铝软钎焊时钎料元素的化学选择吸附作用

铝软钎焊的关键问题是钎焊接头耐蚀性差。本文以普通 Pb—Sn 软钎料为基体,加入能与 Al 形成界面化合物的合金元素改变钎焊接头界面电极电位和改善钎料与母材间的结合,从而提高铝软钎钎焊接头的耐蚀性。试验研究表明:加入合金元素 Ag的 Pb—Sn 钎料钎焊 Al 时,Ag 向 Al 表面的化学选择吸附作用明显,由于形成 Ag—Al 化合物使耐蚀性显著提高。本文还提出不同工艺因素对铝软钎焊接头耐蚀性影响的试验结果。     

电子封装和组装中的微连接技术之三

Sn基软钎料在室温下通常是塑性优良的自退火合金，具有优良的吸收应力性能，而且没有加工硬化等问题。因其独特的性能，软钎料能将不同膨胀系数、不同刚度和不同强度等级的材料连接到一起。因此，软钎料广泛应用于电子产品生产中。普通PCB(Printed Circuit Board)的设计与制造几乎违背了所有的力学结构设计原则，如果不是由于软钎料所具有的这种力学匹配能力，那么印刷电路板技术可能就不会存在了。其中，Sn／Pb软钎料在电子工业中一直广泛的重用，     

Sn-Zn-Bi-X(Ag,Cu)系钎料的断裂韧性研究

通过对两种具有代表性的无铅软钎料断口的分析,介绍了Sn-Zn-Bi-X(Ag,Cu)系钎料合金的断裂韧性的初步研究结果,发现Bi固溶于钎料基体导致了钎料合金脆性的增加,随着Bi含量的增加,脆性随之增大。同时发现,钎料的冷却方式对钎料的脆性倾向有较大的影响。     

低温铝钎料的研制

低温铝钎焊具有加热温度低,操作方便等优点。但是钎焊接头的抗腐蚀性差,在潮湿介质中很快被腐蚀,以致发生破坏。本文研究了常用软钎料钎焊铝时接头抗腐蚀性差的原因。又根据钎料同母材相互作用原理,研制出一种新型钎料,钎焊时在钎料同母材的界面上形成一过渡层,使母材成为阳极、母材同钎料的电极电位差异较小,并平缓过渡,因而钎焊接头的抗腐蚀性大大提高,同常用钎科相比,接头破坏寿命可提高数倍以上。这是一种完全新型的软钎料。     

Sn-Ag系电子无铅软钎料的超电势研究

随着微电子表面组装技术（SMT）的迅速发展和公众环境意识的增强，无铅软钎料成为近年来研究的焦点。主要研究了Sn-Ag系合金钎料的超电势电化学性能，并且与传统的Sn-Pb近共晶合金进行了对比。试验证明在酸、碱两种不同的溶液环境中，无铅软钎料在Sn-Pb合金的超电势有明显的差异。并指出含铋的钎料的超电势随着铋的含量的增加而降低，从而提出了在无铅软钎料研究中应当考虑因超电势变化而引起的问题。     

采用Sn—Pb—Re钎料与Sn—Pb共晶钎料的焊点的热循环实验

采用Ｔ－２４２０精密温度循环系统对由钎料和钎料和Ｓｎ－Ｐｂ－Ｒｅ钎料和ＳｎＰｂ６０／４０钎料钎焊成的软钎焊接头进行了热循环实验对比，用扫描电镜对接头的裂纹形态进行了观察。结果表明，裂纹主要沿钎料表面扩展，并且，Ｓｎ－Ｐｂ－Ｒｅ钎料的接头比ＳｎＰｂ６０／４０钎料的接头具有更好的热循环可靠性。     

无铅软钎料的研究现状与展望

随着国际上禁止含铅钎料使用日期的临近，无铅软钎料的研究开发与推广应用已迫在眉睫。综述了近年来国内外在无铅软钎料领域的研究开发情况，着重介绍了近一两年来的研究成果及应用情况，并指出目前国内对于该领域最值得关注的Sn-Zn与Sn-Ag两个系列无铅钎料的研究相对滞后，应当加快这方面的研究开发与实用化的步伐，争取早日赶上国际水平。     

脉冲频率及扫描方式对光纤激光软钎焊的影响

为了研究光纤激光软钎焊中激光脉冲频率和扫描方式对焊接质量的影响,通过用12 W的100%功率的SP-12P型脉冲式光纤激光扫描软钎焊系统在覆铜板上对Sn-Ag-Cu无铅钎料进行软钎焊实验,并对不同脉冲频率、不同扫描方式下的激光软钎焊技术进行实验研究.结果表明,在直线扫描方式下,高于超声波频率的500 kHz脉冲激光束作用于焊点时,会在钎料与焊盘之间的界面处发生空化作用,破碎氧化膜,使钎料在焊盘上润湿铺展,实现脉冲激光对无铅钎料Sn-Ag-Cu在覆铜板上的扫描软钎焊.     

Sn-Ag-Bi系钎料焊接性能研究

讨论了电子软钎料的钎焊性能及其影响因素,钎料的钎焊性能很大程度取决于钎料对基板的润湿性能,而润湿性能与液态钎料在基板上的液、固、气三相界面张力有关。通过建立简化的数学模型,得出了润湿角与钎料熔滴铺展面积间的数学关系式。文中采用铺展面积法对Sn-Ag-Bi系钎料钎焊性能进行评估,结果表明在添加少量的Zn,可在一定程度上提高钎料的润湿性能,并可减少Bi的用量。     

半导体器件芯片软钎焊用Sn—Ag—Sb合金钎料的研究

大功率晶体管制造过程中所使用的软钎料,一直是国内外电子行业所普遍关心的问题。本文研究了过冷度对J合金显微组织及性能的影响;过冷度对J合金钎料强度的影响;进行了J合金的软钎焊性及热疲劳试验。研究表明:J合金冷却速度的大小直接影响钎料的润湿性和钎焊接头的致密性,从而影响接头的机械强度和抗热疲劳性能。     

无铅合金与锡铅合金性能对比分析

随着人们对环境的日益重视,全球对电子组装焊料合金的无铅化和电子产品的质量要求也越来越高.介绍了无铅焊料合金的发展及技术应用情况,针对无铅焊料合金与锡铅焊料合金的物理性能、机械性能等指标进行对比,定性地分析在特殊环境下两种焊料合金形成的焊点差异.     

Creep Behavior of Lead-Free Sn-Ag-Cu + Ni-Ge Solder Alloys

We developed a new lead-free solder alloy, an Sn-Ag-Cu base to which a small amount of Ni and Ge is added, to improve the mechanical properties of solder alloys. We examined creep deformation in bulk and through-hole (TH)␣form for two lead-free solder alloys, Sn-3.5Ag-0.5Cu-Ni-Ge and Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu, at elevated temperatures, finding that the creep rupture life of the Sn-3.5Ag-0.5Cu-Ni-Ge solder alloy was over three times better than that of the Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu solder at 398 K. Adding Ni to the solder appears to make microstructural development finer and more uniform. The Ni added to the solder readily combined with Cu to form stable intermetallic compounds of (Cu, Ni)₆Sn₅ capable of improving the creep behavior of solder alloys. Moreover, microstructural characterization based on transmission electron microscopy analyses observing creep behavior in detail showed that such particles in the Sn-3.5Ag-0.5Cu-Ni-Ge solder alloy prevent dislocation and movement.     

氮气保护无铅波峰焊焊接质量分析

相对于传统的Sn-Pb焊料,无铅焊料更容易氧化,润湿性较差,从而影响波峰焊接质量.N2保护可以降低无铅焊料的氧化,提高无铅焊料的润湿性,从而提高波峰焊接质量.从润湿性的机理分析了N2保护提高无铅焊料润湿性的原因,并通过润湿性实验和波峰焊接试验证实了N2保护的优越性.     

Fracture of Sn-3.5%Ag solder alloy under creep

Experimental data on the creep and failure of the Sn-3.0%Ag, Sn-3.5%Ag, and Sn-4.0%Ag lead free solder alloys are described. Further development of the alloys’ failure micromechanism, proposed earlier, is presented. Possible ways of improving the mechanical properties of Sn-Ag-based solder alloys are discussed.     

Low-cycle fatigue characteristics of Sn-based solder joints

Low-cycle, lap-shear fatigue behavior of Sn-based, Pb-free solder alloys, Sn-3.5Ag, Sn-3.5Ag-Cu, Sn-3.5Ag-Bi, and Sn-0.7Cu, were studied at room temperature using specimens with printed circuit board (PCB)/solder/PCB structure under total displacement of ±10 μm, 12 μm, 15 μm, and 20 μm. The fatigue lives of various solder joint materials, defined as 50% load drop, were correlated with the fracture paths and analyzed using the Coffin-Manson relation, Morrow’s plastic-energy dissipation model, and Solomon’s load-drop parameter. The Sn-3.5Ag, Sn-0.7Cu eutectics, and Sn-3.5Ag-Cu ternary alloys showed the same level of fatigue resistance, while Bi-containing alloys showed substantially worse fatigue properties. Cross-sectional fractography revealed cracks initiated at the solder wedge near the solder mask and subsequently propagated into the solder matrix in the former group of alloys, in contrast with the crack propagation along the solder/under bump metallurgy (UBM) interfaces in the Sn-3.5Ag-Bi alloys. Inferior fatigue resistance of Bi-containing alloys was ascribed to high matrix hardness, high stiffness, possible Bi segregation to the interface, and high residual stress in the interfacial area.     

BGA无铅焊点零空洞缺陷控制研究

在无铅BGA封装工艺过程中,通过不同组分的BGA焊球合金与焊膏合金组合焊接、焊膏助焊剂活性剂不同配比及其不同再流焊接条件等实验,对焊料合金和助焊剂配比、再流焊接峰值温度、再流保温时间等参数变化,以降低BGA焊点空洞缺陷进行了研究。结果表明选用相同或相似的BGA焊球和焊膏合金组合焊接、选用活性强的焊膏、选择焊接保温时间较长均有助于降低BGA焊点空洞缺陷产生的几率和空洞面积,BGA焊点最佳再流焊接峰值温度为240℃,当峰值温度设置为250℃时,BGA焊点产生空洞缺陷几率会比240℃高出25%～30%。     

Spreading Behavior and Evolution of IMCs During Reactive Wetting of SAC Solders on Smooth and Rough Copper Substrates

The effect of surface roughness of copper substrate on the reactive wetting of Sn-Ag-Cu solder alloys and morphology of intermetallic compounds (IMCs) was investigated. The spreading behavior of solder alloys on smooth and rough Cu substrates was categorized into capillary, diffusion/reaction, and contact angle stabilization zones. The increase in substrate surface roughness improved the wetting of solder alloys, being attributed to the presence of thick Cu₃Sn IMC at the interface. The morphology of IMCs transformed from long needle shaped to short protruded type with an increase in the substrate surface roughness for the Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu and Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu solder alloys. However, for the Sn-2.5Ag-0.5Cu solder alloy the needle-shaped IMCs transformed to the completely scallop type with increase in the substrate surface roughness. The effect of Ag content on wetting behavior was not significant.     

Effects of Trace Amounts of Rare Earth Additions on Microstructure and Properties of Sn-Bi-Based Solder Alloy

The effect of trace amounts of rare earth additions on the microstructure and properties were studied for the Sn-58Bi and Sn-58Bi-Ag solder alloys. At the same time, the intermetallic compounds (IMCs) in the solder alloys and intermetallic layer (IML) thickness at the solder/Cu substrate interface were investigated, both as-reflowed and after high-temperature aging. The results indicate that adding trace amounts of rare earth (RE) elements has little influence on the melting temperature and microhardness of the solders investigated, but adding RE elements improves the wettability and shear strength of the Sn-58Bi and Sn-58Bi-Ag solder alloys. In addition, it was found that the addition of RE elements not only refines the microstructure and size of the IMC particles, but also decreases the IML thickness and shear strength of the Sn-58Bi solder joint after high-temperature aging. Adding trace amounts of RE elements is superior to adding trace amounts of Ag for improving the properties of the Sn-58Bi solder. The reason may be related to the modification of the microstructure of the solder alloys due to the addition of trace amounts of RE elements.     

Analysis of ring and plug shear strengths for comparison of lead-free solders

The drive to replace the use of toxic lead metal and its alloys has spurred the development of many new lead-free solder alloys. Moreover, current leaded solders lack shear strength, resistance to creep and to thermal-mechanical fatigue. Solder that exhibits enhancements of these properties and retains solderability is crucial in applications where the solder joints are subjected to thermal cycling, severe vibrations, and temperatures of up to 125°C. Modified ring and plug joints were made with 18 selected lead-free solders and three well characterized lead-containing solders. Analysis of the results provides a guide for the design of additional testing.