核燃料的燃耗测量方法综述

介绍了非破坏性分析和破坏性分析的燃耗测量现状，论述了包括使用γ谱仪和中子探测等的多探头的乏燃料测量系统是燃耗测量的发展趋势。     

球床式高温气冷堆在线燃耗测量中^239Pu的影响分析

高温气冷堆中,燃料的平均燃耗比较深.随着235U的消耗和239Pu的累积,239Pu的裂变就将成为一个不可忽略的部分.通过理论计算,讨论了239Pu的裂变对于燃耗测量的影响.计算表明,当燃料球燃耗达到80 000 (MW·d)/t (U)时,239Pu的裂变所贡献的燃耗份额约26.7%,239Pu裂变产生的137Cs和134Cs分别占其各自总活度的27.2%和23.2%;比较而言,利用137Cs活度来计算燃耗的方法比用活度比134Cs/137Cs好.     

冷却衰变时间对球床模块式高温气冷堆在线燃耗测量的影响分析

球床模块式高温气冷堆(HTR-PM)需要对球形燃料元件进行在线燃耗测量,以决定其是否退出燃料循坏.在燃料元件卸出堆芯到达测量位之前,要经过一段时间的冷却与衰变;这段时间对于燃耗测量过程有较大影响.利用同位素燃耗与衰变分析软件KORIGEN和粒子输运模拟计算软件MCNP相结合的方式,分析了燃料元件冷却衰变时间对燃耗测量过程的影响.结果表明,只要采取适当的γ谱分析方法,冷却衰变时间大于50 h,就可以满足HTR-PM对燃耗测量系统的要求.     

动力堆乏燃料组件燃耗的非破坏性分析

概要综述了用无源和有源非破坏性分析技术测量动力堆乏燃料组件燃耗的基本原理、方法和实验装置。由电离室和裂变室组成的标准叉型探测器具有性能稳定可靠、分析速度快、操作简单、携带方便等优点。当前，它对ＬＷＲ组件的燃耗测量值和申报值的偏差在±１％以内。用高分辨γ谱方法（ＨＲＧＳ）测量组件的燃耗，也能达到同样的精度。根据测量得到的中子计数或γ放射性，可以确定组件中可裂变物质的含量。     

基于精细燃耗历史及精细燃耗链的球床高温气冷堆燃耗不确定性分析

球床高温气冷堆的燃料管理具有燃料球多次通过堆芯的特点,使得燃料元件经历的燃耗历史十分复杂。球床高温气冷堆堆芯物理设计程序VSOP可以提供燃料元件的精细燃耗历史,但仅包含少量燃耗链和核素种类。而清华大学自主开发的燃耗计算程序NUIT可实现精细燃耗计算,且包含完整燃耗链和核素信息,但不具备精细燃耗历史跟踪功能。本文基于NUIT,结合VSOP提供的球床高温气冷堆精细燃耗历史,开发了球床高温气冷堆堆芯的精细燃耗计算功能,搭建了带有精细燃耗历史模拟和精细燃耗链核素的燃耗分析流程,并实现燃耗不确定性分析功能。在此基础上研究了裂变产额不确定性对球床高温气冷堆燃耗计算不确定性的贡献,并与VSOP的计算结果进行对比。计算分析结果显示,基于NUIT的精细燃耗计算结果和VSOP的燃耗计算结果得到了相互验证,且可以得到更多的核素浓度信息,该计算结果是开展球床高温气冷堆衰变热不确定性研究的基础。     

10MW高温气冷实验堆初装堆方案设计初步设计

设计了１０ＭＷ高温气冷实验初装堆的两个方案，采用高温气冷堆物理设计程序包ＶＳＯＰ其进行分析计算，结果表明；两方案均能实现比较平稳地向平衡态过渡。就过渡过程中的单球最大功率、最大燃耗等参数而言，方案２优于方案１。     

球床高温气冷堆卸料燃耗阈值对平均卸料燃耗的影响

基于蒙特卡罗方法开发了球床高温气冷堆燃料球运行历史模拟程序,分析不同卸料燃耗阈值对平均卸料燃耗、卸料燃耗分布的影响,并分析了不同球流速度模型下的差别。结果表明,卸料燃耗阈值对于平均卸料燃耗、卸料燃耗分布很大程度上受到各流道燃料增量的特性的影响。     

杂质硼在高温气冷堆中的燃耗特性

在球床式高温气冷堆的堆芯和石墨反射层中,不可避免地含有少量杂质硼。硼杂质的存在及其燃耗会对反应堆的反应性产生影响。对于多次通过的球床堆芯,根据燃料元件的运行历史计算所有元件的硼燃耗,对于中子注量率差别较大的反射层,分区计算了硼燃耗。再采用微扰理论,计算燃耗过程中硼反应性价值的变化。计算结果表明,硼杂质燃耗很快,因此,硼杂质对反应性的影响降低很快。     

非破坏性燃耗测量方法综述

简述了国内外研究和应用的各种非破坏性燃耗测量技术和方法,并介绍了各国所研制的非破坏性燃耗测量装置及其用途和特点.     

10MW高温气冷实验堆初装堆方案设计初步分析

设计了10MW高温气冷实验堆初装堆的两个方案(方案1为“普通燃料球+石墨球”,方案2为“普通燃料球+天然铀球”),采用高温气冷堆物理设计程序包VSOP对其进行分析计算,结果表明:两方案均能实现比较平稳地向平衡态过渡.就过渡过程中的单球最大功率、最大燃耗等参数而言,方案2优于方案1.     

Design and manufacture of the fuel element for the 10 MW high temperature gas-cooled reactor

The Chinese 10 MW high temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTR-10) attained its first criticality on December 21, 2000. The fabrication of the first fuel for the HTR-10 started in February 2000 at the Institute of Nuclear Energy Technology (INET), Tsinghua University. Up to September 2000, a total of 11 721 spherical fuel elements were successfully produced. The average free uranium fraction of the first fuel-determined by the burn-leach method-was 5.0×10⁻⁵. So far, the release rate R/B of the fission gas, measured in the irradiation test, shows that not a single particle in three irradiated spherical fuel elements failed as the results of the irradiation test carried out in Russia. This paper describes the design parameter, the fabrication technology and the performance data of the HTR-10 first fuel, and the production and quality control experiences obtained from the manufacture of the first fuel for the HTR-10.     

Commissioning procedures of the 10 MW high temperature gas-cooled reactor-test module

The 10 MW high temperature gas-cooled reactor-test module (HTR-10) commissioning is divided into three stages (A, B and C) and includes 100 test items. The commissioning flow charts of all stages are described in this article. Stage A, the preliminary performance testing before the fuel loading, has been completed now. Hence, each system and component's performance is confirmed. Stage B includes fuel loading, first criticality, physics and low power experiments. HTR-10 attained the first criticality on 21 December 2000, and the succeeding physics experiments have proven the reliability of the physics designs. The commissioning is ongoing, while it is expected to increase the power, generate electric power, incorporate into the grid and rise the power to RP (rated power) by the end of 2002.     

Analysis on thermophoretic deposit of fine particle on water wall of 10 MW high temperature gas-cooled reactor

The water wall is an important part of the passive natural circulation residual heat removal system in a high temperature gas-cooled reactor. The maximum temperatures of the pressure shell and the water wall are calculated using annular vertical closed cavity model. Fine particles can deposit on the water wall due to the thei‘mophoresis effect. This deposit can affect heat transfer. The thermophoretic deposit efficiency is calculated by using Batch and Shen‘s formula fitted for both laminar flow and turbulent flow. The calculated results indicate that natural convection is turbulent in the closed cavity. The transient thermophoretic deposit efficiency rises with the increase of the pressure shell‘s temperature. Its maximum value is 14%.     

高温气冷堆氦气轮机基本特性研究

高温气冷堆氦气轮机循环被认为是将来核能发电领域中最有潜力的方案之一。首先对高温堆氦气轮机循环进行分析和优化 ,然后着重从热力学和气体动力学角度研究氦气轮机的基本特性。结果表明 ,氦气轮机有两个主要设计特点不同于通常的燃气轮机 :一个是叶片级数多 ;另一个是叶片高度低 ,这些特性分别由氦气的物性和闭式循环的高压所导致。     

关于深燃耗堆芯的反应性测量

介绍了在实验性PWR堆上完成的深燃耗条件下测量反应性概况。用实验结论剖析了在国外核电站堆芯上应用噪声分析法对慢化剂温度系数作全燃耗期监测研究中出现的测量结果与常规方法相差2～5倍的现象。从测量公式和堆芯扰动模型图入手所作的分析结果说明,没有消除随燃耗不断增长的强自发裂变中子源干扰是产生差异的根本原因。事实说明:在多种噪声分析技术中,只有能够清除自发裂变中子源干扰的方法才能成功地应用于燃耗后堆芯的反应性测量。     

Design of the material performance test apparatus for high temperature gas-cooled reactor

Most materials can be easily corroded or ineffective in carbonaceous atmospheres at high temperatures in the reactor core of the high temperature gas-cooled reactor （HTGR）. To solve the problem, a material performance test apparatus was built to provide reliable materials and technical support for relevant experiments of the HTGR. The apparatus uses a center high-purity graphite heater and surrounding thermal insulating layers made of carbon fiber felt to form a strong carbon reducing atmosphere inside the apparatus. Specially designed tungsten rhenium thermocouples which can endure high temperatures in carbonaceous atmospheres are used to control the temperature field. A typical experimental process was analyzed in the paper, which lasted 76 hours including seven stages. Experimental results showed the test apparatus could completely simulate the carbon reduction atmosphere and high temperature environment the same as that confronted in the real reactor and the performance of screened materials had been successfully tested and verified. Test temperature in the apparatus could be elevated up to 1600℃, which covered the whole temperature range of the normal operation and accident condition of HTGR and could fully meet the test reauirements of materials used in the reactor.     

The high temperature gas-cooled reactor as a source of high temperature process heat

The nuclear reactor has established itself as a future major supplier of electrical energy. The industrial market for other forms of energy, however, is almost as large and represents a new potential for the use of nuclear reactors. The high temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) has been developed for commercial application in the electric power generation field. Since the HTGR is capable of delivering process heat in the temperature range of 1000–1500°F, it has many applications that would not be possible at the lower operating temperatures of water-cooled reactors. This paper briefly summarizes the development of the HTGR and outlines its salient technical features. Modifications to the reactor that enable it to be used as a process heat source are discussed. Specific applications are developed for coal gasification, steelmaking, and hydrogen production.     

keff uncertainty quantification and analysis due to nuclear data during the full lifetime burnup calculation for a small-sized prismatic high temperature gas-cooled reactor

To benefit from recent advances in modeling and computational algorithms,as well as the availability of new covariance data,sensitivity and uncertainty analyses are needed to quantify the impact of uncertain sources on the design parameters of small prismatic high-temperature gas-cooled reactors(HTGRs).In particular,the contribution of nuclear data to the keff uncertainty is an important part of the uncertainty analysis of small-sized HTGR physical calculations.In this study,a small-sized HTGR designed by China Nuclear Power Engineering Co.,Ltd.was selected for keff uncertainty analysis during full lifetime burnup calculations.Models of the cold zero power(CZP)condition and full lifetime burnup process were constructed using the Reactor Monte Carlo Code RMC for neutron transport calculation,depletion calculation,and sensitivity and uncertainty analysis.For the sensitivity analysis,the Contribution-Linked eigenvalue sensitivity/Uncertainty estimation via Track length importance Characterization(CLUTCH)method was applied to obtain sensitive infor-mation,and thesandwichmethod was used to quantify the keff uncertainty.We also compared the keff uncertainties to other typical reactors.Our results show that 235U is the largest contributor to keff uncertainty for both the CZP and depletion conditions,while the contribution of 239Pu is not very significant because of the design of low discharge burnup.It is worth noting that the radioactive capture reaction of 28Si significantly contributes to the keff uncer-tainty owing to its specific fuel design.However,the keff uncertainty during the full lifetime depletion process was relatively stable,only increasing by 1.12％owing to the low discharge burnup design of small-sized HTGRs.These numerical results are beneficial for neutronics design and core parameters optimization in further uncertainty prop-agation and quantification study for small-sized HTGR.     

keff uncertainty quantification and analysis due to nuclear data during the full lifetime burnup calculation for a small-sized prismatic high temperature gas-cooled reactor

To benefit from recent advances in modeling and computational algorithms,as well as the availability of new covariance data,sensitivity and uncertainty analyses are needed to quantify the impact of uncertain sources on the design parameters of small prismatic high-temperature gas-cooled reactors(HTGRs).In particular,the contribution of nuclear data to the keff uncertainty is an important part of the uncertainty analysis of small-sized HTGR physical calculations.In this study,a small-sized HTGR designed by China Nuclear Power Engineering Co.,Ltd.was selected for keff uncertainty analysis during full lifetime burnup calculations.Models of the cold zero power(CZP)condition and full lifetime burnup process were constructed using the Reactor Monte Carlo Code RMC for neutron transport calculation,depletion calculation,and sensitivity and uncertainty analysis.For the sensitivity analysis,the Contribution-Linked eigenvalue sensitivity/Uncertainty estimation via Track length importance Characterization(CLUTCH)method was applied to obtain sensitive infor-mation,and the"sandwich"method was used to quantify the keff uncertainty.We also compared the keff uncertainties to other typical reactors.Our results show that 235U is the largest contributor to keff uncertainty for both the CZP and depletion conditions,while the contribution of 239Pu is not very significant because of the design of low discharge burnup.It is worth noting that the radioactive capture reaction of 28Si significantly contributes to the keff uncer-tainty owing to its specific fuel design.However,the keff uncertainty during the full lifetime depletion process was relatively stable,only increasing by 1.12％owing to the low discharge burnup design of small-sized HTGRs.These numerical results are beneficial for neutronics design and core parameters optimization in further uncertainty prop-agation and quantification study for small-sized HTGR.