屈曲约束支撑装配式混凝土框架结构抗震性能试验研究

消能减震技术能有效地提高装配式混凝土结构的整体抗震性能,改善其破坏模式。然而,目前对屈曲约束支撑装配式混凝土框架结构尚缺乏试验研究。为了获悉屈曲约束支撑装配式混凝土框架的抗震性能和破坏机理,文章进行3榀屈曲约束支撑装配式混凝土框架和1榀现浇混凝土框架的低周反复荷载试验。研究了地震作用下采用整体式和暗牛腿式预制混凝土梁柱节点的屈曲约束支撑装配式混凝土框架抗震性能,观察和记录试验现象和破坏特征,对各试件的滞回曲线、刚度退化、耗能能力、骨架曲线和延性系数等进行对比分析。试验结果表明：屈曲约束支撑装配式混凝土框架具有良好的耗能能力和延性,能量耗散系数E=1.464?1.759,延性系数?=3.02~3.61,屈曲约束支撑可以有效地提高装配式混凝土框架的抗震性能,改善其失效模式;研发的支撑与梁柱连接节点的连接构造可以有效地实现屈曲约束支撑与装配式混凝土框架在地震作用下的协同受力。文中研究成果将为屈曲约束支撑在多高层装配式混凝土结构中的设计和应用提供科学依据。     

北京移动通信综合楼型钢混凝土结构设计与施工

北京移动通信综合楼机房楼楼面荷载大,建筑及设备对结构梁柱断面、刚度、耐火及抗震性能均有很高要求,型钢混凝土框架-剪力墙结构可以很好地满足各项指标要求。办公楼存在大量错层较多的长柱,底部四层楼板削弱严重,且存在斜柱的转换问题,采用型钢混凝土结构可以增加结构安全储备和延性,提高结构抗震性能;采用组合梁则有助于减轻自重,节约用钢量。还介绍了型钢混凝土结构一些设计及施工要点。     

基于摇摆与剪切协同的柱脚叉接木框架抗侧荷载-位移曲线模型

榫卯连接木框架是传统木结构中的基本承力构件,研究表明其在竖向和水平荷载共同作用下具有摇摆和剪切两种抗侧机制。文章综合考虑木框架摇摆与剪切变形,根据变形协调和弯矩平衡条件,推导竖向荷载和水平荷载共同作用下,柱脚叉接榫卯连接木框架抗侧荷载-位移关系的曲线模型,提出木框架抗侧弹性极限荷载点、峰值荷载点及其切线刚度和下降段刚度的计算方法。基于叉接柱脚木框架抗侧试验对模型进行验证,结果表明:理论模型与试验结果吻合较好,模型计算结果误差小于15.5%。理论研究成果对于传统木结构抗震性能分析和设计具有参考价值。     

X形弱腹杆式延性桁框结构探讨

X形弱腹杆式延性桁框结构是一种新型抗震结构体系，针对该结构体系，推导消能段的受剪承载力，提出结构简化计算模型，并根据我国抗震设计准则给出确定X形弱腹杆截面和消能段长度的计算方法及构造要求。采用上述方法确定的消能段可以精确控制延性桁框结构的屈服时刻和破坏模式，并实现水平地震作用下各楼层同步屈服，充分耗能。最后采用有限元分析方法进行单向和循环加载分析与验证，结果表明：合理的消能段长度可以显著提高桁框结构的延性、耗能能力、承载能力和安全储备，抗震性能明显优于普通桁框结构；弱腹杆截面和消能段长度的计算方法具有较高的精度，可以在确保消能段耗能的前提下实现结构的优化设计。     

Comparison of nonlinear behavior of steel moment frames accompanied with RC shear walls or steel bracings

In this paper, the seismic behavior of dual structural systems in forms of steel moment‐resisting frames accompanied with reinforced concrete shear walls and steel moment‐resisting frames accompanied with concentrically braced frames, have been studied. The nonlinear behavior of the mentioned structural systems has been evaluated as, in earthquakes, structures usually enter into an inelastic behavior stage and, hence, the applied energy to the structures will be dissipated. As a result, some parameters such as ductility factor of structure (μ), over‐strength factor (R_s) and response modification factor (R) for the mentioned structures have been under assessment. To achieve these objectives, 30‐story buildings containing such structural systems were used to perform the pushover analyses having different load patterns. Analytical results show that the steel moment‐resisting frames accompanied with reinforced concrete shear walls system has higher ductility and response modification factor than the other one, and so, it is observed to achieve suitable seismic performance; using the first system can have more advantages than the second one. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

双室薄壁钢筋混凝土桥墩抗震性能试验研究

根据某实际跨海大桥工程双室薄壁钢筋混凝土桥墩,设计了1∶10的双室薄壁钢筋混凝土桥墩试验模型,进行了水平低周往复加载试验,评价了其整体抗震性能,确定了模型桥墩的开裂弯矩、初始屈服弯矩、完全屈服弯矩及极限承载力,并分析了桥墩的破坏形态、刚度退化情况、桥墩纵筋应变变化情况、加载装置摩擦力的影响。试验结果表明:双室薄壁钢筋混凝土桥墩抗震性能良好,破坏为延性破坏,根据模型桥墩试验结果确定实际桥墩的开裂弯矩、初始屈服弯矩、完全屈服弯矩及极限承载力与有限元分析结果基本一致,验证了实际桥墩结构设计的准确性,保证结构安全可靠。     

On repairable earthquake resisting archetypes with a view to resiliency objectives and assisted self‐centering

Performance‐based seismic design, as an alternative to conventional methods of approach, has served engineers and the public rather well during the last two decades. Neither approach guaranties catastrophic collapse prevention nor post‐earthquake realignment and repairs (PERR) due to major seismic events. As a result, most code‐compliant buildings can be regarded as relatively safe but practically disposable. The paper presents a new philosophy that leads to sustainable design of new structures and the upgrading of existing earthquake resisting moment frames. Repairability‐based design (RBD) relies on softening and control rather than strength and resistance to elevate seismic performance to economically viable, physical collapse prevention, damage control, and post‐earthquake realignment and repairs. The new approach was inspired by design led analysis (DLA), performance control (PC), and recent developments in rocking core‐moment frame design. DLA is a displacement based method of analysis with built‐in results. PC is the ability to design a structure in such a way as to expect predetermined modes of response at certain stages of loading, extents of damage, and drift ratios. This paper advocates higher performance objectives than current codes of practice do. Several demonstrative examples have been provided.     

单向壁式框架对剪力墙结构体系抗震性能影响的研究

在框架-剪力墙结构内力变形分析方法的基础上,推导了壁式框架-剪力墙结构的刚度特征值计算公式,理论分析了剪力墙结构变形特征随壁式框架比例和房屋高度的变化规律,并采用弹性反应谱法进行了计算验证。采用静力弹塑性分析法,以层位移和层间位移角分布,以及结构塑性铰发展过程为指标,研究了壁式框架比例和房屋高度对结构抗震性能的影响。研究结果表明,壁式框架对剪力墙结构体系抗震性能带来不利影响,应根据其底部承担的倾覆力矩比例分别执行局部构件加强、控制结构高度等的设计规定。     

焊接箱形截面梁抗震性能影响因素研究

为考察板件宽厚比对焊接箱形截面梁抗震性能的影响,对中国、美国、日本和欧洲的钢结构设计标准中的相关规定进行了比较,结果表明各国规范对于梁板件宽厚比限值的规定总体上具有较好的一致性。采用钢材循环加载本构,建立了多尺度非线性有限元计算模型。提出了刚性竖杆 箱形梁加载方式,模拟水平地震、重力荷载与轴向压力对箱形截面框架梁的作用。有限元分析结果表明,在设计常用的板件宽厚比范围内,箱形截面梁的弹性屈曲荷载均显著高于其屈服荷载。在水平往复荷载作用下,随着板件宽厚比减小,箱形截面梁极限变形角与延性系数随之增大,抗弯刚度降低速率变缓,塑性耗能能力显著增强。当满足一级抗震宽厚比要求时,焊接箱形截面梁的梁端截面转角约为1/30。承受轴压作用时梁刚度退化很快,变形能力减弱。当轴压比不大于0.2、满足一级抗震宽厚比要求时,梁端截面转角约为1/50。跨高比对梁承载力影响不大,但变形能力可以大幅度提高。横向荷载对梁抗震性能的影响显著,随着静载比（重力荷载代表值与屈服弯矩之比）增大,骨架曲线逐渐发生平移,抗弯刚度降低,耗能性能减弱。当地震弯矩与静力弯矩方向相同时,箱形截面梁承载力显著降低,静载比0.8时极限变形角可减小约50%;当地震弯矩与静力弯矩方向相反时,梁虽然承载力稍有提高,但极限变形角略有减小。     

A novel approach to evaluate the equivalent dynamic stiffness of guy clusters in telecommunication masts under ground excitation

Telecommunication structures are essential components of communication and post-disaster networks and critically important facilities require reliable earthquake-resistant design procedures in seismically active regions. Calculation of the nonlinear seismic response of tall guyed masts using detailed time-step finite element methods is far more complex than linear response spectrum analysis that is routinely used in structural engineering practice. It is recognized that detailed computational procedures are not always necessary, in particular when the goal of the analysis is to provide a global earthquake-resistant design check on a regular structure with predictable response: this is when rational simplified methods are called upon to calculate the seismic demand. However, up until now, no such method exists for tall guyed masts that can account for the dynamic cable-mast interactions which dominate seismic effects in these structures. In the study reported here, the writers explore the dynamic behavior of guy cables under harmonic and seismic support ground motion through detailed computational modeling and propose a novel frequency-dependent method to evaluate the equivalent dynamic stiffness of guy clusters. This development will contribute efficiently towards a new robust rational model of general applicability for simplified seismic analysis of tall guyed telecommunication masts.Detailed numerical simulations involving 57 guy cables from eight existing towers with varying heights of 150-607 m were used in the study. A mathematical procedure was developed to replace the nonlinear time-variant cable stiffness with an equivalent linear frequency-dependent spring/mass system, based on the response spectrum of individual guy cables and the frequency content of the seismic excitation. Comparison of the main response indicators of these equivalent models and the detailed nonlinear finite element analysis results confirmed the reasonable and consistent engineering accuracy of the proposed simplified method with considerable savings in analysis effort.     

Cyclic Experimental Behavior of CFST Column to Steel Beam Frames with Blind Bolted Connections

This paper aims to investigate the seismic behavior of blind bolted end plate composite frames between square or circular concrete filled steel tubular (CFST) columns and steel beams. Two composite frames were tested under a constant axial load on the CFST columns and a lateral cyclic load on the frame. Each specimen composed of CFST columns and steel beams was selected to represent a plan frame in an assembly building. Failure pattern of the type of frames was analyzed to comprehend the structural response. The seismic resistance ability of the blind bolted CFST frames was also estimated in terms of hysteretic curves, ductility and energy dissipation etc. The effect of column section type and end plate type on the type of semi-rigid CFST frames was studied. The test results showed that at the same steel ratio of the column section, the bearing capacity and energy dissipation of square CFST frame were higher than those of circular CFST frame at ultimate state. Strain response of main members in each CFST frame was also estimated. The internal force analysis of the test CFST frames with semi-rigid connections was discussed and evaluated the effect of the bending moment distribution. It was concluded that the novel typed CFST frames exhibited excellent seismic performance and structural internal force redistribution. The experimental studies will be useful for design and application of the blind bolted CFST frames in fabricated steel structure building.     

单向预应力混凝土空间框架弹塑性时程分析

参照中国现行结构设计规范,按不同抗震等级设计4个处于结构临界高度(24m)和临界跨度(18m)的7度二、三级和8度一、二级单向预应力空间框架(一级框架中柱"强柱弱梁"级差调整按建议公式弱化设计),然后基于OpenSEES有限元分析平台,进行双向地震动下的弹塑性时程分析,研究其在罕遇地震下的抗震性能和能力。结果表明:各框架沿两个方向屈服程度均不高、具有较好的整体抗震能力。其中,取较低抗震等级的7度三级和8度二级框架,其整体地震反应较取较高抗震等级的7度二级和8度一级框架略大,但差异并不明显。RC框架方向形成理想的"梁铰机制",PC框架方向形成"柱铰机制",PC框架抗侧刚度更大、抗震能力更强。抗震等级为一级的PC框架经弱化中柱设计后,可以有效引导框架在中柱出铰,但仍不能避免边柱少量出铰,可考虑适当加强边柱予以控制。     

Buckling lengths of irregular frame columns

In several design codes and specifications, simplified formulae and diagrams are given for determining the buckling lengths of frame columns. It is shown that these formulae may yield rather erroneous results, especially for irregular frames. This is due to the fact that the code formulae utilise only local stiffness distributions. In this paper, a simplified procedure for determining approximate values for the buckling loads of both regular and irregular frames is developed. The procedure utilises lateral load analysis of frames and yields errors on the order of 5%, which may be considered suitable for design purposes. The proposed procedure is applied to several numerical examples and it is shown that all the errors are in the acceptable range and on the safe side.     

Performance-based seismic design of steel frames using ant colony optimization

In this paper, a performance-based optimal seismic design of frame structures is presented using the ant colony optimization (ACO) method. This discrete metaheuristic algorithm leads to a significant improvement in consistency and computational efficiency compared to other evolutionary methods. A nonlinear analysis is utilized to arrive at the structural response at various seismic performance levels, employing a simple computer-based method for push-over analysis which accounts for first-order elastic and second-order geometric stiffness properties. Two examples are presented to illustrate the capabilities of ACO in designing lightweight frames, satisfying multiple performance levels of seismic design constraints for steel moment frame buildings, and a comparison is made with a standard genetic algorithm (GA) implementation to show the superiority of ACO for the discussed optimization problem.     

不同刚度比下防屈曲支撑钢筋混凝土框架抗震性能试验研究

为研究不同刚度比防屈曲支撑(buckling-restrained brace,BRB)钢筋混凝土框架的抗震性能,设计并制作了3榀BRB水平刚度与主体框架抗侧刚度比值分别为3、5、7的减震框架,通过低周往复荷载试验,对比研究其耗能减震能力、破坏形态、BRB连接节点及节点板性能、BRB转动变形性能、BRB端部附加弯矩产生机制等,探讨与BRB连接的梁、柱构件设计方法。研究结果表明：3榀框架滞回曲线饱满,耗能能力稳定,随着刚度比的增加,屈服荷载及极限荷载提高,BRB连接节点破坏越严重;BRB连接节点板的存在使框架柱塑性铰位置由柱端移至节点板趾部附近区域;水平荷载作用下,各框架中BRB端部由于转动变形产生附加弯矩,转动变形与层间位移角近似呈线性变化关系;加强消能子结构的延性构造措施是实现大变形下BRB充分耗能的有效途径。     

Probabilistic model for failure initiation of reinforced concrete interior beam-column connections subjected to seismic loading

The results of previous experimental tests indicate that reinforced concrete interior beam column joints may exhibit significant strength and stiffness loss under earthquake loading, and the results of post-earthquake reconnaissance indicate that joint failure may result in structural collapse. Thus seismic evaluation and design of reinforced concrete frames requires accurate prediction of the potential for joint failure. This paper presents a binomial logit model, developed using data from 110 experimental tests, which define the probability that a reinforced concrete interior beam-column building connection, with a specific set of design parameters, will exhibit either a non-ductile joint shear failure prior to beam yielding or a ductile failure that initiates with beam yielding. The calibrated model identifies the relative importance of various design parameters in determining the connection’s response mechanism. The model can be used by an engineer designing a new connection, constructed of normal or high-strength materials, to estimate the likelihood of joint failure initiation. The model can also be used by an engineer evaluating an existing structure to estimate the likelihood of joint failure, determine the factors that most significantly affect this likelihood, and, thereby, develop a suitable and efficient retrofit strategy.     

Seismic performance of Y‐type eccentrically braced frames combined with high‐strength steel based on performance‐based seismic design

In the Y‐type eccentrically braced frame structures, the links as fuses are generally located outside the beams; the links can be easily repairable or replaceable after earthquake without obvious damage in the slab and beam. The non‐dissipative member (beams, braces, and columns) in the Y‐type eccentrically braced frames are overestimated designed to ensure adequate plastic deformation of links with dissipating sufficient energy. However, the traditionally code design not only wastes steel but also limits the application of eccentrically braced frames. In this paper, Y‐type eccentrically braced steel frames with high‐strength steel is proposed; links and braces are fabricated with Q345 steel (the nominal yield stress is 345 MPa); the beams and columns are fabricated with high‐strength steel. The usage of high‐strength steel effectively decreases the cross sections of structural members as well as reduces the construction cost. The performance‐based seismic design of eccentrically braced frames was proposed to achieve the ideal failure mode and the same objective. Based on this method, four groups Y‐type eccentrically braced frames of 5‐story, 10‐story, 15‐story, and 20‐story models with ideal failure modes were designed, and each group includes Y‐type eccentrically braced frames with ordinary steel and Y‐type eccentrically braced frames with high‐strength steel. Nonlinear pushover and nonlinear dynamic analyses were performed on all prototypes, and the near‐fault and far‐fault ground motions are considered. The bearing capacity, lateral stiffness, story drift, link rotations, and failure modes were compared. The results indicated that Y‐type eccentrically braced frames with high‐strength steel have a similar bearing capacity to ordinary steel; however, the lateral stiffness of Y‐type eccentrically braced frames with high‐strength steel is smaller. Similar failure modes and story drift distribution of the prototype structures designed using the performance‐based seismic design method are performed under rare earthquake conditions.     

基于预设屈服模式的复杂结构抗震设计方法

当前我国规范抗震设计思路主要是基于规则结构，要求耗能构件在罕遇地震作用下均匀进入塑性，这对于存在明显薄弱部位的复杂结构并不适用。为此，提出了一种预设屈服模式的抗震性能化设计方法。给出了该方法的基本设计流程，通过整体结构动力弹塑性分析方法获得真实的结构构件刚度折减系数，可提高复杂建筑结构设防烈度地震、罕遇地震反应谱分析的准确度。对带薄弱层的复杂高层建筑结构进行算例分析表明，预设屈服模式方法可实现对复杂结构抗震设计由现有规范对不规则的控制转变为对破坏模式的控制，同时能够有效避免复杂结构在超烈度地震下因薄弱部位失效而提前丧失承载能力的隐患，使结构安全储备得到提升。     

Seismic behavior analysis for composite structures of steel frame‐reinforced concrete infill wall

The composite structure of steel frame–reinforced concrete infill wall (CSRC) combines the advantages of steel frames and reinforced concrete shear walls. Reinforced concrete infill walls increase the lateral stiffness of steel frames and reduce seismic demands on steel frames thus providing opportunities to use partially restrained connections. In order to study seismic behavior and load transfer mechanism of CSRC, a two‐story one‐bay specimen was tested under cyclic loads. With that, the main characters such as, strength, stiffness, ductility, energy dissipation, load distribution, performance of steel frames, partially restrained connections and studs, are analyzed and evaluated. The experimental results show that the structure has adequate strength redundancy and sufficient lateral stiffness. The CSRC system has good ductility and energy dissipation capability. Partially restrained connections could enhance ductility and avoid abrupt decreases in strength and stiffness after the failure of infill walls. The composite interaction is ensured by headed studs, which have failed because of low‐cycle fatigue. Steel frames bear 80%–100% of overturning moments, and the remainder is undertaken by infill walls; steel frames and infill walls resisted 10%–20% and 80%–90% of lateral loads, respectively. Furthermore, relevant design recommendations are presented. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An introduction to the structural design of rocking wall‐frames with a view to collapse prevention,self‐alignment and repairability

The purpose of this article is to present a new method of analysis for the structural design of pin‐supported rocking wall‐moment frames with supplementary devices and post‐tensioned stabilizers. The function of the wall is to prevent soft story failure, impose uniform drift and provide support for the supplementary equipment. The proposed methodology lends itself well to several seismic design strategies, ranging from severe damage avoidance, to collapse prevention, to structural self‐alignment and repairability. Repairability means avoiding major damage to columns and foundations. The success of the resulting solutions is due to the single degree of freedom behavior of the combined system and the fact that its overall performance is not significantly affected by minor changes in the stiffness of the wall. The sensitivity of the response to wall rigidity is addressed by comparing the maximum elastic slope of the wall with a fraction of the specified uniform drift. The limitations of rocking wall‐moment frames, as viable lateral resisting systems, have been addressed. Several worked examples have been presented to provide insight and technical information that may not be readily available from electronic output. The proposed solutions are exact within the bounds of the theoretical assumptions and are ideally suited for manual as well as spreadsheet computations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.