A 3.2 Gb/s CDR Using Semi-Blind Oversampling to Achieve High Jitter Tolerance

A hybrid CDR is presented that embeds a 5 blind-oversampling CDR within a conventional phase-tracking CDR. This hybrid CDR has a jitter tolerance that is the product of the individual jitter tolerances. In this implementation, the jitter tolerance of a phase-tracking CDR alone is increased by a factor of 32 at frequencies below its loop filter's bandwidth, while maintaining the high-frequency jitter tolerance of a 5x blind-oversampling CDR. Measured data from a 0.11 mum CMOS test chip at 2.4 Gb/s confirm a 200 UI peak-to-peak jitter tolerance for a 200 kHz jitter. The test chip operates from 1.9 Gb/s to 3.5 Gb/s with a BER less than 10^-11, consuming 115 mW at 2.4 Gb/s.     

A 0.6-2.5-GBaud CMOS tracked 3 × oversampling transceiverwith dead-zone phase detection for robust clock/data recovery

For generation of the multiphase clocks for a serializer, a wide-range multiphase delay-locked loop (DLL) is used in the transmitter to avoid the detrimental characteristics of a phase-locked loop (PLL), such as jitter peaking and accumulated phase error. A tracked 3 × oversampling technique with dead-zone phase detection is incorporated in the receiver for robust clock/data recovery in the presence of excessive jitter and intersymbol interference (ISI). Due to the dead-zone phase detection, phase adjustment is performed only on the tail portions of the transition histogram in the received data eye, thereby exhibiting wide pumping-current range, large jitter tolerance, and small phase error. A voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), based on a folded starved inverter, shows about 50% less jitter than one with replica bias. The transceiver, implemented in 0.25-μm CMOS technology, operates at 2.5 GBaud over a 10-m 150-Ω STP cable and at 1.25 GBaud over a 25-m cable with a bit error rate (BER) of less than 10^-13     

A 12.5-Gb/s Parallel Phase Detection Clock and Data Recovery Circuit in 0.13-$muhbox m$CMOS

A clock and data recovery (CDR) architecture featuring a parallel phase detector is proposed for speeding up linear-type CDRs. A cause of speed limit in conventional CDRs is very short UP pulses in its phase detector circuit. The parallel phase detector expands UP pulsewidth by adding fixed-width using a half-rate clock. The parallel phase detector is used in the CDR with a couple of unbalanced charge-pump. The bandwidth of decision latches of the PD is extended by 1.7 times by using both shunt-peaking and capacitance coupling. The monolithic CDR implemented in 0.13-$muhbox m$CMOS shows 1.7 times wider phase linear response region of 0.56UI than that of a conventional CDR. It operates at 12.5-Gb/s with PRBS$2 ^31 -1$input data. Measurements show large jitter tolerance of over 0.5 UIpp for 4-8 MHz jitter frequency as well as jitter transfer characteristics independent on input-jitter amplitudes of 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 UIpp.     

PLL design technique by a loop-trajectory analysis taking decision-circuit phase margin into account for over-10-Gb/s clock and data recovery circuits

A design technique for an over-10-Gb/s clock and data recovery (CDR) IC provides good jitter tolerance and low jitter. To design the CDR using a PLL that includes a decision circuit with a certain phase margin affecting the pull-in performance, we derived a simple expression for the pull-in range of the PLL, which we call the "limited pull-in range," and used it for the pull-in performance evaluation. The method allows us to quickly and easily compare the pull-in performance of a conventional PLL with a full-rate clock and a PLL with a half-rate clock, and we verified that the half-rate PLL is advantageous because of its wider frequency range. For verification of the method, we fabricated a half-rate CDR with a 1:16 DEMUX IC using commercially available Si bipolar technology with f/sub T/=43 GHz. The half-rate clock technique with a linear phase detector, which is adopted to avoid using the binary phase detector often used for half-rate CDR ICs, achieves good jitter characteristics. The CDR IC operates reliably up to over 15 Gb/s and achieves jitter tolerance with wide margins that surpasses the ITU-T specifications. Furthermore, the measured jitter generation is less than 0.4 ps rms, which is much lower than the ITU-T specification. In addition, the CDR IC can extract a precise clock signal under harsh conditions, such as when the bit error rate of input data is around 2/spl times/10/sup -2/ due to a low-power optical input of -24 dBm.     

A 10-Gb/s data-pattern independent clock and data recovery circuit with a two-mode phase comparator

A clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit with a novel two-mode phase comparator is proposed. The 10-Gb/s CDR integrated circuit (IC) operates both for consecutive identical digits (CID) and data transition density variations. This advance is achieved through the use of our novel two-mode phase comparator, which enables us to determine an optimal phase-locked loop parameter for various data patterns. Experimental results show that the jitter generation of the CDR IC is less than 7 pspp for a 2/sup 7/-1 pseudorandom bit sequence with up to 1024 CIDs. The results also show that the jitter transfer and jitter tolerance are unaffected by data transition density factors of between 1/8 and 1/2.     

高速时钟与数据恢复电路技术研究

本文根据数据恢复时,本地时钟与输入数据之间的相位关系及其实现方式的不同,将高速时钟与数据恢复(CDR,Clock and Data Recovery)电路技术分为三类,也即前馈相位跟踪型,反馈相位跟踪型,以及盲过采样型。进而又分别对每一类型进行了细分并分别进行了深入的剖析和比较。最后又给出了不同应用环境下,CDR技术的选择策略,并指出了CDR技术的发展趋势。本文通过对高速CDR技术详尽而又深刻的分析比较,勾勒出了一个高速CDR技术的关系及发展演化图,使读者能够对现存的高速CDR技术及其发展趋势有一个前面而又清晰的认识。     

Modeling and Design of Multilevel Bang–Bang CDRs in the Presence of ISI and Noise

Multilevel clock-and-data recovery (CDR) systems are analyzed, modeled, and designed. A stochastic analysis provides probability density functions that are used to estimate the effect of intersymbol interference (ISI) and additive white noise on the characteristics of the phase detector (PD) in the CDR. A slope detector based novel multilevel bang-bang CDR architecture is proposed and modeled using the stochastic analysis and its performance compared with a typical multilevel Alexander PD-based CDR for equal-loop bandwidths. The rms jitter of the CDRs are predicted using a linear jitter model and a Markov chain and verified using behavioral simulations. Jitter tolerance simulations are also employed to compare the two CDRs. Both analytical calculations and behavioral simulations predict that at equal-loop bandwidths, the proposed architecture is superior to the Alexander type CDR at large ISI and low signal-to-noise ratios.     

A 750 MHz semi-digital clock and data recovery circuit with 10~(-12) BER

A semi-digital clock and data recovery（CDR） is presented.In order to lower CDR trace jitter and decrease loop latency,an average-based phase detection algorithm is adopted and realized with a novel circuit. Implemented in a 0.13μm standard 1P8M CMOS process,our CDR is integrated into a high speed serial and de-serial（SERDES） chip.Measurement results of the chip show that the CDR can trace the phase of the input data well and the RMS jitter of the recovery clock in the observation pin is 122 ps at 75 MHz clock frequency,while the bit error rate of the recovery data is less than 10×10^-12.     

一种环路带宽自适应调整的时钟数据恢复电路

针对SONTE OC-192、PCIE3.0、USB3.2等协议在串行时钟数据恢复时对抖动容限、环路稳定时间的要求,提出了一种环路带宽自适应调整、半速率相位插值的时钟数据恢复电路(CDR)。设计了自适应控制电路,能适时动态调整环路带宽,实现串行信号时钟恢复过程中环路的快速稳定,提高了时钟数据恢复电路抖动容限。增加了补偿型相位插值控制器,进一步降低了数据接收误码率。该CDR电路基于55 nm CMOS工艺设计,数据输入范围为8～11.5 Gbit/s。采用随机码PRBS31对CDR电路的仿真测试结果表明,稳定时间小于400 ns,输入抖动容限大于0.55UI@10 MHz,功耗小于23 mW。     

An all-digital semi-blind clock and data recovery system

This paper presents a digitally intensive semi-blind clock and data recovery (SBCDR) system. The paper covers the theory, analysis, and system level simulation of this SBCDR. The proposed CDR is tailored to target the optical network standard OC-192. The SBCDR can provide the required jitter tolerance (JTo), and still provide enough jitter filtering to achieve the jitter transfer (JTr) requirements. Also, the recovered clock achieves a low jitter generation (JG) of 0.01 UI_rms and 0.0064 UI_rms for both the wide-band and high-band jitter filters defined by the standard. The proposed SBCDR provides two advantages over typical SBCDRs and PLL-based CRDs that target OC-192. First, the digitally intensive nature provides a scalable and process tolerant design. Second, the architecture provides a CDR that can pass all three jitter performance metrics, without the aid of an external clean-up phase locked loop (PLL) or a high performance clock multiplication unit (CMU) typically required by OC-192 transceivers. By utilizing a circular representation for the phase calculation in the over-sampling clock and data recovery (OSCDR), extensive pipe-lining in the implementation and higher data rate tolerance can be achieved. The simulation results of the proposed SBCRD agree closely with theoretical results.     

一种适用于内嵌时钟串行链路的5Gbps小面积CDR

本文提出了一种支持多标准的具有系数可调的均衡器和宽跟踪能力的时钟数据恢复电路。基于对系统参数和一阶 bang-bang 时钟数据恢复电路的环路特性分析,推导出电路设计参数。考虑到抖动性能,追踪能力以及芯片面积,文中采用了一阶数字滤波器和6-bit DAC以及高线性度的相位插值器实现了高相位调整精度和小面积的时钟恢复电路,同时该结构实现了±2200ppm的频偏跟踪能力,使得该结构适用于不同源的高速串行传输系统,尤其是内嵌时钟结构。该设计已经在55nm CMOS工艺上流片验证,测试结果显示符合误码率的要求以及抖动容忍规范。该测试芯片整体面积是0.19mm2,其中时钟恢复电路只占0.0486mm2 而且该电路工作在5Gbps,供电电压为1.2V时,只消耗30mW。     

基于加权表决的POF信号时钟数据恢复方法

针对POF数据传输特点,提出了一种基于加权表决的全数字时钟数据恢复(CDR)方法.引入数据窗口,消除了传统数字CDR电路中存在的恢复时钟1/N UI峰峰抖动,运用加权表决恢复数据,增强了电路抗干扰能力.该方法基于FPGA通过单PLL实现了100Mb/s的POF数据传输.仿真和实验测试结果表明,该方法可快速同步相位变化,电路输入抖动容限可达0.28UI.     

A Low-Power, Fast Acquisition, Data Recovery Circuit With Digital Threshold Decision for SFI-5 Application

An all-digital clock and data recovery (CDR) with a digital threshold decision updating technique for SFI-5 application is presented in this paper. The CDR updates its decision upon the phase error reaching a threshold value by examining the phase errors in the data bits within an examining window at the baud rate. High jitter tolerance performance is obtained and the phase acquisition can be achieved within one baud period. The proposed CDR is embodied with 900 transistors and the core CDR consumes 5 mW with 1.2 V supply at 2.5 Gb/s. Measured results verify the digital threshold decision technique and its low-complexity implementation for SFI-5 application.      

Jitter analysis and modeling of a 10 Gbit/s SerDes CDR and jitter attenuation PLL

Jitter analysis and a linear model is proposed in this paper which predicts the characteristics of serial-deserial(SerDes) clock and data recovery circuit,and the characteristics include jitter transfer,jitter tolerance and jitter generation are particularly analyzed.The simulation results of the clock data recovery(CDR) model show that the jitter specifications exceed the mask of ITU-T optical transport network(OTN) G.8251 recommendations.The whole systems are validated by 9.95-11.5 Gbit/s CDR and the jitter attenuation phase locked loops(PLL) circuits using TSMC 65 nm CMOS technology.     

A Jitter-Tolerance-Enhanced CDR Using a GDCO-Based Phase Detector

A jitter-tolerance-enhanced 10 Gb/s clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit is presented. The proposed architecture cascades 2 half-rate CDRs with different loop bandwidth to relax the design bottleneck and the predicted jitter tolerance can be enhanced without sacrificing the jitter transfer. By using a gated digital-controlled oscillator (GDCO), the proposed GDCO-based phase detector may reduce the cost of this architecture and achieve a wide linear range. This CDR circuit has been fabricated in a 0.13 mum CMOS technology and consumes 60 mW from a 1.5 V supply. It occupies an active area of 0.36 mm². The measured rms jitter is 0.96 ps and the peak-to-peak jitter is 7.11 ps for a 10 Gb/s 2⁷-1 PRBS. The measured bit error rate for a 10 Gb/s 2⁷-1PRBS is less than 10^-12.     

A 10-gb/s CMOS clock and data recovery circuit with an analog phase interpolator

This paper presents a 10-Gb/s clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit for use in multichannel applications. The module aligns the phase of a plesiochronous system clock to the incoming data by use of phase interpolation. Thus, coupling between voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs) in adjacent channels can be avoided. The controller for the phase interpolator is realized with analog circuitry to overcome the speed and phase resolution limitations of digital implementations. Fabricated in a 0.11-/spl mu/m CMOS technology the module has a size of 0.25/spl times/1.4 mm/sup 2/. The power consumption is 220 mW from a supply voltage of 1.5 V. The CDR exceeds the SDH/SONET jitter tolerance specifications with a pseudo random bit sequence of length 2/sup 23/-1 and a bit-error rate threshold of 10/sup -12/. The re-timed and demultiplexed data has an rms jitter of 3.2 ps at a data rate of 2.7 Gb/s.     

A 2.5-3.125-Gb/s quad transceiver with second-order analog DLL-based CDRs

This paper describes a 2.5-3.125-Gb/s quad transceiver with second-order analog delay-locked loop (DLL)-based clock and data recovery (CDR) circuits. A phase-locked loop (PLL) is shared between receive (RX) and transmit (TX) chains. On each RX channel, an amplifier with user-programmable input equalization precedes the CDR. Retimed data then goes to an 1:8/1:10 deserializer. On the TX side, parallel data is serialized into a high-speed bitstream with an 8:1/10:1 multiplexer. The serial data is introduced off-chip through a high-speed CML buffer having single-tap pre-emphasis. Proposed DLL-based CDR can tolerate large frequency offsets with no jitter tolerance degradation due to its second-order PLL-like nature. Also, this study introduces an improved charge-pump and an improved phase-interpolator. Fabricated in a 0.15-/spl mu/m CMOS process, the 1.9-mm/sup 2/ transceiver front-end operates from a single 1.2-V supply and consumes 65-mW/channel of which 32 mW is due to the CDR. CDR jitter generation and high-frequency jitter tolerance are 5.9 ps-rms and 0.5 UI, respectively, for 3.125 Gb/s, 2/sup 23/-1 PRBS input data with 800-ppm frequency offset.     

A 10-Gb/s CMOS CDR and DEMUX IC With a Quarter-Rate Linear Phase Detector

This paper presents a 10-Gb/s clock and data recovery (CDR) and demultiplexer IC in a 0.13-mum CMOS process. The CDR uses a new quarter-rate linear phase detector, a new data recovery circuit, and a four-phase 2.5-GHz LC quadrature voltage-controlled oscillator for both wide phase error pulses and low power consumption. The chip consumes 100 mA from a 1.2-V core supply and 205 mA from a 2.5-V I/O supply including 18 preamplifiers and low voltage differential signal (LVDS) drivers. When 9.95328-Gb/s 2³¹-1 pseudorandom binary sequence is used, the measured bit-error rate is better than 10^-15 and the jitter tolerance is 0.5UIpp, which exceeds the SONET OC-192 standard. The jitter of the recovered clock is 2.1 psrms at a 155.52MHz monitoring clock pin. Multiple bit rates are supported from 9.4 Gb/s to 11.3 Gb/s     

A 40–44 Gb/s 3× Oversampling CMOS CDR/1:16 DEMUX

A CMOS CDR and 1:16 DEMUX fabricated in a low-cost 90 nm bulk CMOS process operates at 40-44 Gb/s and dissipates 910 mW. A quarter-rate hybrid phase-tracking/3times blind-oversampling architecture is used to improve jitter tolerance, reduce the need for high-power CML circuits, and enable frequency acquisition without a reference clock. Input data are sampled using a 24-phase distributed VCO, and a digital CDR recovers 16 bits and a 2.5 GHz clock from 48 demultiplexed samples spanning 16 UI. Conformance to the ITU-T G.8251 jitter tolerance mask (BER <10^-12 with a 2³¹-1 PRBS source) is demonstrated using both an on-chip and an external BERT.     

A Robust High Speed Serial PHY Architecture With Feed-Forward Correction Clock and Data Recovery

This paper describes a robust architecture for high speed serial links for embedded SoC applications, implemented to satisfy the 1.5 Gb/s and 3 Gb/s Serial-ATA PHY standards. To meet the primary design requirements of a sub-system that is very tolerant of device variability and is easy to port to smaller nanometre CMOS technologies, a minimum of precision analog functions are used. All digital functions are implemented in rail-to-rail CMOS with maximum use of synthesized library cells. A single fixed frequency low-jitter PLL serves the transmit and receive paths in both modes so that tracking and lock time issues are eliminated. A new oversampling CDR with a simple feed-forward error correction scheme is proposed which relaxes the requirements for the analog front-end as well as for the received signal quality. Measurements show that the error corrector can almost double the tolerance to incoming jitter and to DC offsets in the analog front-end. The design occupies less than 0.4 ${hbox {mm}} ^{2}$ in 90 nm CMOS and consumes 75 mW.