冷弯箱形组合截面长细比的计算

根据AISIS100-2007规范D1.2对由2种截面组成的受压构件(其屈曲模式与连接处剪力大小有关)的有关规定,其抗压承载力必然降低,应用修正长细比(KL/r)m替代原长细比KL/r。修正长细比考虑了连接焊缝间距及组件最小回转半径的影响。基于D1.2截面规定,必须确定焊接箱形组合构件承载力的降低程度。进行了48组试验,研究不同焊缝间距下(100～900mm),刚性及柔性端约束时,由2个C形截面组成的箱形截面受压构件的性能。试件长度为900mm,截面尺寸为100mm×100mm。其中24个试件厚度为1.5mm,其余试件厚度均为2.0mm。试验表明:除焊缝间距为900mm及柔性端约束条件下,极限抗压承载力总体上都没有降低,AISIS100-2007中考虑的极限承载力降低不适用于这些杆件。     

Ultimate load-carrying capacity of cold-formed thin-walled columns with built-up box and I section under axial compression

The use of cold-formed thin-walled steel structures has increased in recent years, and some built-up section members are motivated and also widely used for their excellent structural behaviors. In this paper, a series of axially-compressed tests on built-up box section members composed of two C-section by self-drilling screws at flanges are conducted. The differences of global, local and distortional buckling behaviors between members with built-up and single sections are investigated at first. Then the effects of installation error and fastener spacing on ultimate load-carrying capacity of built-up members are analyzed. A strength estimation method for built-up members under axial compression is proposed based on the experimental investigation in this paper, as well as some existing experiments, and corresponding numerical analysis studies. Finally, the predicted capacity obtained by using the proposed strength estimation method is compared with experimental results and the nominal axial strength determined according to the AISI provisions, by which the suitability and accuracy of the proposed strength estimation method have been established.     

不等截面三肢格构式钢管混凝土柱的换算长细比计算

根据弹性稳定理论,同时考虑弯矩和剪力对结构临界荷载的影响,推导了不等截面三肢格构式钢管混凝土柱的换算长细比,并进行了适当的简化,可供工程设计人员参考。     

Investigation on slenderness ratios of built-up compression members

This study provides a direct experimental verification of the AISC slenderness ratio formulas for built-up compressive members. The comparison on various code-specified slenderness ratios or provisions, which used in the AISC-ASD, AISC-LRFD, AS-4100, and CSA S16-01, are presented. The 0.75 rule, which states that the slenderness ratio of component element of built-up member should not exceed three-fourths times the governing slenderness ratio of built-up member, seems justified according to the tests. The governing slenderness ratio of built-up member could be either the modified or the unmodified one — as specified in the AISC Specifications. The test results indicate that the built-up members with component slenderness ratio of 0.75 to 1.0 times the governing slenderness ratio (modified or unmodified) could also furnish a quite encouraging design outcome. The use of separation ratio (α) in built-up compression members results in the decrease of design strength when compared to one with no use of separation ratio.     

Laser welded built-up cold-formed steel beams: Experimental investigations

The results of a research project aimed at designing and development a built-up cold-formed steel beam assembled by laser welding are described in this paper. The research activity was concerned with the evaluation of the applicability of laser welded connections to cold-formed members and with the assessment of the load bearing capacity of the assembled beams. With this aim, both lap-shear and U-tension tests were carried out on laser welds in order to assess the influence on connection strength of different parameters such as the gap between the steel sheets and the zinc coating. Finally, the load bearing capacity of laser welded built-up cold-formed members was investigated by four-point bending tests. Four full-scale prototypes were manufactured with different spacings of connections along the flanges in order to evaluate the effects of weld configuration on the load bearing capacity.     

Experimental investigation of built-up cold-formed steel section battened columns

This paper presents an experimental investigation on behaviour and design of built-up cold-formed steel section battened columns. The built-up columns were pin-ended and consisted of two cold-formed steel channels placed back-to-back at varied spacing of intersection. The two channels were connected using batten plates, with varying longitudinal spacing. The cold-formed steel channel sections were manufactured by brake-pressing flat strips having a plate thickness of 2 mm. The built-up cold-formed steel section battened columns had different slenderness and geometries but had the same nominal length of 2200 mm. The column strengths, load–axial shortening, load–lateral displacement and load–axial strain relationships were measured in the tests. In addition, the failure modes and deformed shapes at failure were observed in the tests and reported in this paper. Overall, the built-up column tests provided valuable experimental data regarding the column behaviour that compensated the lack of information on this form of construction as well as used to develop nonlinear 3-D finite element models. The column strengths measured experimentally were compared against design strengths calculated using the North American Specification, Australian/New Zealand Standard and European Code for cold-formed steel columns. Generally, it is shown that the specifications were unconservative for the built-up cold-formed steel section battened columns failing mainly by local buckling, while the specifications were conservative for the built-up columns failing mainly by elastic flexural buckling.     

Experimental investigation on laser welded connections for built-up cold-formed steel beams

A wide experimental investigation on laser welded connections based on both lap-shear and tension tests was performed at the University of Naples. The aim of the study was to assess the possibility of using laser welding in innovative built-up cold-formed steel beams. The experimental programme was designed in order to evaluate the effects of different parameters on the strength and ultimate displacement of the selected connections. In particular, the influence of sheet thickness, gap, loading direction, weld shapes and zinc coating were analyzed. The results of the experimental tests were compared with the predicted resistance values according to Eurocode 3, with the aim of validating for laser welding the mechanical models provided for spot welds.     

Prediction of the strength of bolted cold-formed channel sections in tension

This study is concentrated on the investigation of the shear lag effect on bolted cold-formed steel tension members. Channel sections with different dimensions tested by using bolted connections were discussed in this study. The comparisons were made between the test results and predictions computed based on several specifications. In order to study the stress distribution at the various locations of the cross-section of specimen, the finite-element software ANSYS was also utilized in this research. Based on the experimental results, it was found that the tension strengths of test specimens predicted by the AISC-Code [Load and resistance factor design specification for structural steel buildings, Chicago, IL, 1999], which takes into account the shear lag effect, provide good correlation with the test results for most specimens. The predictions according to AISI-Code [2001 Edition of the specification for the design of cold-formed steel structural members. Washington DC, 2001] and AS/NZS 4600 Code [Cold-formed steel structures, AS/NZS 4600:1996, Australia, 1996] seem to be overestimated as comparing to the test results. It is also noted that there is a quite discrepancy between the test results and the values predicted by both British Standard [British Standard: structural use of steelwork in building—part 5, Code of practice for design of cold-formed thin gauge sections, London, 1998] and Holcomb Recommendation [Tensile and bearing capacities of bolted connections, Second Summary Report, Civil Engineering Study 95-1. University of Missouri-Rolla, 1995]. The equation proposed by this study provides good agreement with test results.     

Flexural strength of cold-formed steel built-up box sections

Presented in this paper is a study involving finite element analysis to investigate the flexural strength of built-up box sections which have been extensively used in residential and commercial construction in North America. In the North American Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members [CSA, North American specification for the design of cold-formed steel structural members, S136, Canadian Standard Association, 2002], there is no guideline or design equation to calculate the flexural strength of this type of section. Both the Lightweight Steel Framing Design Manual [CSA, Supplement 2004 to the North American specification for the design of cold-formed steel structural members, S136, Canadian Standard Association, 2004] and Cold-Formed Steel Framing Design Guide [AISI, Cold-formed steel framing design guide", American Iron and Steel Institute, 1st ed., 2002, 2nd ed., 2007] have recommended that the flexural strength and moment of inertia of the built-up sections to be taken as the sum of the two components based on deflection compatibility of the components. However, this design approximation has yet to be justified by experimental or numerical study especially for the cases of eccentric and concentric loading. In this study, the proposed finite element model of the built-up box sections was validated with the experimental tests carried out by Beshara and Lawson [Beshara B, Lawson TJ. Built-up girder screw connection variation flexural tests, Internal Report, Dietrich Design Group, 2002]. The flexural strengths obtained from the finite element analysis were then compared with the nominal strength evaluated based on the current design method in order to assess its suitability. Parametric studies were carried out for more than 30 specimens to identify factors affecting the flexural strength of cold-formed steel built-up box sections. A recommendation is made for current design practice of evaluating the flexural strength of the box section when subjected to eccentric loading.     

钢管混凝土柱临界长细比的比较分析

根据目前有代表性的三种钢管混凝土结构设计规范，计算分析了三种规范中关于短柱破坏与长柱破坏之间临界．长细比的大小，并做了进一步的比较分析，给出了一些对工程有意义的结论。     

钢构件容许长细比刍议

对3种情况的钢构件容许长细比进行分析,指出把容许长细比和与荷载有关的计算长细比挂钩不合理。建议不对一般钢框架柱设定长细比限值。抗震设防的框架柱的容许长细比性质和非抗震设防者不同,不能贸然删除。但单阶柱上段的计算长细比不宜作为容许长细比的衡量对象。桁架受拉弦杆承担对受压腹杆的端部提供侧向支承的任务,其长细比应满足必要的要求,设计规范中的有关规定需要加以修改。     

Research on cold-formed steel columns

The paper summarises research on cold-formed steel columns performed by the author. Cold-formed steel members are either cold-rolled or brake-pressed into structural shapes. As a result, cold-formed steel open sections are usually singly-point- or non-symmetric. The most common types of singly-symmetric sections are channel and angle. The research focused on cold-formed steel open sections, such as plain and lipped channels, channels with simple and complex edge stiffeners as well as plain and lipped angles, and unequal angles. In addition, cold-formed steel built-up closed sections with intermediate stiffeners were investigated. Both experimental and numerical investigations into the strength and behaviour of cold-formed steel columns were conducted. The column strengths obtained from these investigations were compared with the design strengths obtained using various international standards for cold-formed steel structures. Furthermore, the behaviour and design of cold-formed steel lipped channel columns at elevated temperatures were also investigated. The paper also summarises the design recommendations for cold-formed steel columns.     

GFRP管混凝土柱不同长细比轴压力学性能研究

为研究GFRP管混凝土柱轴压的力学性能,对6根不同长细比试件进行了研究,通过试验,分析了不同长细比对GFRP管混凝土柱轴压性能、破坏形态及承载力的影响,得出了一些有利用价值的结论。     

Experimental study on compressive strengths of thick-walled cold-formed sections

This paper describes an experimental study on the compressive strengths of cold-formed thick-walled steel sections. A total of 18 stub columns with plate thickness ranging from 8 to 12 mm were tested to determine the section capacities of the cold-formed thick-walled steel columns. Material properties were obtained from flat and corner tensile coupon tests. Effects of cold forming on material properties were investigated. The stub column test strengths were compared with the design compressive strengths specified by the Australian/New Zealand and Chinese standards for cold-formed steel structures. It has been shown that the design strengths predicted by these two standards using material properties obtained from the flat coupon tests are quite conservative, while the design strengths based on the average design yield stress of the full section are less conservative.     

Minimum weight of cold-formed steel sections under compression

This paper presents a combined theoretical and experimental study on the minimum weight and the associated optimal geometric dimensions of an open-channel steel section with given length subjected to a prescribed axial compressive load. Sections both with and without lips are analyzed. The results obtained using a nonlinearly constrained optimization method are compared with those estimated from a simple-minded optimization procedure that assumes the simultaneous occurrence of all failure modes in a minimum weight structure. The types of failure mode considered include yielding, flexural buckling, torsional–flexural buckling, and local buckling. The failure criterion is based purely on compressive strength, with other possible design constraints (e.g. bending stiffness, minimum gauge and cost) ignored. The effects of end support conditions and restraint on torsional buckling are examined. The load capacity of a C-section calculated according to the 1998 British Standard Institution’s specifications on Structural Use of Steelwork in Building is used to check the validity of theoretical predictions. Finally, two new C-sections with lips were designed and manufactured based on the optimal results, and tested. Test results confirm the analytical predictions, with the optimal C-sections performing much better than the existing ones.     

An experimental study on the axial behaviour of cold-formed steel wall studs and panels

A full-scale experimental study on the structural performance of load-bearing wall panels made of cold-formed steel frames and boards is presented. Six different types of C-channel stud, a total of 20 panels with one middle stud and 10 panels with two middle studs were tested under vertical compression until failure. The measured stud failure load agrees well with analytical prediction. The load carrying capacity of a stud increases significantly when one- or two-side sheathing is used, although the latter is more effective. It is also dependent upon the type of board used. Whereas panels with either OSB (orient strand board) or CPB (cement particle board) sheathing have nearly identical load carrying capacity, panels with CSB (calcium silicate board) sheathing are considerably weaker. Screw spacing affects the load carrying capacity of a stud. When the screw spacing on the middle stud in panels with one-side sheathing is reduced from 600 to 300 mm, the stud load carrying capacity increases by 14.5, 20.6 and 94.2% for OSB, CPB and CSB sheathing, respectively.     

Global optimization of cold-formed steel channel sections

Cold-formed steel sections have an important advantage which is the great flexibility of cross-sectional profiles and sizes available to structural steel designers. However, this flexibility makes the selection of the most economical section difficult for a particular situation. This paper presents a global optimization method for designing the cross-section of channel beams subjected to uniformly distributed transverse loading. The optimization of the cross-section is performed using the trust-region method (TRM) based on the failure modes of yielding strength, deflection limitation, local buckling, distortional buckling and lateral–torsional buckling. Numerical examples include the comparisons of the optimized sections obtained based on the applications of BS 5950-5 standard and the recently developed ENV-1993-1-3.     

圆钢管混凝土短柱与中长柱界限长细比试验研究

以长细比(12、16、18、20、24)和径厚比(31.28、54.75)为试验参数,进行了20根钢管混凝土轴压短柱和中长柱的试验研究。分析了试件在轴心压力下的荷载-位移曲线、宏观变形特征以及破坏模式。试验结果表明:长细比对圆钢管混凝土轴压试件破坏形态影响显著;相同长细比情况下,约束效应系数越大,构件的承载力提高明显且延性越好;根据本试验的宏观现象分析短柱和中长柱的界限长细比区间为16~20。     

高强冷弯薄壁型钢抱合箱形截面受压构件承载力试验研究

由两个槽形截面构成的抱合箱形截面在超薄壁冷弯型钢结构中应用广泛,但关于其承载力的计算只是将单个构件的承载力简单地数学叠加,并没有相应公式来考虑单个槽形截面构件之间的相互加强。对40根高强冷弯薄壁型钢抱合箱形截面受压构件进行试验研究,考察其受力特性及破坏特征,包括轴压构件21个,绕弱轴偏心和绕强轴偏心构件共19个。试验研究结果表明:抱合箱形截面构件由于两个槽形截面试件的相互约束作用,实测承载力比按单根构件计算承载力叠加结果提高10%～20%左右。最后,在试验和理论分析的基础上,针对高强冷弯薄壁型钢抱合箱形截面受压构件极限承载力提出了一种建议计算方法,依照建议计算方法所得结果与试验结果吻合较好,且偏于安全,可供实际设计参考。     

Experimental investigation of cold-formed stainless steel tubular T-joints

This paper describes a test program on a wide range of cold-formed stainless steel welded tubular T-joints fabricated from square and rectangular hollow section brace and chord members. A total of 22 tests was performed. High strength stainless steel (duplex and high strength austenitic) and normal strength stainless steel (AISI 304) specimens were tested. The tests were performed by supporting the chord member of the specimen along its entire length with the pure concentrated force applied to the chord face by the brace member. The ratio of brace width to chord width (β) of the specimens varied from 0.5 to 1.0 so that failure modes of chord face failure and chord side wall failure were observed. The test results were compared with the design procedures in the Australian/New Zealand Standard for stainless steel structures, CIDECT and Eurocode design rules for carbon steel structures. It is shown that the design strengths predicted by the current design specifications are conservative for the test specimens calculated using the 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5% and 1.0% proof stresses as the yield stresses. The 0.2% proof stress is comparatively more reasonable to predict the design strengths of stainless steel welded tubular T-joints for both ultimate limit state and serviceability limit state. In this study, it is shown that the ultimate limit state controls rather than the serviceability limit state for most of the test specimens.