Study of a solar PV–diesel–battery hybrid power system for a remotely located population near Rafha, Saudi Arabia

This study presents a PV–diesel hybrid power system with battery backup for a village being fed with diesel generated electricity to displace part of the diesel by solar. The hourly solar radiation data measured at the site along with PV modules mounted on fixed foundations, four generators of different rated powers, diesel prices of 0.2–1.2US$/l, different sizes of batteries and converters were used to find an optimal power system for the village. It was found that a PV array of 2000 kW and four generators of 1250, 750, 2250 and 250 kW; operating at a load factor of 70% required to run for 3317 h/yr, 4242 h/yr, 2820 h/yr and 3150 h/yr, respectively; to produce a mix of 17,640 MWh of electricity annually and 48.33 MWh per day. The cost of energy (COE) of diesel only and PV/diesel/battery power system with 21% solar penetration was found to be 0.190$/kWh and 0.219$/kWh respectively for a diesel price of 0.2$/l. The sensitivity analysis showed that at a diesel price of 0.6$/l the COE from hybrid system become almost the same as that of the diesel only system and above it, the hybrid system become more economical than the diesel only system.     

Review of research on autonomous wind farms and solar parks and their feasibility for commercial loads in hot regions

In the wake of rising cost of oil and fears of its exhaustion coupled with increased pollution, the governments world-wide are deliberating and making huge strides to promote renewable energy sources such as solar–photovoltaic (solar–PV) and wind energy. Integration of diesel systems with hybrid wind–PV systems is pursued widely to reduce dependence on fossil-fuel produced energy and to reduce the release of carbon gases that cause global climate change. Literature indicates that commercial/residential buildings in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) consume an estimated 10–40% of the total electric energy generated. The study reviews research work carried out world-wide on wind farms and solar parks. The work also analyzes wind speed and solar radiation data of East-Coast (Dhahran), KSA, to assess the technical and economic potential of wind farm and solar PV park (hybrid wind–PV–diesel power systems) to meet the load requirements of a typical commercial building (with annual electrical energy demand of 620,000 kWh). The monthly average wind speeds range from 3.3 to 5.6 m/s. The monthly average daily solar global radiation ranges from 3.61 to 7.96 kWh/m². The hybrid systems simulated consist of different combinations of 100 kW wind machines, PV panels, supplemented by diesel generators. NREL (and HOMER Energy's) HOMER software has been used to perform the techno-economic study. The simulation results indicate that for a hybrid system comprising of 100 kW wind capacity (37 m hub-height) and 40 kW of PV capacity together with 175 kW diesel system, the renewable energy fraction (with 0% annual capacity shortage) is 36% (24% wind + 12% PV). The cost of generating energy (COE, $/kWh) from this hybrid wind–PV–diesel system has been found to be 0.154 $/kWh (assuming diesel fuel price of 0.1$/L). The study exhibits that for a given hybrid configuration, the number of operational hours of diesel generators decreases with increase in wind farm and PV capacity. Attention has also been focused on wind/PV penetration, un-met load, excess electricity generation, percentage fuel savings and reduction in carbon emissions (relative to diesel-only situation) of different hybrid systems, cost break-down of wind–PV–diesel systems, COE of different hybrid systems, etc.     

Techno-economic study of off-grid hybrid photovoltaic/battery and photovoltaic/battery/fuel cell power systems in Kunming,China

The objective of this study is to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of stand-alone hybrid photovoltaic (PV)/battery and PV/battery/fuel cell (FC) power systems for a community center comprising 100 households in Kunming by using the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER) software. HOMER is used to define the optimum sizing and techno-economic feasibility of the system equipment based on the geographical and meteorological data of the study region. In this study, different hybrid power systems are analyzed to select the optimum energy system while considering total net present cost (NPC) and levelized cost of energy (COE). The results showed that the optimal hybrid PV/battery system comprised 500 kW PV modules, 1200 7.6-kWh battery units, and 500 kW power converters. The proposed system has an initial cost of $6,670,000, an annual operating cost of $82,763/yr, a total NPC of $7,727,992, and a levelized COE of $1.536/kWh. While the PV/battery/FC power system is possible, the cost increases were due to the investment cost of the FC system. The optimal PV/battery/FC system has an initial cost of $6,763,000, an annual operating cost of $82,312/yr, a total NPC of $7,815,223, and a levelized COE of $1.553/kWh.     

Impact of battery storage on economics of hybrid wind‐diesel power systems in commercial applications in hot regions

Integration of wind machines and battery storage with the diesel plants is pursued widely to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of battery storage on the economics of hybrid wind‐diesel power systems in commercial applications by analyzing wind‐speed data of Dhahran, East‐Coast, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (K.S.A.). The annual load of a typical commercial building is 620,000 kWh. The monthly average wind speeds range from 3.3 to 5.6 m/s. The hybrid systems simulated consist of different combinations of 100‐kW commercial wind machines (CWMs) supplemented with battery storage and diesel generators. National Renewable Energy Laboratory's (NREL's) (HOMER Energy's) Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER) software has been employed to perform the economic analysis. The simulation results indicate that for a hybrid system comprising of 100‐kW wind capacity together with 175‐kW diesel system and a battery storage of 4 h of autonomy (i.e. 4 h of average load), the wind penetration (at 37‐m hub height, with 0% annual capacity shortage) is 25%. The cost of generating energy (COE, $/kWh) from this hybrid wind–battery–diesel system has been found to be 0.139 $/kWh (assuming diesel fuel price of 0.1$/L). The investigation examines the effect of wind/battery penetration on: COE, operational hours of diesel gensets. Emphasis has also been placed on un‐met load, excess electricity, fuel savings and reduction in carbon emissions (for wind–diesel without battery storage, wind–diesel with storage, as compared to diesel‐only situation), cost of wind–battery–diesel systems, COE of different hybrid systems, etc. The study addresses benefits of incorporation of short‐term battery storage (in wind–diesel systems) in terms of fuel savings, diesel operation time, carbon emissions, and excess energy. The percentage fuel savings by using above hybrid system is 27% as compared to diesel‐only situation Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Technical and economic assessment of grid-independent hybrid photovoltaic–diesel–battery power systems for commercial loads in desert environments

Solar photovoltaic (PV) hybrid system technology is a hot topic for R&D since it promises lot of challenges and opportunities for developed and developing countries. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) being endowed with fairly high degree of solar radiation is a potential candidate for deployment of PV systems for power generation. Literature indicates that commercial/residential buildings in KSA consume an estimated 10–45% of the total electric energy generated. In the present study, solar radiation data of Dhahran (East-Coast, KSA) have been analyzed to assess the techno-economic viability of utilizing hybrid PV–diesel–battery power systems to meet the load requirements of a typical commercial building (with annual electrical energy demand of 620,000 kW h). The monthly average daily solar global radiation ranges from 3.61 to 7.96 kW h/m². NREL's HOMER software has been used to carry out the techno-economic viability. The simulation results indicate that for a hybrid system comprising of 80 kWp PV system together with 175 kW diesel system and a battery storage of 3 h of autonomy (equivalent to 3 h of average load), the PV penetration is 26%. The cost of generating energy (COE, US$/kW h) from the above hybrid system has been found to be 0.149 $/kW h (assuming diesel fuel price of 0.1 $/L). The study exhibits that for a given hybrid configuration, the operational hours of diesel generators decrease with increase in PV capacity. The investigation also examines the effect of PV/battery penetration on COE, operational hours of diesel gensets for a given hybrid system. Emphasis has also been placed on unmet load, excess electricity generation, percentage fuel savings and reduction in carbon emissions (for different scenarios such as PV–diesel without storage, PV–diesel with storage, as compared to diesel-only situation), cost of PV–diesel–battery systems, COE of different hybrid systems, etc.     

Optimisation and techno-economic feasibility analysis of hybrid (photovoltaic/wind/fuel cell) energy systems in Kerman,Iran; considering the effects of electrical load and energy storage technology

A hybrid (photovoltaic, PV/wind/fuel cell, FC) system comprising different combinations of PV arrays, wind turbine, hydrogen tank, electrolyser, and FC has been investigated for stand-alone applications. Load demand was the electrical requirements of atypical residential apartment having a total area of 500 m² with a peak electrical load of 35 kW and a yearly load of 24.4 MWh in Kerman, Iran. The assessment criterion for the analysis was levellised cost of energy of each system configuration. National Renewable Energy Laboratory's Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable software was utilised as the assessment tool of the present study. The effect of electrical load profile on the optimisation results has also been investigated considering a demand load profile with a low peak of 12 kW. Also, a comparison was made between the hybrid (PV/wind/diesel/bat) systems and the hybrid (PV/wind/FC) system of the current study at different fuel price scenarios.     

Techno-economic evaluation of off-grid hybrid photovoltaic–diesel–battery power systems for rural electrification in Saudi Arabia—A way forward for sustainable development

The burning of depleting fossil fuels for power generation has detrimental impact on human life and climate. In view of this, renewable solar energy sources are being increasingly exploited to meet the energy needs. Moreover, solar photovoltaic (PV)–diesel hybrid system technology promises lot of opportunities in remote areas which are far from utility grid and are driven by diesel generators. Integration of PV systems with the diesel plants is being disseminated worldwide to reduce diesel fuel consumption and to minimize atmospheric pollution. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (K.S.A.) being endowed with high intensity of solar radiation, is a prospective candidate for deployment of PV systems. Also, K.S.A. has large number of remote scattered villages. The aim of this study is to analyze solar radiation data of Rafha, K.S.A., to assess the techno-economic feasibility of hybrid PV–diesel–battery power systems to meet the load requirements of a typical remote village Rawdhat Bin Habbas (RBH) with annual electrical energy demand of 15,943 MWh. Rafha is located near RBH. The monthly average daily global solar radiation ranges from 3.04 to 7.3 kWh/m². NREL's HOMER software has been used to perform the techno-economic evaluation. The simulation results indicate that for a hybrid system composed of 2.5 MWp capacity PV system together with 4.5 MW diesel system (three 1.5 MW units) and a battery storage of 1 h of autonomy (equivalent to 1 h of average load), the PV penetration is 27%. The cost of generating energy (COE, US$/kWh) from the above hybrid system has been found to be 0.170$/kWh (assuming diesel fuel price of 0.1$/l). The study exhibits that the operational hours of diesel generators decrease with increase in PV capacity. The investigation also examines the effect of PV/battery penetration on COE, operational hours of diesel gensets. Concurrently, emphasis has been placed on: un-met load, excess electricity generation, percentage fuel savings and reduction in carbon emissions (for different scenarios such as: PV–diesel without storage, PV–diesel with storage, as compared to diesel-only situation), COE of different hybrid systems, etc. The decrease in carbon emissions by using the above hybrid system is about 24% as compared to the diesel-only scenario.     

Multi-objective optimisation of hybrid power generation system for a commercial market in Moradabad District of Uttar Pradesh,India

In this paper, a simulation model is developed to optimise the configuration of a hybrid photovoltaic-battery-diesel system with the objectives to minimise its Life Cycle Cost and CO₂ emissions from the system. The decision variables included in the optimisation model are the total area of photo voltaic arrays, number of PV modules of 600 Wp, diesel generator power and number of batteries of 24 V and 150 Ah. The model has been applied to the analysis of a hybrid power generation system for a typical commercial market consisting of 318 shops in Moradabad district of Uttar Pradesh, India. The optimum sizing process is verified by carrying out an appropriate sensitivity analysis. The results attained are fairly encouraging defending the applicability of the simulation model. The model developed can be utilised to determine the optimum dimensions of the hybrid PV–battery–diesel system for the locations having similar climatic conditions.     

Optimal sizing study of hybrid wind/PV/diesel power generation unit

In this paper, a methodology of sizing optimization of a stand-alone hybrid wind/PV/diesel energy system is presented. This approach makes use of a deterministic algorithm to suggest, among a list of commercially available system devices, the optimal number and type of units ensuring that the total cost of the system is minimized while guaranteeing the availability of the energy. The collection of 6 months of data of wind speed, solar radiation and ambient temperature recorded for every hour of the day were used. The mathematical modeling of the main elements of the hybrid wind/PV/diesel system is exposed showing the more relevant sizing variables. A deterministic algorithm is used to minimize the total cost of the system while guaranteeing the satisfaction of the load demand. A comparison between the total cost of the hybrid wind/PV/diesel energy system with batteries and the hybrid wind/PV/diesel energy system without batteries is presented.The reached results demonstrate the practical utility of the used sizing methodology and show the influence of the battery storage on the total cost of the hybrid system.     

Development of the all‐vanadium redox flow battery for energy storage: a review of technological,financial and policy aspects

The commercial development and current economic incentives associated with energy storage using redox flow batteries (RFBs) are summarised. The analysis is focused on the all‐vanadium system, which is the most studied and widely commercialised RFB. The recent expiry of key patents relating to the electrochemistry of this battery has contributed to significant levels of commercialisation in, for example, Austria, China and Thailand, as well as pilot‐scale developments in many countries. The potential benefits of increasing battery‐based energy storage for electricity grid load levelling and MW‐scale wind/solar photovoltaic‐based power generation are now being realised at an increasing level. Commercial systems are being applied to distributed systems utilising kW‐scale renewable energy flows. Factors limiting the uptake of all‐vanadium (and other) redox flow batteries include a comparatively high overall internal costs of $217 kW^?1 h^?1 and the high cost of stored electricity of ≈ The commercial development and current economic incentives associated with energy storage using redox flow batteries (RFBs) are summarised. The analysis is focused on the all‐vanadium system, which is the most studied and widely commercialised RFB. The recent expiry of key patents relating to the electrochemistry of this battery has contributed to significant levels of commercialisation in, for example, Austria, China and Thailand, as well as pilot‐scale developments in many countries. The potential benefits of increasing battery‐based energy storage for electricity grid load levelling and MW‐scale wind/solar photovoltaic‐based power generation are now being realised at an increasing level. Commercial systems are being applied to distributed systems utilising kW‐scale renewable energy flows. Factors limiting the uptake of all‐vanadium (and other) redox flow batteries include a comparatively high overall internal costs of $217 kW^?1 h^?1 and the high cost of stored electricity of ≈ $0.10 kW^?1 h^?1. There is also a low‐level utility scale acceptance of energy storage solutions and a general lack of battery‐specific policy‐led incentives, even though the environmental impact of RFBs coupled to renewable energy sources is favourable, especially in comparison to natural gas‐ and diesel‐fuelled spinning reserves. Together with the technological and policy aspects associated with flow batteries, recent attempts to model redox flow batteries are considered. The issues that have been addressed using modelling together with the current and future requirements of modelling are outlined. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The feasibility of renewable energies at an off-grid community in Canada

Three renewable energy technologies (RETs) were analyzed for their feasibility for a small off-grid research facility dependent on diesel for power and propane for heat. Presently, the electrical load for this facility is 115 kW but a demand side management (DSM) energy audit revealed that 15–20% reduction was possible. Downsizing RETs and diesel engines by 15 kW to 100 kW reduces capital costs by $27 000 for biomass, $49 500 for wind and $136 500 for solar.The RET Screen International 4.0^® model compared the economical and environmental costs of generating 100 kW of electricity for three RETs compared to the current diesel engine (0 cost) and a replacement ($160/kW) diesel equipment. At all costs from $0.80 to $2.00/l, biomass combined heat and power (CHP) was the most competitive. At $0.80 per liter, biomass’ payback period was 4.1 years with a capital cost of $1800/kW compared to wind's 6.1 years due to its higher initial cost of $3300/kW and solar's 13.5 years due to its high initial cost of $9100/kW. A biomass system would reduce annual energy costs by $63 729 per year, and mitigate GHG emissions by over 98% to 10 t CO₂ from 507 t CO₂. Diesel price increases to $1.20 or $2.00/l will decrease the payback period in years dramatically to 1.8 and 0.9 for CHP, 3.6 and 1.8 for wind, and 6.7 and 3.2 years for solar, respectively.     

Assessment of economic viability for PV/wind/diesel hybrid energy system in southern Peninsular Malaysia

This paper analyzed the potential implementation of hybrid photovoltaic (PV)/wind turbine/diesel system in southern city of Malaysia, Johor Bahru. HOMER (hybrid optimization model for electric renewable) simulation software was used to determine the technical feasibility of the system and to perform the economical analysis of the system. There were seven different system configurations, namely stand-alone diesel system, hybrid PV–diesel system with and without battery storage element, hybrid wind–diesel system with and without battery storageelement, PV–wind–diesel system with and without storage element, will be studied and analyzed. The simulations will be focused on the net present costs, cost of energy, excess electricity produced and the reduction of CO₂ emission for the given hybrid configurations. At the end of this paper, PV–diesel system with battery storage element, PV–wind–diesel system with battery storage element and the stand-alone diesel system were analyzed based on high price of diesel.     

Optimal design and development of PV-wind-battery based nano-grid system: A field-on-laboratory demonstration

The present paper has disseminated the design approach, project implementation, and economics of a nano-grid system. The deployment of the system is envisioned to acculturate the renewable technology into Indian society by field-on-laboratory demonstration (FOLD) and “bridge the gaps between research, development, and implementation.” The system consists of a solar photovoltaic (PV) (2.4 kWp), a wind turbine (3.2 kWp), and a battery bank (400 Ah). Initially, a prefeasibility study is conducted using the well-established HOMER (hybrid optimization model for electric renewable) software developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), USA. The feasibility study indicates that the optimal capacity for the nano-grid system consists of a 2.16 kWp solar PV, a 3 kWp wind turbine, a 1.44 kW inverter, and a 24 kWh battery bank. The total net present cost (TNPC) and cost of energy (COE) of the system are US$20789.85 and US$0.673/kWh, respectively. However, the hybrid system consisting of a 2.4 kWp of solar PV, a 3.2 kWp of wind turbine, a 3 kVA of inverter, and a 400 Ah of battery bank has been installed due to unavailability of system components of desired values and to enhance the reliability of the system. The TNPC and COE of the system installed are found to be US$20073.63 and US$0.635/kWh, respectively and both costs are largely influenced by battery cost. Besides, this paper has illustrated the installation details of each component as well as of the system. Moreover, it has discussed the detailed cost breakup of the system. Furthermore, the performance of the system has been investigated and validated with the simulation results. It is observed that the power generated from the PV system is quite significant and is almost uniform over the year. Contrary to this, a trivial wind velocity prevails over the year apart from the month of April, May, and June, so does the power yield. This research demonstration provides a pathway for future planning of scaled-up hybrid energy systems or microgrid in this region of India or regions of similar topography.     

风光互补电动汽车储能电站系统优化设计

通过对唐山市区太阳能和风能资源状况调查分析,对全年不同方位角和倾角上的太阳能辐射量进行模拟计算,得出南偏东9.8°方向、倾角为39.7°的倾斜面上接收的太阳能辐射量最大,其值为1.62×106Wh/m2。研究中对3kW风力发电机和1kW光伏发电系统的发电量进行了计算,并以1辆纯电动轿车为负载进行了容量配比优化,设计了风力发电系统、风光互补系统及光伏系统三种不同的方案,经过对各方案的经济性、可靠性及稳定性分析,得出最佳的设计方案为风光互补发电系统,该系统风力发电装机容量为3kW,光伏发电装机容量为8.96kW。     

Optimal configuration assessment of renewable energy in Malaysia

This paper proposes the use of a PV–wind–diesel generator hybrid system in order to determine the optimal configuration of renewable energy in Malaysia and to compare the production cost of solar and wind power with its annual yield relevant to different regions in Malaysia namely, Johor, Sarawak, Penang and Selangor. The configuration of optimal hybrid system is selected based on the best components and sizing with appropriate operating strategy to provide a cheap, efficient, reliable and cost-effective system. The various renewable energy sources and their applicability in terms of cost and performance are analyzed. Moreover, the annual yield and cost of energy production of solar and wind energy are evaluated. The Simulations were carried out using the HOMER program based on data obtained from the Malaysian Meteorological Centre. Results show that, for Malaysia, a PV–diesel generator hybrid system is the most suitable solution in terms of economic performance and pollution. However, the cost of production of solar and wind energy proved to be cheaper and more environmentally friendly than the energy produced from diesel generators.     

Off-grid hybrid renewable energy system with hydrogen storage for South African rural community health clinic

Most inhabitants of rural communities in Africa lack access to clean and reliable electricity. This has deprived the rural dwellers access to modern healthcare delivery. In this paper, an off-grid renewable energy system consisting of solar PV and wind turbine with hydrogen storage scheme has been explored to meet the electrical energy demands of a health clinic. The health clinic proposed is a group II with 10 beds located in a typical village in South Africa. First, the wind and solar energy resources of the village were analysed. Thereafter, the microgrid architecture that would meet the energy demand of the clinic (18.67 kWh/day) was determined. Some of the key results reveal that the average annual wind speed at 60 m anemometer height and solar irradiation of the village are 7.9 m/s and 4.779 kWh/m²/day, respectively. The required architecture for the clinic composes of 40 kW solar PV system, 3 numbers of 10 kW wind turbines, 8.6 kW fuel cell, 25 kW electrolyser and 40 kg hydrogen tank capacity. The capital cost of the microgrid was found to be $177,600 with a net present cost of $206,323. The levelised cost of energy of the system was determined to be 2.34 $/kWh. The project has a breakeven grid extension distance of 8.81 km. Since this distance is less than the nearest grid extension distance of 21.35 km, it is established that the proposed renewable energy microgrid with a hydrogen storage system is a viable option for the rural community health clinic.     

Techno-economic assessment of a synthetic fuel production facility by hydrogenation of CO2 captured from biogas

In this study, a thermodynamic and economic analysis of a synthetic fuel production facility by utilizing the hydrogenation of CO₂ captured from biogas is carried out. It is aimed to produce methanol, a synthetic fuel by hydrogenation of carbon dioxide. A PEM electrolyzer driven by grid-tie solar PV modules is used to supply the hydrogen need of methanol. The CO₂ is captured from biogas produced in an actual wastewater treatment plant by a water washing unit which is a method of biogas purification. The required power which is generated by PV panels, in order to produce methanol, is found to be 2923 kW. Herein, the electricity consumption of 2875 kW, which is the main part of the total electricity generation, belongs to the PEM system. As a result of the study, the daily methanol production is found to be as 1674 kg. The electricity, hydrogen and methanol production costs are found to be $ 0.043 kWh^?1, $ 3.156 kg^?1, and $ 0.693 kg^?1, respectively. Solar availability, methanol yield from the reactor, and PEM overpotentials are significant factors effecting the product cost. The results of the study presents feasible methanol production costs with reasonable investment requirements. Moreover, the efficiency of the cogeneration plant could be increased via enriching the biogas while emissions are reduced.     

Size optimization of a hybrid photovoltaic/fuel cell grid connected power system including hydrogen storage

This paper describes the size optimization of a hybrid photovoltaic/fuel cell grid linked power system including hydrogen storage. The overall objective is the optimal sizing of a hybrid power system to satisfy the load demand of a university laboratory with an unreliable grid, with low energy cost and minimal carbon emissions. The aim is to shift from grid linked diesel power system to a clean and sustainable energy system. The optimum design architecture was established by adopting the energy-balance methods of HOMER (hybrid optimization model for electric renewables). Analysis of hourly simulations was performed to decide the optimal size, cost and performance of the hybrid system, using 22-years monthly averaged solar radiation data collected for Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (Lat. 6°44.3ʹN, Long. 6°4.8ʹE). The results showed that a hybrid system comprising 54.7 kW photovoltaic array, 7 kW fuel cell system, 14 kW power inverter and 3 kW electrolyzer with 8 kg hydrogen storage tank can sustainably augment the erratic grid with a very high renewable fraction of 96.7% at $0.0418/kWh. When compared with the conventional usage of grid/diesel generator system; energy cost saving of more than 88% and a return on investment of 41.3% with present worth of $308,965 can be derived in less than 3 years. The application of the optimally sized hybrid system would possibly help mitigate the rural-to-urban drift and resolve the electricity problems hindering the economic growth in Nigeria. Moreover, the hybrid system can alleviate CO₂ emissions from other power generation sources to make the environment cleaner and more eco-friendly.     

New architecture and SCADA for stand‐alone hybrid (medium‐sized asynchronous wind turbine + UPS with battery + photovoltaic array) power system without diesel generator

In general, the commercialized medium‐sized asynchronous wind turbines are fully automated facilities designed to operate in parallel connection to the grid; in case of isolated operation, they need to be combined with diesel generator. This paper aims at studying the method of producing electricity of maximal quality with the wind, by constructing a new stand‐alone hybrid (medium‐sized asynchronous wind turbines, UPS with battery, and photovoltaic array) power system without diesel generator. This paper proposes a new architecture of stand‐alone hybrid power system that consists of medium‐sized asynchronous wind turbine, UPS, current limiter (reactor), photovoltaic array, and consumer and dump loads; accordingly, a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) for this system is suggested along with the operation strategies depending on the output power of the UPS and wind turbine, consumer load, and the battery voltage of UPS. The case study was confirmed through the simulation results of the operation of a new stand‐alone hybrid (two 110 kW of asynchronous wind turbines, 250 kVA of UPS with battery, reactor, 36 kW of photovoltaic array, and consumer and dump loads) power system. The results of the simulation showed that the system frequency change of the new stand‐alone hybrid power system was 60 ± 0.5 Hz, and the one of the wind + diesel stand‐alone hybrid system was 60 ± 1 Hz, for the sudden change of consumer load and gust. This new system can be eligible as a standardizing option for the architecture of nondiesel stand‐alone hybrid system and its SCADA system.     

Modeling of hydrogen and electrical energy storages in wind/PV energy system on the Lake Baikal coast

The paper presents a research on a green power supply system (producing no carbon dioxide and other harmful emissions) in the area of Baikal Lake, for the maximum loads of 10 kW and 100 kW. The system includes photovoltaic converters, wind turbines, batteries for electric energy storage and a system for hydrogen production, storage and energy use. Calculations based on the optimization mathematical model demonstrated the efficiency of the combined use of wind and solar energy in the considered areas, as well as the simultaneous storage of electric energy and hydrogen. The electric energy storage is most efficient for short-term time intervals whereas an increase in the duration of continuous energy “standstills” up to several days makes the storage of hydrogen more cost-effective.