Learning About Ourselves: A Review of The Mathematics Teacher in the Digital Era

ABSTRACT

Mathematics Education in the Digital Era is a title that implies the ubiquity of digital technology in our everyday lives. In fact, it can be argued that digital technology is already ubiquitous for many stakeholders in mathematics education. Volume 2 of this series is titled The Mathematics Teacher in the Digital Era, which implies an exploration of the mathematics teacher as individual agent or actor in the experience of teaching and learning mathematics. What is exciting is the book editors' potentially unintended insights into teachers' affective sense, their beliefs, and their subsequent decisions for future pedagogical effort.     

Mathematics for Architecture: Some European Experiences

Orietta Pedemonte studies how mathematics in taught in faculties or schools of architecture in Belgium, Portugal, France, Switzerland and Spain, comparing course organizations, subjects offered and entrance requirements. Which and how much mathematics for architecture? What kind of teaching? Is it better to have information on many aspects, or a deeper insight into only a few? Is it better to privilege a historical-philosophical overview, or to focus aspects of application that are current today? These are some of the questions that are raised by whoever deals with teaching mathematics in a faculty or school of architecture.     

知识表示学习研究进展

人们构建的知识库通常被表示为网络形式,节点代表实体,连边代表实体间的关系.在网络表示形式下,人们需要设计专门的图算法存储和利用知识库,存在费时费力的缺点,并受到数据稀疏问题的困扰.最近,以深度学习为代表的表示学习技术受到广泛关注.表示学习旨在将研究对象的语义信息表示为稠密低维实值向量,知识表示学习则面向知识库中的实体和关系进行表示学习.该技术可以在低维空间中高效计算实体和关系的语义联系,有效解决数据稀疏问题,使知识获取、融合和推理的性能得到显著提升.介绍知识表示学习的最新进展,总结该技术面临的主要挑战和可能解决方案,并展望该技术的未来发展方向与前景.     

机器学习中原型学习研究进展

随着信息技术在社会各领域的深入渗透,人类社会所拥有的数据总量达到了一个前所未有的高度.一方面,海量数据为基于数据驱动的机器学习方法获取有价值的信息提供了充分的空间;另一方面,高维度、过冗余以及高噪声也是上述繁多、复杂数据的固有特性.为消除数据冗余、发现数据结构、提高数据质量,原型学习是一种行之有效的方式.通过寻找一个原型集来表示目标集,以从样本空间进行数据约简,在增强数据可用性的同时,提升机器学习算法的执行效率.其可行性在众多应用领域中已得到证明.因此,原型学习相关理论与方法的研究是当前机器学习领域的一个研究热点与重点.主要介绍了原型学习的研究背景和应用价值,概括介绍了各类原型学习相关方法的基本特性、原型的质量评估以及典型应用;接着,从原型学习的监督方式及模型设计两个视角重点介绍了原型学习的研究进展,其中,前者主要涉及无监督、半监督和全监督方式,后者包括基于相似度、行列式点过程、数据重构和低秩逼近这四大类原型学习方法;最后,对原型学习的未来发展方向进行了展望.     

半监督集成学习综述

半监督学习和集成学习是目前机器学习领域中两个非常重要的研究方向,半监督学习注重利用有标记样本与无标记样本来获得高性能分类器,而集成学习旨在利用多个学习器进行集成以提升弱学习器的精度。半监督集成学习是将半监督学习和集成学习进行组合来提升分类器泛化性能的机器学习新方法。首先,在分析半监督集成学习发展过程的基础上,发现半监督集成学习起源于基于分歧的半监督学习方法;然后,综合分析现有半监督集成学习方法,将其分为基于半监督的集成学习与基于集成的半监督学习两大类,并对主要的半监督集成方法进行了介绍;最后,对现有研究进了总结,并讨论了未来值得研究的问题。     

基于逆强化学习的示教学习方法综述

随着强化学习在自动机器人控制、复杂决策问题上的广泛应用,强化学习逐渐成为机器学习领域中的一大研究热点.传统强化学习算法是一种通过不断与所处环境进行自主交互并从中得到策略的学习方式.然而,大多数多步决策问题难以给出传统强化学习所需要的反馈信号.这逐渐成为强化学习在更多复杂问题中实现应用的瓶颈.逆强化学习是基于专家决策轨迹最优的假设,在马尔可夫决策过程中逆向求解反馈函数的一类算法.目前,通过将逆强化学习和传统正向强化学习相结合设计的一类示教学习算法已经在机器人控制等领域取得了一系列成果.对强化学习、逆强化学习以及示教学习方法做一定介绍,此外还介绍了逆强化学习在应用过程中所需要解决的问题以及基于逆强化学习的示教学习方法.     

A VR Playground for Learning Abstract Mathematics Concepts

Immersive virtual reality (VR) has attracted the attention of many researchers and educators who predicted that VR would considerably affect how learning and teaching are conducted. The research presented here aims to investigate how an interactive immersive virtual learning environment affects conceptual learning, specifically learning of fractions in mathematics. A virtual environment (VE) designed to simulate a playground was created and evaluated through empirical studies with 60 primary school students between the ages of 8 and 12. Results suggest that children who fully interacted with the VE were able to problem-solve but that there was no strong evidence of the expected conceptual change. Rather, it was the passive VR environment, where a virtual robot guided activity, that seemed to support student reflection and recall, leading to indications of sustained conceptual change.     

Machine Learning in Drug Discovery: A Review

This review provides the feasible literature on drug discovery through ML tools and techniques that are enforced in every phase of drug development to accelerate the research process and deduce the risk and expenditure in clinical trials. Machine learning techniques improve the decision-making in pharmaceutical data across various applications like QSAR analysis, hit discoveries, de novo drug architectures to retrieve accurate outcomes. Target validation, prognostic biomarkers, digital pathology are considered under problem statements in this review. ML challenges must be applicable for the main cause of inadequacy in interpretability outcomes that may restrict the applications in drug discovery. In clinical trials, absolute and methodological data must be generated to tackle many puzzles in validating ML techniques, improving decision-making, promoting awareness in ML approaches, and deducing risk failures in drug discovery.

     

强化学习研究综述

摘要强化学习通过试错与环境交互获得策略的改进,其自学习和在线学习的特点使其成为机器学习研究的一个重要分支.该文首先介绍强化学习的原理和结构;其次构造一个二维分类图,分别在马尔可夫环境和非马尔可夫环境下讨论最优搜索型和经验强化型两类算法;然后结合近年来的研究综述了强化学习技术的核心问题,包括部分感知、函数估计、多agent强化学习,以及偏差技术;最后还简要介绍强化学习的应用情况和未来的发展方向.     

多标记学习研究综述

多标记学习不同于传统的监督学习,它是为了解决客观世界中多义性对象的建模问题而提出的一种学习框架。在该框架下,一个示例可以同时隶属于多个标记。经过十多年的发展,机器学习界已经出现了大量关于多标记学习的研究成果,并得到了广泛的应用。本文对多标记学习问题进行系统而详细的阐述,给出多标记学习的问题定义和评价指标,重点介绍多标记学习算法,并提出多标记学习进一步的研究方向。      

解耦表征学习综述

在大数据时代下, 以高效自主隐式特征提取能力闻名的深度学习引发了新一代人工智能的热潮, 然而其背后黑箱不可解释的“捷径学习”现象成为制约其进一步发展的关键性瓶颈问题. 解耦表征学习通过探索大数据内部蕴含的物理机制和逻辑关系复杂性, 从数据生成的角度解耦数据内部多层次、多尺度的潜在生成因子, 促使深度网络模型学会像人类一样对数据进行自主智能感知, 逐渐成为新一代基于复杂性的可解释深度学习领域内重要研究方向, 具有重大的理论意义和应用价值. 本文系统地综述了解耦表征学习的研究进展, 对当前解耦表征学习中的关键技术及典型方法进行了分类阐述, 分析并汇总了现有各类算法的适用场景并对此进行了可视化实验性能展示, 最后指明了解耦表征学习今后的发展趋势以及未来值得研究的方向.     

类别增量学习研究进展和性能评价

机器学习技术成功地应用于计算机视觉、自然语言处理和语音识别等众多领域. 然而, 现有的大多数机器学习模型在部署后类别和参数是固定的, 只能泛化到训练集中出现的类别, 无法增量式地学习新类别. 在实际应用中, 新的类别或任务会源源不断地出现, 这要求模型能够像人类一样在较好地保持已有类别知识的基础上持续地学习新类别知识. 近年来新兴的类别增量学习研究方向, 旨在使得模型能够在开放、动态的环境中持续学习新类别的同时保持对旧类别的判别能力(防止“灾难性遗忘”). 本文对类别增量学习(Class-incremental learning, CIL)方法进行了详细综述. 根据克服遗忘的技术思路, 将现有方法分为基于参数正则化、基于知识蒸馏、基于数据回放、基于特征回放和基于网络结构的五类方法, 对每类方法的优缺点进行了总结. 此外, 本文在常用数据集上对代表性方法进行了实验评估, 并通过实验结果对现有算法的性能进行了比较分析. 最后, 对类别增量学习的研究趋势进行展望.     

基于深度学习的医学影像配准综述

图像配准是医学影像处理与智能分析领域中的重要环节和关键技术.传统的图像配准算法由于复杂性较高、计算代价较大等问题,无法实现配准的实时性要求.随着深度学习方法的发展,基于学习的图像配准方法也取得显著效果.文中系统总结基于深度学习的医学图像配准方法.具体地,将方法归为3类:监督学习,无监督学习和对偶监督/弱监督学习.在此基础上,分析和讨论各自优缺点.进一步,着重讨论近年来提出的正则化方法,特别是基于微分同胚表示的正则和基于多尺度的正则.最后,根据当前医学图像配准方法的发展趋势,展望基于深度学习的医学图像配准方法.     

Deep Learning for EMG-based Human-Machine Interaction: A Review

Electromyography(EMG)has already been broadly used in human-machine interaction(HMI)applications.Determining how to decode the information inside EMG signals robustly and accurately is a key problem for which we urgently need a solution.Recently,many EMG pattern recognition tasks have been addressed using deep learning methods.In this paper,we analyze recent papers and present a literature review describing the role that deep learning plays in EMG-based HMI.An overview of typical network structures and processing schemes will be provided.Recent progress in typical tasks such as movement classification,joint angle prediction,and force/torque estimation will be introduced.New issues,including multimodal sensing,inter-subject/inter-session,and robustness toward disturbances will be discussed.We attempt to provide a comprehensive analysis of current research by discussing the advantages,challenges,and opportunities brought by deep learning.We hope that deep learning can aid in eliminating factors that hinder the development of EMG-based HMI systems.Furthermore,possible future directions will be presented to pave the way for future research.     

基于深度学习的语言模型研究进展

语言模型旨在对语言的内隐知识进行表示,作为自然语言处理的基本问题,一直广受关注.基于深度学习的语言模型是目前自然语言处理领域的研究热点,通过预训练-微调技术展现了内在强大的表示能力,并能够大幅提升下游任务性能.围绕语言模型基本原理和不同应用方向,以神经概率语言模型与预训练语言模型作为深度学习与自然语言处理结合的切入点,...     

Web应用开发的学习心得

回顾了web应用开发的发展历史,介绍了学习web开发的一般过程和Web应用的开发过程.     

Online Social Network Security: A Comparative Review Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning

Neural Processing Letters - In the present era, Online Social Networking has become an important phenomenon in human society. However, a large section of users are not aware of the security and...     

基于深度学习的人群异常行为检测综述

随着安防需求的日益增长,人群异常行为检测已经成为计算机视觉的研究热点.人群异常行为检测旨在对监控视频中行人的行为进行建模和分析,区分出人群中的正常行为和异常行为,及时发现灾难和意外事件.文中对基于深度学习的人群异常行为检测算法进行了梳理总结.首先,针对人群异常行为检测任务及其现状进行介绍;其次,重点探讨卷积神经网络、自...     

Machine Learning Applications in Baseball: A Systematic Literature Review

Statistical analysis of baseball has long been popular, albeit only in limited capacity until relatively recently. In particular, analysts can now apply machine learning algorithms to large baseball data sets to derive meaningful insights into player and team performance. In the interest of stimulating new research and serving as a go-to resource for academic and industrial analysts, we perform a systematic literature review of machine learning applications in baseball analytics. The approaches employed in literature fall mainly under three problem class umbrellas: Regression, Binary Classification, and Multiclass Classification. We categorize these approaches, provide our insights on possible future applications, and conclude with a summary of our findings. We find two algorithms dominate the literature: (1) Support Vector Machines for classification problems and (2) k-nearest neighbors for both classification and Regression problems. We postulate that recent proliferation of neural networks in general machine learning research will soon carry over into baseball analytics.     

基于深度学习的自动睡眠分期研究综述

睡眠分期是为了分析多导睡眠图记录而进行的重要过程,在睡眠监测和睡眠障碍诊疗中发挥着关键作用。传统的手动睡眠分期需要专业知识,繁琐且耗时;而深度学习通过模拟人脑解释信息的机制来构建模型,具有强大的自动特征提取及特征表达功能。将深度学习方法应用于睡眠分期研究,不依赖于手工特征设计,能够实现睡眠分期的自动化。本文着眼于2017年以来的一些典型的自动睡眠分期研究,重点从单视图和多视图输入两个方面系统回顾了应用于自动睡眠分期中的深度学习模型,并分析了多视图模型存在的难点,指出了其具有的潜在研究价值。最后,对自动睡眠分期未来的研究方向进行了探讨。