基料对防火卷材性能的影响研究

以低密度聚乙烯（PE-LD）、三元乙丙橡胶（EPDM）、氯化聚乙烯（CPE）3种材料作为基料制备了用于钢结构保护的防火卷材,研究了其对防火卷材性能的影响。结果表明,以CPE为基料的防火卷材耐火时间最长、拉伸强度和断裂伸长率较大,表现出较好的耐火性能和拉伸性能;以EPDM为基料的防火卷材的弯曲强度和弯曲模量最小,表现出较好的柔软性;CPE与EPDM以质量比6：4复配为基料的防火卷材的膨胀倍率达到22倍,具有较好的耐火性能,且此防火卷材的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率分别为2.31 MPa、855.47 %,弯曲强度和弯曲模量分别为5.47、6.11 MPa,具有良好的力学性能;CPE与EPDM复配更适合做防火卷材的基料,有利于防火材料的膨胀阻燃。     

CPE改性CR的性能研究

通过简单机械共混制得氯丁橡胶/氯化聚乙烯(CR/CPE)的复合物。探究CPE的含量0份~20份时与复合体的力学特性、燃烧特性的关系。结果表明,复合体硬度为78HA~82HA,CPE含量为0份~10份时拉伸强度变化率低于-8.4%,CPE含量为0份~15份时撕裂强度变化率低于-9.9%;CPE含量增加,烟密度等级降低,氧指数升高,CPE含量20份烟密度等级71%,氧指数32.4%;通过热重和动态热机械分析对CR的改性进行研究。因此,实际生产中可用CPE部分替代CR使用。由以上结论,提出CR/CPE通过化学合成方法制备的设想。     

无卤氮磷系阻燃剂对阻燃三元乙丙橡胶胶料性能的影响

以三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)为主体材料,分别采用5种无卤氮磷系阻燃剂FR-680,206,AT-903C,FR35RP和FR21RP(用量为110份)制备阻燃EPDM胶料,考察5种无卤氮磷系阻燃剂对EPDM胶料性能的影响。结果表明：5种无卤氮磷系阻燃剂均能明显提高EPDM硫化胶的阻燃性能,EPDM硫化胶的极限氧指数均在30%以上;填充阻燃剂FR-680和FR35RP的EPDM硫化胶具有优异的物理性能,但其阻燃性能相对较差;填充阻燃剂FR21RP的EPDM硫化胶的拉伸强度为7.0 MPa,极限氧指数为39%,总热释放量最大值为83.43 MJ·m^-2,总烟释放量最小值为462.42 m²·m^-2,其综合性能最佳。     

阻燃剂与芳纶浆粕对三元乙丙橡胶性能影响的研究

以十溴二苯乙烷(DBDPE)、三氧化二锑和硼酸锌等作阻燃剂,以超细芳纶浆粕短纤维作耐烧蚀材料,通过共混方式制备了EPDM阻燃材料和耐烧蚀材料。研究了EPDM阻燃复合材料的阻燃性能、物理机械性能和燃烧炭化层微观结构形态。结果表明,三氧化二锑/硼酸锌/DBDPE用量分别为8份/20份/20份时,阻燃复合材料极限氧指数可达26.9%,垂直燃烧级别达到UL94—V0级;加入60份DBDPE时,极限氧指数达到36.3%;DBDPE/三氧化二锑/硼酸锌用量分别在60份/15份/20份以下时,对EPDM硫化胶拉伸性能无不利影响;三氧化二锑能明显提高DBDPE的阻燃性能;加入硼酸锌后氧指数略有提高,且明显改善抑烟效果和成炭效果;加入芳纶浆粕短纤维,对阻燃性能影响不大,但能明显改善炭化层致密性。     

三聚氰胺氰尿酸盐阻燃聚氨酯硬泡

将三聚氰胺氰尿酸盐(MCA)作为阻燃剂,采用一步全水发泡法,制备一系列硬质聚氨酯泡沫/三聚氰胺氰尿酸盐复合材料(RPUF/MCA),采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、热重分析(TG)、极限氧指数(LOI)、UL-94垂直燃烧、烟密度测试、傅立叶红外光谱(FT-IR)及拉曼光谱表征,研究了MCA对硬质聚氨酯泡沫(RPUF)泡孔结构、热稳定性、阻燃性及燃烧烟气密度的影响。研究表明,MCA能够显著提高RPUF/MCA的阻燃性能,30份的MCA使RPUF/MCA30达到UL-94 V-1级别,极限氧指数达到22.0%。热重测试结果表明,MCA的添加使成炭率降低;同时发现,MCA的添加降低了RPUF/MCA泡沫复合材料的初始热分解温度和复合材料的燃烧烟气密度,有效地提高了复合材料火灾安全性能。     

氢氧化铝/有机改性蒙脱土复合改性沥青性能研究

采用氢氧化铝(ATH)和两种有机改性蒙脱土(OMMT-C、OMMT-F)对沥青进行阻燃抑烟改性,旨在提高隧道沥青路面的阻燃抑烟性能。通过测试三大指标来评价ATH/OMMT复合改性沥青的常规性能,测试极限氧指数(LOI)与烟密度(SDR)来评价其阻燃抑烟性能,利用动态剪切流变(DSR)试验研究其流变性能。基于综合指数法优选出ATH/OMMT复合改性沥青的最佳复掺配比,通过热重(TG)试验分析了ATH/OMMT复合改性沥青的热解燃烧特性并建立了阻燃性能预测模型。研究结果表明,ATH/OMMT复合阻燃剂提高了沥青的稠度与软化点,降低了沥青的低温性能。当ATH掺量为10%(质量分数),OMMT-C掺量为3%(质量分数)时,复合改性沥青的综合性能最优,其极限氧指数大于23%,符合路用阻燃沥青的标准,同时烟密度相对基质沥青降低了33.9%,初始分解温度较基质沥青提高了3~6 ℃,分解残余量提高率最高可达61.3%。ATH/OMMT-C复合阻燃剂通过阻隔热交换通道提高了沥青的阻燃抑烟性能,通过增加沥青的弹性成分提高了沥青的复数模量与车辙因子,以及高温抗变形能力。     

EPDM/POSS纳米杂化材料防火性能及力学性能的研究

以三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)为原料,笼形八乙烯基硅倍半氧烷(OVP)及膨胀阻燃体系(IFR)为添加剂,制备了EPDM/POSS纳米杂化材料,并使用热重分析仪、锥形量热仪及烟密度箱等测试了其热性能、烟火性能及力学性能。结果表明,与纯EPDM胶料相比,添加了OVP的EPDM/POSS杂化材料的热稳定性、阻燃性能及力学性能均有所提升,当OVP加入3份时,起始热分解温度提高27.5℃,峰值热释放速率降低9.2%,拉伸强度提高26.5%,烟密度显著降低,说明OVP可提升EPDM/POSS杂化材料的综合性能。     

无卤阻燃剂氢氧化镁在EPDM中的应用研究

该文主要介绍了在EPDM中添加无卤阻燃剂氢氧化镁对EPDM性能的影响。研究发现,氢氧化镁的加入可以提高硫化胶的氧指数,并降低其烟密度、毒性指数,使EPDM硫化胶在遇火燃烧时具有较好的环保性。     

水滑石对聚氯乙烯性能的影响

采用水滑石(LDHs)和自制铜-有机蒙脱土对聚氯乙烯(PVC)板材进行耐火抑烟性能的改性,研究了LDHs的含量对PVC复合体系阻燃性、热稳定性、流变性能及力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着LDHs含量的增加,对PVC复合体系的极限氧指数、耐热性和烟密度均存在一定程度的影响。其中,极限氧指数提高了3.9%,热变形温度提高了3.8℃,烟密度约下降了6%。热稳定性提高,残炭增加,能够有效降低HCl的产生。塑化扭矩和平衡扭矩的减小,有利于产品的加工。添加合适含量的LDHs能够有效改善体系的力学性能,使拉伸强度提升20%,缺口冲击强度提高200%,弯曲强度提高约4.5%,LDHs对体系力学性能的影响均呈先增大后减小的趋势。     

水滑石及其与硅胶复配阻燃EVA复合材料的性能研究

以乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物(EVA)为基体树脂,水滑石(LDHs)为复配阻燃剂,通过添加协效剂硅胶(SG)制得EVA/LDHs/SG复合材料。采用极限氧指数(LOI)、锥形量热仪测试(CCT)、烟密度测试(SDT)等手段对复合材料的燃烧性能和生烟性能进行了研究,并初步探讨了相应的阻燃及抑烟作用机理。LOI结果显示:ELS-4的LOI值最高达到了29.8%。CCT结果显示:复合材料相较于纯EVA热释放速率、质量损失、烟生成速率均有显著降低,体现出良好的阻燃性能。烟密度结果显示:在点火和未点火情况下,复合材料均体现出良好的抑烟性能。     

FB耐高温酚醛树脂的高阻燃性能

本文介绍了FB耐高温热固性酚醛树脂的高氧指数,低烟,低毒的检测数据,并与氨酚醛树脂进行了对比。用FB树脂制得的复合材料在耐高温性能上明显优于氨酚醛。     

少烟三元乙丙橡胶材料研制

以三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)为基体材料，三氧化二锑、十溴苯醚为阻燃剂制备了材料配方，试验了三氧化二锑(Sb22O3)、十溴苯醚(DBDPO))配比对材料烟雾和力学性能的影响，测试了材料的氧指数，可见光的透过率，自熄性等。结果表明，DBDPO与EPDM的相容性比较好，Sb2O3的相容性则相对比较差，两者都可以提高材料的阻燃性能。以4045EPDM橡胶为基体材料，当EPDM100g，白炭黑10g，二硫化四甲基秋兰姆(TMTD)2g，ZnO5g，促进剂M1g，硬脂酸2g，硫磺3g，Sb2O3和DBDPO质量比为20．0／40．0，可以获得具有较好力学性能的少烟EPDM橡胶材料。     

Flammability characteristics of fiber reinforced organic matrix composites

The effect of resin, fiber, and fire retardant additives on flammability characteristics of organic matrix composites was evaluated. Information is presented on the flame spread index, determined by the radiant panel test, the amount of smoke generated, and products of combustion, using the National Bureau of Standards Smoke Density Apparatus, and the amount of oxygen required to support combustion using the Oxygen Index method. These methods were effective in screening the flammability characteristics of organic matrix composites. Of the materials evaluated the polyimide composites were the most resistant to flame spread, exhibited the lowest evolution of smoke and toxic products and had the highest oxygen index. No differences in flame spread and oxygen index were observed for the polyester epoxy glass-cloth laminates. Addition of antimony trioxide and hydrated alumina to the polyester and epoxy resin systems significantly decreased the flame spread index and increased the oxygen index, but showed a marked increase in smoke evolution. Smoke properties depended on resin content whereas the type of reinforcement did not appear to affect flame spread index or smoke properties. The use of protective barriers in selected shipboard areas can reduce flame spread and lengthen the lime for generation of smoke.     

Lightweight,Elastomeric, and Flame‐Retardant Foams from Expanded Chlorinated Polymers

Intrinsically flame‐retardant polymers based on lightweight and elastomeric microcellular foams are successfully prepared from flexible chlorinated polyethylene (CPE)/chlorinated polyvinylchloride (CPVC) compounds through compression molding foaming technology. The incorporation of CPVC to CPE at once improves the foam characteristics, and enhances the mechanical and fire performances. Due to the plausible intermolecular and intramolecular crosslinking among the polymer chains, the dense network structure of CPE/CPVC with enhanced strength results in increased cell size, reduced cell density, and improved dimensional stability of CPE/CPVC foams (CCFs). These improvements are noticed to be enhanced with increasing CPVC content in the CCF. Also, the flame‐retardant properties of the foams (i.e., limiting oxygen index and cone calorimeter combustion) are found to be increased with the increase of CPVC content. For instance, a highly flame‐retardant CCF at CPE/CPVC ratio of 60/40 shows a shorter combustion period, as derived from the respective heat release rate vs time curve. Corresponding peaks of heat release rate, total heat release rate, peak of mass loss rate, total smoke release, and char residue are recorded to be 8.4%, 5.8%, 3.0%, 6.6%, and 1000.1% of those recorded for the pristine CPE foam.     

Synergistic effect of aluminum hydroxide and nanoclay on flame retardancy and mechanical properties of EPDM composites

The composites based on ethylene–propylene–diene monomer rubber (EPDM) with aluminum hydroxide (ATH), nanoclay, vulcanizing agent, and curing accelerator were prepared by conventional mill compounding method. The thermal stability and the flame retardant properties were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL‐94 test, cone calorimeter, and smoke density chamber tests. The results indicated that the substitution of the nanoclay in the EPDM/ATH composites increased the 50% weight loss temperature and the LOI value, and reduced the peak heat release rate (pk‐HRR), the extinction coefficient (Ext Coef), the maximal smoke density (Dm), and the whole smoke at the first 4 min (VOF4) of the test specimens. The synergistic flame retardancy of the nanoclay with ATH in EPDM matrix could imply that the formation of a reinforced char/nanoclay layer during combustion prevents the diffusion of the oxygen and the decomposed organic volatiles in the flame. The mechanical properties of the composites have been increased by replacing more of the nanoclays into the EPDM/ATH blends. The best loading of the nanoclay in EPDM/ATH composites is 3 wt %, which keeps LOI in the enough value, the V‐0 rating in the UL‐94 test, and the improved mechanical properties with better dispersion and exfoliation of the nanoclays shown by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 2042–2048, 2013     

PP/Al(OH)_3/Mg(OH)_2/ZB复合材料阻燃性能的研究

测试了PP/Al(OH)3/Mg(OH)2/ZB、PP/Al(OH)3/Mg(OH)2/ZB/CaCO3和PP/Al(OH)3/Mg(OH)2/ZB/CaCO3/POE复合材料的阻燃性能。结果表明:随着阻燃剂用量的增加,氧指数升高,而燃烧速率和烟密度下降,且阻燃剂的加入对延缓燃烧速率的作用效果十分显著;相同配方下试件越厚燃烧速度越慢,且随阻燃剂用量的增加,试件越厚燃烧速率下降的幅度越慢;纳米CaCO3及POE的加入可以增大氧指数,降低烟密度,有利于阻燃,但同时也会使水平燃烧速率略微增大。     

Mechanical and thermal properties of phenolic/glass fiber foam modified with phosphorus‐containing polyurethane prepolymer

Phenolic foam exhibits outstanding flame, smoke and toxicity properties, good insulation properties and low production costs. However, the brittleness and pulverization of phenolic foam have severely limited its application in many fields. In this study, a novel phosphorus‐containing polyurethane prepolymer (DOPU) modifier was firstly synthesized, and then the foaming formula and processing of toughening phenolic foam modified with DOPU and glass fiber were explored. The structure and reactive behavior of prepolymer and phenolic resin were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The effects of DOPU and glass fiber on the apparent density, compressive strength, bending strength and water absorption were investigated. The results suggested that the apparent density, compressive strength and bending strength of modified phenolic foam tended to increase irregularly with increasing content of DOPU. The addition of DOPU led to lower water absorption of glass fiber‐filled foam. Thermal stability and flame retardancy were examined using thermogravimetric analysis and limiting oxygen index (LOI) tests. It was found that foam with 3% DOPU and 0.5% glass fiber added exhibited good thermal stability and high char yields. The LOI value of modified phenolic foams decreased with increasing DOPU content, but it still remained at 41.0% even if the amount of modifier loaded was 10 wt%. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

磷改性酚醛树脂的制备与性能

通过DOPO(9,10–二氢–9–氧杂–10–磷杂菲–10–氧化物)和多聚甲醛反应制备了含磷单体ODOPM(9,10–二氢–9–氧杂–10–磷杂菲–10–羟甲基–10–氧化物),并用于制备磷改性酚醛树脂。通过差示扫描量热(DSC)仪测试体系DOPO的反应程度,通过红外光谱表征ODOPM的结构,通过热重分析测试改性酚醛树脂体系的热行为,通过极限氧指数和垂直燃烧法测试树脂体系的阻燃性能,通过扫描电子显微镜观察树脂燃烧后残炭的微观形貌,并采用万能试验机测试树脂样条的强度性能。实验结果表明:实验成果制备得到目标产品ODOPM,随着含磷单体ODOPM含量的提高,酚醛树脂的阻燃性能随着提高,酚醛树脂的残炭量也随着提高。酚醛树脂通过凝聚相阻燃机理起到阻燃作用。当磷改性酚醛树脂的ODOPM单体含量为15%时,树脂的LOI值可以达到32.4%,并通过V–0垂直燃烧测试,并且磷改性酚醛树脂保持较好的强度。     

钼酸铵对EVA/NBR复合材料燃烧性能及热稳定性的影响

采用共混法在乙稀醋酸乙烯共聚物/丁腈橡胶（EVA/NBR）复合材料中加入钼酸铵（AHM）,通过烟密度测试、燃烧行为测试及热重分析研究了钼酸铵对复合体系的燃烧性能、抑烟性及热稳定性的影响。结果表明,添加1.0份（质量份,下同）AHM的复合材料的最大烟密度值降低到59.5 %,且烟密度等级仅为34.7,极限氧指数可达到33.3 %,UL 94垂直燃烧等级达到V-0级别,且燃烧时最大热释放速率从302 kW/m2降低到241 kW/m2;加入AHM后,复合材料的热稳定性提高;加入AHM后,烟密度实验后的残炭表面形貌更加致密。