,以双醛淀粉为柔性链,对木瓜蛋白酶进行柔性固定化,酶活回收率可达40%～50％,相当于手臂固定化酶活力回收率的1.8～2.4倍,且柔性固定化酶稳定性较好.该结果说明,酶的“柔性固定化”模型可以改善传统共价结合固定化酶及手臂固定化酶活力回收率不高的缺陷.     

磁性微粒对青霉素G酰化酶的固定化研究

将无机磁性粒子Fe3O4与有机材料海藻酸钠结合起来制成一种复合的磁性微粒,并将其进行表面修饰,通过化学共价法来固定青霉素G酰化酶。通过扫描电镜等对微粒进行形态学观察,并用傅立叶红外图谱表征微粒表面修饰基团。酶学性质研究表明,该微粒固定化的青霉素G酰化酶的最适pH值为7.5,最适温度为40℃。固定化酶与底物的亲和力有所降低,但是稳定性显著提高。重复催化研究结果表明,固定化酶具有比游离酶更广泛的温度及pH值适用范围,并且具有良好的热稳定性、可循环使用性和贮存稳定性。