蓝宝石单晶炉隔热屏内胆损坏机理

通过研究金属钼(Mo)在真空环境下蒸发速率和饱和蒸气压与温度的关系,探讨了蓝宝石单晶炉Mo隔热屏内胆的损坏机理.结果表明,蓝宝石单晶炉的核心工作温度在2100℃以上,每炉的高温阶段时间超过120 h,隔热屏内胆在高真空环境下产生蒸发,由电子显微结构可以看到Mo片表面疏松、多孔,厚度逐渐变薄、剥落,失去隔热作用.利用金属...     

Effect of additional hydrogen alloying on the formation of the phase composition and structure of a Ti-8.3Al-2.1Mo-2.2Zr-0.2Si titanium alloy

The effect of additional hydrogen alloying on the formation of the phase composition and structure of a titanium alloy with a high aluminum content is studied. It is shown that an α₂ + β structure can be developed under certain temperature-concentration conditions. The phase composition-hydrogen concentration-hydrogenation annealing temperature diagram has been constructed. It shows a change in the phase composition of a Ti-8.3Al-2.1Mo-2.2Zr-0.2Si alloy as a function of the hydrogenation annealing temperature and the hydrogen content after cooling to a normal temperature at a rate higher than the first critical rate.     

CO_2-O_2混合喷吹炼钢烟尘形成机理的探索性研究

以CO2-O2混合喷吹炼钢烟尘为研究对象,利用Fe、Mn蒸汽压的不同,在铁水中添加Fe-Mn合金,以Mn作为示踪元素,通过研究熔池、烟尘中Mn含量和熔池与烟尘中Mn/Fe比,共同探索炼钢烟尘的形成机理。实验结果表明：CO2-O2混合喷吹使得炼钢烟尘中Mn的蒸发量增加且以废钢为原料的炼钢烟尘生成满足蒸发理论,以生铁为原料的炼钢烟尘生成是蒸发理论与气泡理论共同作用的结果。     

Application of MIVM for Pb-Sn System in Vacuum Distillation

The activity coefficients of components of the Pb-Sn binary alloy system were calculated based on the molecular interaction volume model (MIVM). A significant advantage of this model lies in its ability to predict the thermodynamic properties of liquid alloys using only two binary infinite activity coefficients. Based on the MIVM, the vapor-liquid phase equilibrium of the Pb-Sn alloy system in vacuum distillation has been predicted using the activity coefficients of Pb and Sn. The results showed that the content of tin in the vapor phase was 0.008?wt?pct, while in the liquid phase, it was 83?wt?pct at 1173?K (900?°C); it reached 0.022?wt?pct in the vapor phase, while in the liquid phase, it was 92?wt?pct at 1223?K (950?°C); and it was 0.052?wt?pct in the vapor phase, while in the liquid phase, it was 97.88?wt?pct at 1273?K (1000?°C). The content of tin in the vapor phase increased with the distillation temperature increasing. Experimental investigations into the separation of Pb and Sn from the Pb-Sn alloy by vacuum distillation were carried out for the proper interpretation of the results of the model. The influence of the distillation time (20 to 80?minutes) and the distillation temperatures of 1173?K, 1223?K, and 1273?K (900?°C, 950?°C, and 1000?°C) on the separating effect was also studied. The experimental results showed that the content of tin in the vapor phase was 0.085?wt?pct, while in liquid phase, it was 83?wt?pct under the operational conditions of distillation temperature of 1173?K (900?°C), evaporation time of 20?minutes, and chamber pressure of 20?Pa; it reached 0.18?wt?pct in the vapor phase, while in the liquid phase, it was 92?wt?pct at 1223?K (950?°C), 20?minutes, and 20?Pa; and it was 0.35?wt?pct in the vapor phase, while in the liquid phase, it was 97.88?wt?pct at 1273?K (1000?°C), 20?minutes, and 20?Pa. In all these experiments, it was observed that the content of tin in the vapor phase increased as the distillation time and temperatures were increased. The experimental results are in good agreement with the predicted values of the MIVM for the Pb-Sn binary system.     

A Study of Microstructure and Performance of Quenching Fe‐V‐W‐Mo Alloy

The critical points and time temperature transformation (TTT) curves of Fe‐5%V‐5%W‐5%Mo‐5%Cr‐3%Nb‐2%Co (Fe‐V‐W‐Mo) were measured, and the effects of quenching temperature and cooling modes on the microstructure and performance of Fe‐V‐W‐Mo alloy were investigated. The results showed that the hardness of Fe‐V‐W‐Mo alloy increased until the quenching temperature reached 1025°C and dropped down as the quenching temperature exceeded 1050°C in oil cooling. The hardness obtained in air cooling and spray cooling exhibited a similar tendency as that in oil cooling, but the temperature at which the highest hardness was obtained in these slower cooling processes changed to a higher range. The hot hardness and toughness of Fe‐V‐W‐Mo alloy increased with rising quenching temperature until it reached 1150°C, and from then on the toughness began to drop. The main reasons why the structures and properties of Fe‐V‐W‐Mo alloy obviously change under different quenching conditions are particularly analysed at last.     

新型真空热还原法制镁工艺分析

通过对真空条件下A l-S i-Fe合金还原白云石煅白的热力学分析及实验研究,得到真空条件下还原反应的吉布斯自由能及反应临界温度,确定工艺可行性;所进行还原实验的结果表明:在还原温度1 443 K、还原时间2 h、真空度4 Pa、制团压力50 MPa条件下,可获得86.4%的镁收率,相比同等条件下硅热法镁还原率仅为73.9%。     

阻燃钛合金摩擦着火热源模型及仿真分析

钛火是现代航空发动机的典型灾难性事故,压气机转子与静子的异常摩擦是其主要热源。采用动网格方法结合等效模型建立转子与静子试件的三维热-力-磨损耦合有限元模型,对不同摩擦接触压力和环境温度等条件下550℃阻燃钛合金TF550摩擦着火过程的温度场进行数值建模与仿真分析。结果表明,在室温、200 N摩擦接触压力条件下,TF550钛合金静子试件在7.2 s达到着火温度,此时转子试件温度仍维持在1 000 K,比静子试件低约900 K;当摩擦接触压力从200 N增大至400 N时,摩擦着火延迟时间为3.3 s;当摩擦接触压力提升至700 N时,着火延迟时间缩短至2 s以内;在823 K的环境温度下,静子试件的摩擦着火延迟时间为5 s,比室温下的摩擦着火延迟时间缩短了2.2 s;相对于环境温度的影响,摩擦接触压力对TF550钛合金摩擦着火升温速率的影响更大。     

Magnetocaloric Effect of Ni56Mn18.8Ga24.5 Gd0.7 Alloy

Inrecent years materials with high magnetocaloriceffect (MCE) have attracted considerable attention ow-ingto its potential application as a magnetic refriger-ant .Many material systemsthat underwentthefirst-or-der magnetic transition have been found to exhibit agiant MCE. Their typical representatives areGd5(SixGe1 -x)4[1 ,2]and La (FexSi1 -x)13[3 ,4]alloys .Ni MnGa is aferromagnetic shaped memory alloy whichundergoes a reversible first-order structural phase tran-sition (SPT) with the …     

The Thermodynamic Properties of Fe‐Mn‐C Melt at Reduced Pressure

The solubility of carbon in the Fe‐Mn‐C system was measured under reduced pressure of 1 Pa at 1573 K and 1673 K, respectively. The carbon solubility in terms of mole fraction in the iron based solution was found varying with manganese mole fraction in the solution and with temperature, as x_C= 0.1819 + 0.2531 x_Mn at 1573 K and x_C = 0.1981 + 0.2515x_Mn at 1673K. Manganese has a stronger influence on the carbon solubility at lower pressure than it has at higher pressure. The pressure was found to have an insignificant effect on the carbon solubility when manganese in the melt was absent. The activity interaction parameters between manganese and carbon in the alloy were determined from carbon solubilities at 1573 and 1673 K. Analysis of the experimental results showed that under vacuum conditions, the activity interaction parameter of manganese with carbon is higher than that at atmospheric pressure.     

Weld metal composition change during conduction mode laser welding of aluminum alloy 5182

Selective vaporization of volatile elements during laser welding of automotive aluminum alloys affects weld metal composition and properties. An experimental and theoretical study was carried out to seek a quantitative understanding of the influences of various welding variables on vaporization and composition change during conduction mode laser welding of aluminum alloy 5182. A comprehensive model for the calculation of vaporization rate and weld metal composition change was developed based on the principles of transport phenomena, kinetics, and thermodynamics. The calculations showed that the vaporization was concentrated in a small high-temperature region under the laser beam where the local vapor pressure exceeded the ambient pressure. The convective vapor flux driven by the pressure gradient was much higher than the diffusive vapor flux driven by the concentration gradient. The computed weld pool geometry, vaporization rates, and composition changes for different welding conditions agreed well with the corresponding experimental data. The good agreement demonstrates that the comprehensive model can serve as a basis for the quantitative understanding of the influences of various welding variables on the heat transfer, fluid flow, and vaporization occurring during conduction mode laser welding of automotive aluminum alloys.     

宽温型AB5储氢合金结构及其电化学性能研究

用高频感应熔炼法制备了Mm(NiCoAlMn)5储氢合金,采用模拟电池法测试了合金在238～323 K温度范围内的活化、放电容量和高倍率放电性能.结果表明:制备合金为典型AB5型储氢合金,303K温度条件下吸氢量达到1.38％(质量分数),氢化物生成焓为32.36 kJ ·mol-1H2.合金电极的活化性能、放电容量和高倍率性能受温度影响显著.室温预活化可有效改善电极的低温性能,经室温预活化后合金电极在238 K最大放电容量达到336 mAh·g -1,明显高于未经室温预活化的最大放电容量25 mAh·g-1.Mm(NiCoMn)5贮氢合金电极的高倍率性能随着温度的升高先升高后降低,273和303 K温度条件下合金保持高倍率性能良好,3C放电电流密度条件下容量保持率均高于80％;238 K温度条件下合金的大电流放电性能急剧降低,1C放电电流密度条件下容量保持率仅为10％; 273 K下合金电极的综合性能最佳,最大放电容量达到340 mAh·g-1,300 mA·g-1放电电流密度下的高倍率放电比率为86％.循环伏安法测试证实,在238～323 K范围内,电极的氧化峰峰值电流(Ip)与扫描速度的平方根(v1/2)之间均存在良好的线性关系,整个电极反应受氢原子扩散控制;随着温度的降低氢扩散系数急剧下降,从而导致该合金电极的低温高倍率放电性能变差.由Arrhenius公式计算出合金中的氢扩散活化能为10.56 kJ·mol -1.     

差示扫描量热法测试非晶合金居里温度

从坩埚选择、试样称取量、升温速率等方面摸索了差示扫描量热法(DSC)测试非晶材料 Fe78 Si9 B13居里温度的最佳试验条件,分析了不同升温速率对测试结果的影响,同时与该材料晶化温度、In(标准物质)的熔点随升温速率的变化情况进行了对比分析.研究结果表明：该材料的 DSC 曲线上居里转变过程对应的热信号表现为一个抖动.不同条件下测得的居里温度为399~402℃,与 Hall 效应法测试结果基本一致.最佳的试验条件是：Al坩埚、试样称取量6 mg 左右、20 K/min.在升温速率不小于10 K/min 时可以得到居里转变信号,与该材料晶化温度受热滞后影响而明显随升温速率增大而增大的情况不同,由于居里转变过程相变潜热较小,居里温度测试结果基本不受热滞后的影响.     

钢包精炼工艺对钒氮合金收得率的影响

研究了钢包精炼条件下各种工艺参数对VN合金N、V收得率的影响。结果表明:温度、钢水成分、覆盖剂渣量对VN合金收得率基本没有影响;氧势是关键因素,并得到了N的收得率与氧势的回归关系式。覆盖剂中添加Al2O3、CaF2虽然不影响V、N的最终收得率,但却大大延缓了VN合金进入钢水中的速度。正常条件下,V的收得率稳定保持在95%以上。但当氧势较高时(>100×10-6),钢水中的V会逐渐被氧化。     

Evaporation of reaction-zone components in the low-temperature plasma treatment of chromium-bearing melts

The evaporation of iron, Fe–Cr, Fe–Ni, and Fe–Cr–Ni melts at the plasma spot in treatment by low-temperature argon plasma is studied. Experiments with different masses of metal and with variation in arc power of the plasmatron are conducted so as to determine the conditions corresponding to stable surface temperature of the metal. The results show that, for experiments in which the plasma flux completely exposes the surface of the metal droplet, arc power no less than 2.0 kW is optimal; the mass of the metal should be 5?10 g. The evaporation process is studied as function of the melt composition, and the evaporation rates are determined. Of the alloys considered, Fe–Cr–Ni melt is characterized by the highest evaporation rate in the neutral atmosphere of a laboratory plasma furnace. The surface temperature of the melt is determined indirectly, on the basis of the evaporation rate. The surface temperature of the plasma-treated melt is found to vary in the range 1950–2100 K with variation in arc power from 1.6 to 2.4 kW.     

Ni-Ga-Fe-Co铁磁形状记忆合金的磁性转变和马氏体相变

Ferromagnetic shape memory alloys (FSMAs) such as NiMnGa, FePd and FePt are attractive as a new magnetic actuator material. They show a large magnetic-field-induced strain of 3% - 9% due to the variant rearrangement. Recently, the present authors have reported that in the Ni-Ga-Fe alloy the martensitic transformationfrom the B2 and/or the L21 structures into a seven-layer or five-layer modulated structure occurs upon cooling. In this alloy system, however, it is impossible to obtain a martensite phase at RT with a Curie temperature (To) higher than 100℃. In this work, the effects of substitution of Co for Ni on the martensitic and magnetic transformations, crystal structures and phase equilibria in Ni-Ca-Fe alloys were studied. Ni-Ga-Fe-Co alloys were prepared by induction melting under an argon atmosphere. Small pieces of specimens were taken from the ingot and homogenized at 1433 K for 24 h followed by quenching in water. The obtained specimens were aged at 773 K for 24 h and then quenched. The compositions of each phase were determined by energy dispersion X-ray spectroscopy (El)X). The martensitic transformation temperatures and Tc were measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) measurement. The crystal structure of martensite phase was observed by X-ray diffractmeter (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The Curie temperature Tc was increased with increasing Co content while the martensitic transformation temperature slightly decreased. In the Ni(54-x) Ga27 Fe19 Cox, Tc increases from 303 K to 408 K with increasing CO content from x=0 to x=6. The crystal structure of the martensite phase and the phase equiribria in the Ni-Fe-Ga-Co alloys will be also presented.     

Olympics in Atlanta: a fight against physics

Environmental stress can become so severe that athletes, in spite of proper training, heat acclimation, and hydration level, are unable to maintain thermal balance. Such incompensable conditions occur when air temperature exceeds 35 degrees C and relative humidity becomes higher than 60%. At these high environmental temperatures, the heat liberated during exercise can only be lost by evaporation of sweat, and therefore water vapor pressure sets limits on the possible rate of evaporation. Calculations are presented for the required and the maximal possible sweat evaporation rate for high-intensity, long-duration events, using marathon racing as an example. The consequence of the environmental heat stress is that the athlete must reduce the speed of running considerably to prevent potential heat injury. In certain extreme environmental conditions, sporting events should be canceled or postponed.     

The role of deformation twinning on mechanical properties of an austenitic Fe30Mn1.2Al0.3C alloy

An austenitic Fe30Mn1.2Al0.3C alloy has been investigated under tensile and total-strain controlled fatigue tests between room temperature and 77K. The alloy exhibits an elongation peak between room temperature and 77K. It was found that tensile elongation is not controlled by the total amount of deformation twinning, but rather the rate and temperature sensitivity of deformation twin formation. Total-strain-controlled fatigue tests show that the fatigue resistance of the Fe30Mn1.2Al0.3C alloy at 77K is superior to that at room temperature in the 10²–10⁴ cycles fatigue life range, although the monotonic tensile elongation at 77K is lower than that at room temperature. The enhancement of fatigue resistance at 77K is due both to an increased fatigue ductility coefficient, because of strain-induced deformation twins, and to increased strength. Increased formation of deformation twins during the fatigue test is responsible for the increased fatigue resistance at 77K.     

Ni-Mn-Ga磁控形状记忆合金中的马氏体相变

文章采用电弧熔炼法熔炼Ni48Mn31Ga21和Ni2MnGa两种合金,并对这两种合金进行了热处理,借助交流磁化率测定、金相显微镜观察、X射线以及磁化曲线等手段研究了Ni-Mn-Ga磁控形状记忆合金中的马氏体相变。结果表明：（1）Ni48Mn3lGa21合金在室温下发生了马氏体转变,而Ni2MnGa合金在室温下则未发生马氏体转变;（2）室温下Ni2MnGa合金的饱和磁化强度比Ni48Mn3lGa21合金高;对于Ni48Mn31Ga2l合金,其马氏体态的饱和磁化强度要高于奥氏体态。     

粉末冶金HPb80-1.5烧结过程中脱锌量的研究

探讨了粉末冶金（P／M）HPb80-15烧结过程中脱锌量与压制压力、烧结温度的关系，及其对材料物理、力学性能的影响。结果表明脱锌量不仅与压力、烧结温度有关，还与环境中锌的蒸汽压有关；脱锌量的增加使材料的性能明显下降。采用含锌废料作填料可有效抑制锌的挥发。微量液相铅和锌的蒸发与凝聚是促进P／MHPb80－1．5烧结致密化的主要机制。     

真空蒸发法从硫化锑渣中回收锑

针对锑工业生产过程中产生大量硫化锑渣的物料特性,通过理论分析研究,采用真空蒸发的方法处理硫化锑渣,并考察了物料粒径、体系压强、蒸发时间和蒸发温度对硫化锑渣蒸发率的影响。结果表明,在物料粒径0.106～0.075mm、体系压强50Pa、蒸发时间30min、蒸发温度923K的条件下,蒸余物中锑含量降至0.2%,硫化锑渣的蒸发率为27.9%,锑分离效率为98.6%。