Laboratory deodorizer with a vaporization efficiency of unity

Summary Fatty acid/triglyceride systems deviate from ideality, consequently the use of activities is needed when determining the vaporization efficiency in deodorizers. In normal laboratory deodorizers the vaporization efficiency is low and is dependent on the steam flow rate, also on the absolute pressure. To obtain a vaporization efficiency of unity, independent of the steam flow rate and of the absolute pressure, heating of the head of the deodorizer is necessary in order to eliminate cooling and condensation effects. An isothermic deodorizer has been constructed, the steaming flask of which is immersed entirely in the heating bath. No separate vapor generator and superheater are needed; these are incorporated in the deodorizer and ensure a regular steam flow. At very high flow rates the vaporization efficiency decreases slightly.     

Deliberate biodegradation in a closed system cooling tower

A series of experiments was made on an experimental cooling tower with a 30 gpm circulation rate and with a feed of make-up water consisting of the mixed and settled effluents from an edible oil plant and a fatty acids distillation plant. Summer conditions were simulated by heating the circulating water to 105 F, thus permitting a 20 F temperature drop through the tower. Almost immediately some aerobic degradation of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) was observed. It was suggested that the biota be fed by the addition of nitrogen and phosphorus while the pH was maintained at neutral. This increased the rate of biodegradation about fourfold, the tower leveling off with 6% blow-down relative to the rate of feed with BODs and CODs substantially equal to, or lower than, their level in this feed. Thus, overall biodegradation of 94% was realized, attributed to: (a) aeration in the tower; (b) high water temperature of 85 F ; (c) feeding of nitrogen; (d) feeding of phosphorus, and (e) pH adjustment. Similar results were obtained in tests on a larger cooling tower used for handling the total effluent water from the barometric system of a single edible oil batch deodorizer. All of the water was recirculated for a period of three months with no blow-down whatever. In this test the COD and BOD leveled off at about 1730 and 360 ppm respectively. The obvious benefits of a biological cooling tower are water conservation and elimination of waste treatment and disposal.     

风洞真空排气系统直接接触传热过程

某风洞真空排气系统在运行过程中,会产生大量含水蒸气的混合气体。为了提高排气效率降低能耗,本文引入冷凝塔工艺,采用直接接触换热冷凝方式使来流含水蒸气的混合气体降温冷凝。基于微元塔高传质模型,对进入冷凝塔的热流气体与冷却水直接接触换热过程分析,推导出传质系数数学方程表达式。结合实验数据考察了进气压力与冷凝降温排出气体中水蒸气含量的影响,并拟合得到一定温度下进气压力与该气体水蒸气含量的数学表达式;也考察了冷却水质量通量和气液比变化对传质系数、体积传热系数、出气温度的影响,在此基础上拟合得到针对风洞气流直接接触换热气液比与体积传热系数数学关系式,并计算出最优气液比。实验得出的规律对风洞气流的直接接触换热优化设计和应用起到了指导作用。     

冷却塔管式均匀配水计算方法的探索与求证

配水是冷却塔技术的重要组成部分,均匀配水是冷却塔设计的关键环节之一,直接关系到冷却塔效率、能耗与投资。根据伯努利方程,结合冷却塔管式配水特征,提出了冷却塔均匀配水计算方法。采用本计算方法,能将冷却塔配水喷头出水量最大、最小相对误差控制在5%~8%,保证了冷却塔均匀配水。本计算方法经多个工程实践验证,具有理论与工程实用价值。     

A commercial process for the recovery of deodorizer distillates

Summary A continuous system for recovering the organic distillates from the deodorization process has been briefly described. The operation of this system essentially eliminates barometric condenser-water disposal problems since this water is relatively free of organic contaminants. At a nominal cost, which can be economically justified, all deodorizers could be put on a closed-circuit water system. The cooling towers in this system would remain clean and would require little maintenance. The organic materials, which were formerly lost as stream contaminants, would be recovered in a dry form which holds a premium over acidulated soapstock. This system would prove advantageous to the many processors of fatty products who are currently having waste-water disposal problems or who are operating on closed-circuit water systems, where periodic shutdown, cleaning, and maintenance of the cooling tower are required. The system is a major step toward solving the problems which have been so important in the past few years.     

Elimination of air and water pollution by double-stage scrubber

This new scrubbing system has been developed to eliminate entirely air pollution caused by water cooling towers during oil or fat deodorization. It also minimizes water effluent. In industrial application for more than one year, this system is based on the action of two scrubbers placed in series. The first scrubber is a conventional one, whereas the second uses concentrated cooled brine circulating in closed circuit as the condensing medium. A thorough purification of water vapors is thus achieved before the volatiles from the deodorizer enter into the high vacuum bosters. As a practical result of this special scrubbing process, the condensing water of the barometric condensers can be entirely recycled and this water is cooled by means of clean water in a surface heat exchanger requiring minimum maintenance for cleaning. Presented at the AOCS annual meeting, Toronto, May 1982.     

浅议对空分水冷系统的认识

分析空气预冷系统容易产生的某些认识误区,阐述水冷塔、空冷塔内部热量传递情况,提出操作过程中应注意的问题.     

喷雾冷却技术在烧碱三效逆流蒸发中的应用

对三效逆流蒸发工艺的水循环系统采用的填料冷却塔和喷雾冷却塔进行比较,认为喷雾冷却塔作为循环水系统的核心设备可以满足工艺要求,介绍了喷雾冷却技术在循环水系统中的运行及效益情况。     

400kt／a硫磺制酸装置中循环水冷却系统加硫酸除垢的实践

某公司400kt／a硫磺制酸装置循环水冷却系统的冷却塔填料结垢,使其换热通道堵塞严重,造成干吸塔的酸温、循环水的温度较高,采取了间断性向循环水池添加硫酸,控制循环水pH值,加大循环水排污量等措施,生产实践证明除垢效果、可操作性和经济性良好。     

转炉一次除尘新OG系统高效喷淋塔喷嘴布置方式对喷淋特性的影响

采用离散相模型对新OG系统高效喷淋塔入口段及主体段喷嘴的布置方式进行数值模拟,考察了喷嘴喷射方向和喷淋层数对雾化场气流分布和降温效果的影响。结果表明,喷嘴的喷射方向和塔内的喷淋层数对雾化场的气流分布和降温效果影响较大;喷淋塔入口段采用逆流喷射时,出口截面的速度分布最均匀且降温效果最好;高效喷淋塔的主体段的喷淋层数为5时,塔内烟气的速度流场较均匀,且中心区域的气流速度为2~4 m/s,有助于延长气体与液滴的作用时间;随喷淋层数增加,塔内温度梯度变化增大,水蒸气质量分数分布与温度分布对应,塔内的平均湍动能逐渐增高。     

浊水循环系统玻璃钢冷却塔的研制

本文研制了一种新型的玻璃钢冷却塔,适用于水质混浊且水温较高的循环系统.     

逆流式冷却塔性能分析及改造研究

根据实测数据及现场观察分析,找出了连铸冷却塔冷却能力不足的原因,在此基础上对淋水填料、布水系统、收水系统等进行了改造,并运用焓差法对冷却塔热力性能、通风阻力性能进行计算,确定了冷却塔核心部件淋水装置的改造参数.根据改造后的冷却塔性能检测的数据.证实冷却塔的热力性能得到了明显的提升.     

碳化塔冷却水流程的改造

介绍了碳化塔冷却系统出现问题的原因及改造措施。通过对冷却水流程的改造，有效降低了氨水滴度和碳化度，提高了碳酸氢铵的产量。     

新型煤化工项目循环冷却水系统类型选择

针对水资源成为新型煤化工发展限制性因素的特点,本着节水目的,从一次性投资、运行费用、新鲜水耗量以及技术可靠性等方面,对开式系统的传统湿式冷却塔和节水型湿式冷却塔、闭式系统的增湿型空冷器和溴化锂机组4种循环冷却水系统进行了分析比较.根据分析比较结果,建议对于水资源配套条件好的煤化工项目可选用开式系统-传统湿式冷却塔;对于水资源相对紧缺的煤化工项目,可根据需要选用开式系统-节水型湿式冷却塔;对于水资源是首要限制因素的煤化工项目,可考虑选用闭式系统-增湿型空冷器;闭式系统-溴化锂机组的技术可靠性有待进一步评估.     

冷却塔配水管喷头流量的三维数值计算方法

冷却塔配水计算和优化可提高冷却塔的性能,目前通用的一维水力学方法没有考虑配水系统各部件的三维湍流影响。为准确计算冷却塔配水管喷头流量,提出了一种三维数值计算方法,该方法对配水管进行三维建模并对配水管内三维水流场进行模拟计算。采用该方法对1根典型的具有30个喷头的配水管实例进行数值模拟,计算得到喷头的流量分布合理,说明该方法是可行的,原则上该方法也可用于配水主管和竖井系统的配水计算和优化。     

酒精厂循环冷却水降温系统的制冷改造设计

为保证酒精及其相关产品的产量、质量和收得率,通常采用以开放式冷却塔为降温设备的循环冷却水系统.但冷却塔的降温效果与气象条件密切相关,在高温高湿天气下只能通过补充大量新水来保证冷却水的温度,从而造成水资源的浪费.针对这方面的问题,某酒精厂的冷却水系统在原有冷却塔后增加大型离心式制冷机组,实现冷却水温度的有效降低和控制,收到了明显的改善工艺条件、节约用水和节约运行费用的效果.实践证明制冷降温技术在工业冷却水领域应用具有可行性、合理性和必要性.     

逆流式冷却塔改造技术分析与探讨

一循环7座逆流式冷却塔经过分期改造，单塔处理能力提高50％。对逆流式冷却塔的改造技术及效果进行了分析与评价，并就淋水填料、布水器的选型及风道系统的改进作进一步探讨。经过2a的运行实践表明，改造后一循环的整体冷却能力明显增加，完全能满足生产装置高效运行的要求。     

双曲线冷却塔在煤化工装置中的应用

600kt／a甲醇装置循环冷却水系统选用的双曲线冷却塔采用自然通风,无需动力通风设备,具有冷却效果稳定、能耗低、故障少、易维护、操作人员劳动强度轻、作业环境好等优点。双曲线冷却塔投运后,运行状况良好,节约了大量的电能和水资源,具有明显的经济效益和社会效益。     

两段氨法冶炼烟气脱硫热平衡分析

介绍了昆明西科工贸有限公司两段氨法冶炼烟气脱硫的原理、工艺流程和设备情况,分析了非等温吸收对氨法脱硫操作的影响及生产过程中氨法脱硫存在的问题.西科公司通过对烟气脱硫系统的两段氨吸收过程进行热平衡计算与分析,阐明了循环吸收液温度升高的主要原因,即进入吸收塔的烟气中含有较多的水蒸气以及烟气中的SO2浓度较高,并提出增大吸收...     

冷却水系统中军团病的防治

综述了军团病的历史和它的爆发与冷却水化学处理的关系。讨论了冷却塔的设计、安置和维护,冷却水处理,系统的记录与报告,员工的培训等因素所起的作用,推荐了冷却水系统军团病防治的应对措施。