Integrated Water Resource Development Plan for Sustainable Management of Mayurakshi Watershed, India using Remote Sensing and GIS

Integrated watershed management requires a host of inter-related information to be generated and studied in relation to each other. Remote sensing technique provides valuable and up-to-date spatial information on natural resources and physical terrain parameters. Geographical Information System (GIS) with its capability of integration and analysis of spatial, aspatial, multi-layered information obtained in a wide variety of formats both from remote sensing and other conventional sources has proved to be an effective tool in planning for watershed development. In this study, area and locale specific watershed development plans were generated for Mayurakshi watershed, India using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Adopting Integrated Mission for Sustainable Development (IMSD) guidelines, decision rules were framed. Using the overlay and decision tree concepts water resource development plan was generated. Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS-1C), Linear Imaging Self Scanner (LISS-III) satellite data along with other field and collateral data on lithology, soil, slope, well inventory, fracture have been utilized for generating land use/land cover and hydro geomorphology of the study area, which are an essential prerequisites for water resources planning and development. Spatial data integration and analyses are carried out in GIS environment.     

Identification of critical erosion prone areas in the small agricultural watershed using USLE,GIS and remote sensing

In the present study, Karso watershed of Hazaribagh, Jharkhand State, India was divided into 200 × 200 grid cells and average annual sediment yields were estimated for each grid cell of the watershed to identify the critical erosion prone areas of watershed for prioritization purpose. Average annual sediment yield data on grid basis was estimated using Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). In general, a major limitation in the use of hydrological models has been their inability to handle the large amounts of input data that describe the heterogeneity of the natural system. Remote sensing (RS) technology provides the vital spatial and temporal information on some of these parameters. A recent and emerging technology represented by Geographic Information System (GIS) was used as the tool to generate, manipulate and spatially organize disparate data for sediment yield modeling. Thus, the Arc Info 7.2 GIS software and RS (ERDAS IMAGINE 8.4 image processing software) provided spatial input data to the erosion model, while the USLE was used to predict the spatial distribution of the sediment yield on grid basis. The deviation of estimated sediment yield from the observed values in the range of 1.37 to 13.85 percent indicates accurate estimation of sediment yield from the watershed.     

基于RS与GIS的杞麓湖流域土地利用变化分析

通过遥感(RS)技术获得的土地利用时间序列信息,分析杞麓湖流域土地利用的动态变化以及未来发展趋势。以杞麓湖流域1988年、1996年、2006年、2016年4期Landsat遥感数据为基础,在遥感与地理信息系统(GIS)技术支持下,遥感解译获取4个时段土地利用类型图,结合空间格局、转移矩阵、动态度、利用程度、空间重心,分析了该区域1988—2016年期间土地利用变化特征及其驱动机制。结果表明:空间格局上,林地变化最多,耕地次之,并且大部分耕地转化为建筑用地,其他用地不断向耕地、林地转化;土地利用重心不断向北发展,说明北部经济及其城镇化发展比南部快;方位变化表明该区域西部发展前期大于东部。最后通过驱动机制分析,发现社会经济因素是该区域土地利用变化的主要驱动因素,并且驱动作用不断扩张。研究成果可为该区土地利用可持续发展提供科学依据。     

洪涝风险管控从空间总体规划向控规传导——广州的实践与探索

广州尝试在源头治理和系统治理方面破解内涝治理难题,提出力争通过5年的努力,基本实现“小雨不积水、大雨不内涝,特大暴雨城市运转基本正常,妥善处置超标准降雨引发的城市洪涝灾害”的城市防洪排涝治理目标。广州市通过对历史内涝情况的调研分析研究后,构建了防洪排涝风险评估体系,运用GIS、遥感等新技术手段,以流域为单元,划定内涝易发风险区域,作为内涝风险管理工作的基础,支撑国土空间总体规划确定城乡洪涝风险控制线。在制度创新方面,建立了规划传导机制,实施洪涝风险评估制度,把竖向、调蓄容积和河道管理等管控指标纳入规划用地条件,作为项目地块全生命周期的管理依据,确保韧性城市目标转化,为全面提升应对洪涝风险的能力,打造洪涝韧性城市提供重要支撑。     

Public participation programme: The Akkar watershed study

A social and environmental study of the Akkar watershed, on the northern boundary of Lebanon and Syria, was initiated in January 2001 and completed in January 2003. The study was a cooperative Lebanese–Syrian–Canadian research project funded by the Canadian International Development and Research Council. The aim of the project was to utilize scientific information and data derived from the watershed study to define issues and possible solutions to be included in a bilateral watershed management plan. The project consisted of four components: watershed maps from remote sensing and geographical information systems, sampling and analysis of water samples, analysis of applicable legislation and institutional arrangements, and a programme of public participation. The direct impact on the watershed by the daily activities of its communities implies that these communities should be involved in both evaluation and management of the watershed. It is very important that environmental management and conservation relate to land use and policies to assure sustainability. A successful conservation approach integrates institutional, geomatics and public participation aspects, leading to the communities themselves being self‐regulating. This will strengthen the sustainability within the watershed to enhance the quality of living of its inhabitants. This paper deals strictly with the aspects of the public participation programme on the Lebanese side of the watershed. This programme was designed to ensure wide public involvement and wide dissemination of information derived from the technical study of the watershed.     

利用GIS和RS技术分析青藏高原风火山小流域地形地貌特征

以30×30m DEM为基础,在GIS技术辅助下,以青藏高原风火山小流域为例,设计了水文响应单元划分的实现方案和算法,并结合不规则网格的有限体积法,进行流域水文模拟方式的探讨。从DEM中提取子流域,利用遥感图像进行土壤覆被类型划分,使得生成的每个水文单元有单一的土壤覆被类型,并根据所得类型图,进行流域积水面积阈值的求取;结合有限体积法不规则网格技术,对流域网格划分进行讨论,确定用于微分方程求解的编码方式。结果表明:结合RS和GIS能较准确地划分流域土地利用类型,求取河网集水面积阈值,划分流域网格单元和存储结点数据,实现了分布式流域建模的空间离散化,用于冻土草地区模型数值模拟具有方便、可行性。     

Environmental management of the waters of the El-Kabir River and the associated Akkar watershed

The Akkar watershed of the El‐Kabir River forms the northern boundary of Lebanon with Syria and drains into the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. This paper endeavours to provide a management plan tailored to the issues and needs of the Akkar watershed. It is not designed as a simplistic workbook of procedures but as a series of broad, thematic recommendations addressing the environmental problems identified by technical studies and interaction with the inhabitants of the watershed. It outlines a three‐phase (short, medium and long‐term) approach to address public health and water sustainability in the context of an enduring management system. In all phases, a set of underlying principles are utilized which incorporate a watershed approach, collaboration and cooperation, sustainability, a balance between water quantity and quality, equity and public involvement.     

Environmental Monitoring of Spatio-temporal Changes Using Remote Sensing and GIS in a Mediterranean Wetland of Northern Greece

Loss and degradation of terrestrial and aquatic habitats and degraded water quality are major environmental concerns worldwide. Especially wetlands are sensitive ecosystems that are subject to stress from human activities. Remote sensing techniques have been primarily used to generate information on land cover/use changes. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing can be used to provide a rapid or a large-scale understanding of lake change and in developing lake management strategies. The principal objectives of this study are to monitor and assess the spatial and temporal changes in land cover/use by using GIS, and to determine the main environmental factors affecting these changes. This paper presents a case study for the application of integrated remote sensing and GIS data for the classification and monitoring of the spatial and temporal changes in land use types. The study was conducted in a small natural wetland of Lake Cheimaditida, located in the East Mediterranean region of Northern Greece. Data analysis was conducted using GIS software. During the past several decades Lake Cheimaditida wetland has been influenced by many anthropogenic activities. The variables chosen for the assessment included condition of wetland and lake areas, present extent of wetlands relative to historic area, cover of natural habitat, wetland disturbances, etc. These variables address catchments properties that are important for maintaining and improving wetland habitats and water quality and assessment of trends useful for environmental monitoring. Land cover/land use patterns were assessed and compared using aerial photographs taken in 1945, 1969, 1982, and 1996. Over this period, reed beds enormously increased by 1,655.19%, while open-water areas and peat lands decreased by 74.05 and 99.5%, respectively. The significance of the changes in land cover distribution within the Lake Cheimaditida wetland are discussed in relation to the historical pattern of reed beds colonization, the importance of Phragmites australis in the process and the implications for strategic management of freshwater wetland resources.     

基于RS和GIS的LUCC研究——以重庆市万州区为例

通过利用遥感、地理信息系统相结合的技术方法,解译万州区2000年与2004年2期遥感影像,获得该地区相关数据的矢量图及定量统计数据,结合万州区自身特点,运用包含4个指数在内的指标分析了土地利用和土地覆盖变化(LUCC)特征,为该区土地的合理利用提供决策依据。结果表明:土地整体变化不大,单一动态度则各有千秋,其中较为明显的是建设用地增长突出,以及林地和耕地的减少,因此为实现该区可持续发展,必须采取措施保护耕地和林地,加强城市建设用地的管理。     

Romanian River Basins Lag Time Analysis. The SCS-CN Versus RNS Comparative Approach Developed for Small Watersheds

Romanian policy makers have to perceive that human intervention on river basins land cover is influencing rainfall-runoff relation and the used methodology cannot accurately estimate watershed surface flow transformations. Global water cycles and energy fluxes understanding is leading to better predictions of land atmosphere interaction and local hydro-climates evolution. The water transfer time determination from rainfall to runoff needs accurate measurements of river basins hydrological parameters. Here, we analyzed and compared the lag time value results of two different methodologies (curve number and rational methodology) used for 54 Romanian small catchment areas study. The focus of this paper is the lag time evaluation and interpretation for an effective implementation of the best methodology approach in the Romanian geographical space. Our research in small river basins was developed using remote sensing technology maps, GIS and environmental datasets in combination with field work on every drainage basin in order to assess the specific morphological features and validate the land cover typology. We found that Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number (SCS-CN) method is widely used according to USA landscape features classification, but not necessarily applicable to Romanian river basins characteristics. Our results show how the official Romanian rational methodology national standard (RNS) can be improved and the limits of SCS-CN method.

     

Evaluation of Non-point Source Loads in the Reservoir Watershed using the GIS/GPS/RS Information Technologies and Numerical Models

Abstract

One of the recent concerns of reservoir eutrophication issues focuses on a fast assessment of the non-point sources pollution impact. It frequently requires an initial evaluation of the land use pattern and the reservoir assimilative capacity. This information is useful for estimating the non-point source loads, assessing the proper uses of natural resources in the watershed, and generating the essential control strategies when required. To achieve this goal, the state-of-the-art 3S information technologies, which properly integrates the skills of geographic information system (GIS), global positioning system (GPS) and remote sensing (RS), is viewed as an integrated means for reservoir land use assessment and watershed management. Substantial efforts in this study are placed upon identifying seven types of land use patterns in the watershed of the Tseng-Wen Reservoir in Southern Taiwan, which would directly assist in the required estimation of non-point sources pollution impact. With the aid of SPOT satellite images, Erdas Imagine⁰ image processing system, and ArcView⁰ GIS, the numerical model based on the export coefficient method yields an estimation of non-point source loads on a yearly basis with respect to four target constituents. These constituents of interest consist of total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and total suspended solid (TSS). The analysis of assimilative capacity of the Tseng-Wen Reservoir based on various types of numerical models is also included for the evaluation of the eutrophication issue. Advanced management strategies with regard to the proper use of assimilative capacity of the Tseng-Wen Reservoir and the land resources in the watershed are then discussed in terms of three classified impact levels of non-point sources in the watershed. The methodology is proved practical, promising, and effective for assessing the eutrophication issue in the reservoir watershed within a short period of time     

Remote Sensing and GIS Based Approach for Identification of Artificial Recharge Sites

The main aim of this paper is to demonstrate the capabilities of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques for the demarcation of suitable sites for artificial recharge of groundwater aquifers, in the Loni watershed, located in Unnao and Raebareli districts, Uttar Pradesh, India. In this study, the SCS-CN model, groundwater depth data and morphological parameters (bifurcation ratio, elongation ratio, drainage density, ruggedness number, relief ratio, and circulatory ratio) have been used to delineate the recharge sites for undertaking water conservation measures. Augmentation of water resource is proposed in the watershed by constructing runoff storage structures, like check dam, percolation tank and nala bund. The site suitability for these water harvesting structures is determined by considering spatially varying parameters, like runoff potential, slope, groundwater fluctuation data and morphometric information of the watershed. GIS has been used as an effective tool to store, analyse and integrate spatial and attribute information pertaining to runoff, slope, drainage, groundwater fluctuation and morphometric characteristics for such studies.     

基于遥感和GIS的流域社会经济数据空间化方法研究

人口和社会经济数据及其空间分布,在资源、环境及自然灾害评估中的重要性已被广泛认知。把遥感和GIS技术相结合,是探讨解决社会经济统计数据空间化的重要思路。以东江流域为例,以多期人口、GDP、土地利用数据为基础,建立东江流域人口与土地利用、GDP和土地利用的多元线性回归模型;以土地利用数据和100 m×100 m网格数据为基础,构建东江流域人口和GDP空间分布约束力指标图层;然后结合统计模型和面积内插,实现了东江流域2009年人口、GDP统计数据的空间化。在县域空间尺度上对模拟结果进行了验证,与同尺度研究工作进行了对比,结果显示模拟得到的人口和GDP空间分布数据,与同尺度的研究工作处于同一精度或者略高的精度水平,表明该方法是一种进行流域社会经济数据空间化处理的有效方法。     

基于"3S"技术的生态环境调查及生态用水量计算

生态环境调查及动态变化分析,是进行生态环境评价、研究生态环境演变与科学调控、管理的基础。生态用水量计算,是在生态环境调查和分析的基础上,合理计算现状生态用水量和目标生态用水量,为科学配置生态用水提供科学依据。在生态环境调查和用水量计算中,需要借助遥感(RS)、地理信息系统(GIS)、全球定位系统(GPS)以及它们的结合等技术手段,来实现时空变化信息的实时、动态调查、监测以及信息的提取、分析和处理。基于这一认识,提出了一种RS、GIS、GPS(统称3S)支持下的生态环境调查技术和生态用水量计算方法。     

基于RS和GIS技术的鄱阳湖水域季节变化监测研究

遥感(RS)、地理信息系统(GIS)及其集成技术在动态变化监测中应用非常广泛。以两个时相的ENVISAT-ASAR图像为例,在对不同时相进行精确配准等必要图像预处理基础上,通过消除雷达影像山体阴影影响,提取出每个时相上水体区域分布,并在GIS技术支持下,采用空间叠加分析方法实现了鄱阳湖水域随季节变化监测的目的。     

基于RS与GIS技术的数字流域水体信息的提取

针对DEM的误差及时效性可能会导致提取出的水文要素与实际情况出现偏差的问题,提出利用遥感信息与DEM综合提取水系的方法。利用遥感影像,根据NDWI和波段分析相结合的方法提取流域主干河流和面状水域,并用数学形态学对提取出的二值图进行除噪、细化等处理;利用DEM数据,根据流域集水面积阈值与河网密度之间的关系曲线确定临界支撑面积阈值,并通过叠置运算和邻域分析对伪河道等进行合理剔除。综合两者结果,设置遥感水系和DEM水系主干河道校正控制点,并以遥感水系主干河道为基准,对DEM水系中控制点图层进行配准,从而完成对DEM水系位置及面状水域的修正。     

河流生态系统健康评价及展望

河流生态系统健康与社会经济、人类、生态环境等密切相关，如何评价河流生态状况正成为水利科学、环境科学和生态学领域研究的热点之一。本文在介绍了生态系统健康概念和评价标准的基础上，概括了河流生态系统健康的涵义和开展河流健康评价研究的重要意义，分析评价了预测模型法和多指标法之间的优缺点与发展历程，提出了河流生态系统健康评价发展方向和亟待开展的工作。认为今后的重点是开展流域尺度上不同时期的河流生态系统健康和基于遥感、GIS、GPS新技术的河流健康评价标准及指标体系的研究。     

Groundwater management and development by integrated remote sensing and geographic information systems: prospects and constraints

Groundwater is one of the most valuable natural resources, which supports human health, economic development and ecological diversity. Overexploitation and unabated pollution of this vital resource is threatening our ecosystems and even the life of future generations. With the advent of powerful personal computers and the advances in space technology, efficient techniques for land and water management have evolved of which RS (remote sensing) and GIS (geographic information system) are of great significance. These techniques have fundamentally changed our thoughts and ways to manage natural resources in general and water resources in particular. The main intent of the present paper is to highlight RS and GIS technologies and to present a comprehensive review on their applications to groundwater hydrology. A detailed survey of literature revealed six major areas of RS and GIS applications in groundwater hydrology: (i) exploration and assessment of groundwater resources, (ii) selection of artificial recharge sites, (iii) GIS-based subsurface flow and pollution modeling, (iv) groundwater-pollution hazard assessment and protection planning, (v) estimation of natural recharge distribution, and (vi) hydrogeologic data analysis and process monitoring. Although the use of these techniques in groundwater studies has rapidly increased since early nineties, the success rate is very limited and most applications are still in their infancy. Based on this review, salient areas in need of further research and development are discussed, together with the constraints for RS and GIS applications in developing nations. More and more RS- and GIS-based groundwater studies are recommended to be carried out in conjunction with field investigations to effectively exploit the expanding potential of RS and GIS technologies, which will perfect and standardize current applications as well as evolve new approaches and applications. It is concluded that both the RS and GIS technologies have great potential to revolutionize the monitoring and management of vital groundwater resources in the future, though some challenges are daunting before hydrogeologists/hydrologists.     

RS与GIS技术文持下的2003年淮河流域洪涝灾害快速监测与评估

2003年6月淮河流域相继出现3次较大洪峰，对淮河中下游造成极大威胁，淮河流域遭遇了1991年以来最严重的一次洪涝灾害．面对形势严峻的洪水压力，相关部门根据汛情的发展情况采取了科学的洪水调度方法，最终没有造成特别严重的渍堤．中国水利水电科学研究院遥感技术中心应用遥感与地理信息系统技术，以加拿大Radarsat星载雷达影像为基础数据源，对淮河水情进行实时监测，在短时间内对淹没区与内涝区的灾情进行了快速评估，为决策部门提供了重要的参考信息．     

Integrated Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System Based RUSLE Modelling for Estimation of Soil Loss in Western Himalaya,India

Soil loss due to water erosion was estimated in Kangra region of western Himalaya using revised universal soil loss equation modelling (RUSLE) in conjunction with Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The various parameters such as rainfall erosivity (R), soil erodibility (K), topographic factor (LS), crop management factor (C) and support practice factor (P) were derived using standard techniques. The study revealed that forest cover, crop land and scrub/grass land constitute 87.4 % of soil erosion susceptible area. The rate of depletion of soil was estimated at 25.63 t/ha/yr. It was highest in stony/barren land (60.3 t/ha/yr) and lowest in case of tea garden (16.09 t/ha/yr). It was felt that there is a need of implementation of soil and water conservation measures in the region to curb the soil loss. The undulating nature of terrain was observed as the main contributing factor for soil erosion. It was concluded that RS and GIS based RUSLE model can be efficiently used in mountainous regions to determine the status and extent of soil erosion.