金刚石砂轮加工石材的综合影响因素分析

提出了金刚石砂轮加工石材时的综合影响因素分为5大类共40多种输入因素,这些因素均会影响磨削结果。重点分析了在石材加工中影响金刚石砂轮磨损的主要因素和加工参数对切削力的影响,得出加工参数和金刚石砂轮的制作方式是影响金刚石砂轮磨损的主要原因,并通过大量的磨削试验得到钎焊金刚石砂轮磨削花岗岩时的宏观磨损量和微观破损状态。而加工参数对切削力的影响为：磨削速度vs的增加使金刚石砂轮切削力降低;进给速度vf和磨削深度ap的增大都会导致切削力增大,磨削深度对切削力的影响要比进给速度明显。     

陶瓷轴向磨削加工实验分析及砂轮磨损研究

轴向磨削加工是以金刚石小砂轮的端部磨粒作为主切削刃来去除材料,用圆周部分内圆或外圆表面磨粒作为副切削刃对已加工圆柱面进行修磨的一种磨削加工技术。从轴向对工程陶瓷进行外圆或内孔加工时,一次切削的径向磨削深度(即背吃刀量)与进给速度分别可达5～10mm和200mm/min以上,实现了工程陶瓷外圆的高效低成本加工。利用该方法对陶瓷材料制成的发动机精密偶件出油阀套筒进行内孔加工,通过单因素试验,分析了不同参数组合下的砂轮磨损情况及各参数对砂轮磨损的影响,试验表明:砂轮磨损程度随磨削深度的增加而呈非线性增加;为使砂轮磨损最小化,主轴转速和工件转速应匹配,即二者的比值应控制在一定的范围内。     

金刚石铣刀切削石材磨损实验研究

在EMCO155型数控机床上切削石材,通过改变实验参数,研究各参数对金刚石铣刀磨损量影响规律。通过设计正交实验,刀具磨损量受实验参数影响次序依次为:切削深度、进给速度、主轴转速。利用电子显微镜对金刚石铣刀磨损表面进行观察,分析金刚石铣刀磨损机理。实验结果表明:金刚石刀具磨损量随着主轴转速和切削深度的增加而增大,石材的硬度对刀具磨损影响很大。金刚石刀具的磨损主要表现为金刚石颗粒的磨平、破碎与脱落及基体表面呈现出犁沟。铣刀磨损主要以金刚石颗粒磨平和脱落为主。     

磨削加工中的尺寸效应机理研究

从比切削能和比摩擦能的大小变化与磨削参数的关系出发,研究了磨削加工中的尺寸效应问题,结果认为：比切削能的尺寸效应是金属剪切流动应力的尺寸效应和磨粒顶端钝圆影响的综合作用结果;当磨削深度或工件进给速度减小时,平均未变形切屑厚度减小,金属材料的剪应变效应和剪应变率效应增强,而热软化效应减弱,从而金属材料的剪切流动应力增大;当未变形切屑厚度减小时,磨粒顶端钝圆的影响增大;比摩擦能的尺寸效应是由于工件和砂轮的实际接触面积与磨削深度之间存在非线性关系及工件和砂轮间的摩擦因数的速度效应造成的;当工件进给速度减小时,工件与砂轮磨损平面间的摩擦因数增大。     

超硬涂层磨削工艺实验研究

针对核主泵关键部件材料镍基碳化钨涂层,采用三种磨粒粒度金刚石砂轮进行平面磨削试验,研究工艺参数、磨粒粒度对涂层材料磨削力、表面粗糙度和表面残余应力的影响规律。实验结果表明:不同粒度砂轮磨削时,随着磨削深度和工件进给速度增加,法向磨削力和切向磨削力均逐渐增大,表面粗糙度值呈现先增大、后减小再增大的趋势,平行和垂直磨削方向的表面残余压应力逐渐增大,且垂直磨削方向应力值更大。综合考虑磨削力、表面粗糙度、磨削表面残余应力和磨削加工效率,600目砂轮具有较好的加工效果,其对应的优化磨削参数为:磨削深度为10μm,工件进给速度为8 m/min。     

磨削工艺参数对硬质合金刀具磨制损伤的影响

硬质合金刀具被广泛应用于航空航天、汽车、冶金等高端制造领域。硬质合金刀具的生产通常采用金刚石砂轮磨削加工,因此,砂轮的磨削工艺参数对刀具的成品质量有重要影响。本试验通过改变砂轮的线速度及进给速度加工硬质合金麻花钻,加工完成后,采用超景深显微镜、白光干涉仪和扫描电镜对钻头的磨削表面以及亚表面进行检测,分析砂轮进给速度及线速度对加工损伤的影响。结果表明：砂轮进给速度和线速度越大,锯齿量越大;当线速度与进给速度较小时,钻头的主切削刃易出现微崩刃现象;砂轮进给速度越大,钻头后刀面表面粗糙度越大;砂轮线速度越大,钻头后刀面表面粗糙度越小;钻头后刀面处的亚表面最大损伤深度随线速度的增大而减小;当线速度30m/s、进给速度160mm/min时,钻头的磨削损伤最小。     

金刚石砂轮V形尖端切向磨削修整试验研究

针对超硬模具微结构磨削过程中金刚石砂轮V形尖端几何精度难以保证以及修整困难等问题,提出碳化硅修整轮切向磨削修整方法,采用不同修整参数对树脂结合剂和金属结合剂金刚石砂轮V形尖端进行修整试验,并采用修整后的金刚石砂轮进行了微结构阵列磨削试验。结果表明:在一定的修整参数下,树脂结合剂和金属结合剂金刚石砂轮的尖端圆弧半径分别达到3.5μm和2.0μm;两种砂轮尖端圆弧半径随着修整轮进给速度、修整深度的增加而增大,随着金刚石砂轮转速和修整轮粒度号的增加而减小;金属结合剂金刚石砂轮修整效率较低,修整后的尖端圆弧半径较小。微结构阵列磨削结果表明,修整后的两种金刚石砂轮能够满足微结构加工,而且发现树脂结合剂金刚石砂轮加工的微结构表面质量较好,更易于实现延性域磨削。     

切向超声振动辅助成形磨削齿轮的切削系数建模与试验研究

通过对磨粒-工件的运动特性分析,研究了切向齿轮超声成形磨削过程中分离加工机理,建立了超声振动作用下磨粒-工件的切削系数模型,得到了加工参数(砂轮速度、进给速度、超声频率和超声振幅)对切削系数的影响规律。针对切向齿轮超声成形磨削分离加工的特点,进行了齿轮超声成形磨削和普通磨削加工试验,获得不同加工参数对磨削力、磨削温度、残余应力和表面粗糙度的影响规律,并对磨削后表面的微观组织进行分析。试验结果表明：与普通磨削相比,在超声磨削过程中,磨削力、磨削温度和表面粗糙度在一定程度上得到有效的降低。三者的降低幅度随着砂轮转速、进给速度的增加而减小,磨削力、磨削温度的降低幅度随着超声振幅的增加而增大,而表面粗糙度的降低幅度随着超声振幅的增加呈先增加后减小的趋势;同时,齿面的残余压应力得到提高,其增加幅度随着砂轮转速、进给速度的增加而降低,随着超声振幅的增加而增大。此外,超声磨削可以显著改善齿面的纹理状态和表层的显微组织,并实现晶粒的细化。     

多颗粒金刚石小砂轮的耗损规律研究

多颗粒金刚石小砂轮轴向进给磨削能实现工程陶瓷等硬脆材料的高效加工,横向裂纹和中位裂纹的扩展均产生材料的去除.通过对多颗粒金刚石小砂轮结构和实验方案设计,能更好地研究端面边缘金刚石对陶瓷加工过程的影响及金刚石的磨损规律.还利用边缘检测和轮廓曲线拟合的方法来实时追踪检测金刚石顶尖曲率半径变化来研究金刚石颗粒的耗损规律,实验结果证明:磨粒顶锥角越大,金刚石磨粒磨削行程越长;材料磨削深度与进给速度两加工参数越大,磨削力和磨削温度越高,金刚石颗粒磨削行程越短.     

聚晶金刚石的ELID精密磨削试验研究

针对聚晶金刚石刃口加工的精度低、效率低、刃磨质量差的问题,采用同步电解修锐(ELID)精密磨削技术,对聚晶金刚石进行了精密磨削试验研究。首先,通过单因素试验探究砂轮粒度、磨削角度、磨削深度、砂轮转速以及工件移动速度对加工刃口质量的影响;然后,利用正交试验获得各因素的优组合与优水平,确定了最优工艺参数;最后,以最优试验参数对聚晶金刚石刃口进行精密磨削加工,获得刃口崩缺平均值0.042μm的加工表面。研究表明:应用ELID精密磨削加工工艺,当采用与被磨金刚石粒度相当或略小粒度的铸铁结合剂金刚石砂轮,砂轮转速为1 400 r/min、45°磨削角、磨削深度为0.1μm、进给速度为2 m/min时,磨削效果最佳。     

低频振动切割工程陶瓷时工艺参数对砂轮寿命的影响

提出了低频振动切割工程陶瓷的加工方法 ,利用自制的低频振动装置进行了切割加工工程陶瓷的对比试验 ,分析比较了低频振动切割与普通切割时的切割力和砂轮寿命特性。试验结果表明 :与普通切割相比 ,低频振动切割时切割力较小 ,砂轮寿命较长。正交试验结果表明 :振动切割工艺参数对砂轮径向磨损量影响程度的主次顺序为 :砂轮速度→进给速度→切割深度     

工件横向施振超声振动磨削力特性试验研究

基于冲量理论和振动加工理论,采用叠加原理建立了工件横向施振超声振动磨削力数学模型。从理论上解释了工件横向施振超声振动磨削力低于普通磨削力的原因,并进行了超声振动与普通磨削力对比试验研究。结果表明:超声振动磨削力比普通磨削力减小20%~30%,磨削力的大小随工作台进给速度的提高而减少,磨削深度的增加而增大,当达到某一临界切深时,磨削力急剧下降。磨削力可做为评价陶瓷材料脆延转变的一个重要参数。     

TRIBOLOGY ISSUES IN MACHINING

Machining is the process of shaping materials into useful articles by removing the unwanted material. In traditional machining processes such as in cutting and grinding, the unwanted material is removed by mechanical means using a cutting tool. Since the tool makes contact with the workpiece and either the tool, the workpiece, or both are in motion, tribology (i.e., the study of rubbing or sliding) becomes an important issue. Tribology has a crucial and significant role as an enabling technology, since tool wear is a major problem in the production of reliable and cost-effective products. This paper reviews recently published articles related to the wear of cutting tools and grinding wheels. These papers are classified into such areas as the wear process, measurement of wear, reduction of wear through the use of different cutting tools and abrasive materials, strategies used to monitor wear during machining and grinding, and in-process control of machining to compensate for tool wear.     

Lubrication by Grinding Fluids at Normal and High Wheel Speeds

An investigation is described of the lubricating effects of various grinding fluids at both normal and high wheel speeds under geometrically similar conditions. Grinding fluids include air (dry), water, soluble oil in two concentrations, and cutting oil. Results indicate that the specific cutting energy and the attritious wear of the abrasive grains are reduced by lubrication, but the rubbing friction between the workpiece and the wear flats on the grains is not. With high wheel speed, the specific cutting energy is lower with all grinding fluids than with normal wheel speed, but the attritious wear rate is greater. These lubricating effects are related to results for G-ratio, surface finish, and burning conditions.     

THE SURFACE INTEGRITY IN MACHINING HARDENED STEEL SKD11 FOR DIE AND MOLD

Milling cutters were evaluated by tool wear, cutting force and vibration. Surface integrity of grinding and milling were investigated by comparing residual stress distributions, metallurgical structure, hardened layer depth and surface roughness. And influence of cutting tool wear on surface integrity was investigated. Experimentations revealed that the preferable surface integrity would be obtained if the proper milling cutter as well as a small wear criterion were adopted to avoid the advent of tempered martensite. The research results pointed out the feasibility of taking milling as the finish machining process instead of grinding in machining hardened steel with high efficiency.     

THE SURFACE INTEGRITY IN MACHINING HARDENED STEEL SKD11 FOR DIE AND MOLD

Milling cutters were evaluated by tool wear, cutting force and vibration. Surface integrity of grinding and milling were investigated by comparing residual stress distributions, metallurgical structure, hardened layer depth and surface roughness. And influence of cutting tool wear on surface integrity was investigated. Experimentations revealed that the preferable surface integrity would be obtained if the proper milling cutter as well as a small wear criterion were adopted to avoid the advent of tempered martensite. The research results pointed out the feasibility of taking milling as the finish machining process instead of grinding in machining hardened steel with high efficiency.     

A new approach to calculating the workpiece temperature distributions in grinding

In a previous paper it was shown how the wear of the grinding wheel could be characterized by an increase in negative rake angle of the cutting edges in addition to a growth in area of the wear flats on the grits and how in this way the increase in grinding forces with wheel wear could be accounted for. The results for cutting and rubbing forces from the previous paper are used in this paper to determine the heat fluxes needed in calculating temperatures in the contact area between wheel and workpiece. The temperature distributions are obtained by superimposing the distributions in the vicinity of individual cutting edges and wear flats currently engaged with the workpiece upon the temperatures produced by grits which have left the contact area. A random approach, in the sense that the effect of many abrasive grits of varying sizes subjected to different forces and randomly distributed on the wheel is considered, is adopted. Results are presented showing the influence of wheel wear on temperatures.     

Some studies on hard turning of AISI 4340 steel using multilayer coated carbide tool

Hard turning with multilayer coated carbide tool has several benefits over grinding process such as, reduction of processing costs, increased productivities and improved material properties. The objective was to establish a correlation between cutting parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut with machining force, power, specific cutting force, tool wear and surface roughness on work piece. In the present study, performance of multilayer hard coatings (TiC/TiCN/Al₂O₃) on cemented carbide substrate using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) for machining of hardened AISI 4340 steel was evaluated. An attempt has been made to analyze the effects of process parameters on machinability aspects using Taguchi technique. Response surface plots are generated for the study of interaction effects of cutting conditions on machinability factors. The correlations were established by multiple linear regression models. The linear regression models were validated using confirmation tests. The analysis of the result revealed that, the optimal combination of low feed rate and low depth of cut with high cutting speed is beneficial for reducing machining force. Higher values of feed rates are necessary to minimize the specific cutting force. The machining power and cutting tool wear increases almost linearly with increase in cutting speed and feed rate. The combination of low feed rate and high cutting speed is necessary for minimizing the surface roughness. Abrasion was the principle wear mechanism observed at all the cutting conditions.     

高速铣削钛合金Ti-6Al-4V切削力仿真研究

切削力对工件的机械加工性和刀具磨损有重要的影响。基于有限元仿真技术,针对钛合金Ti-6Al-4V高速铣削力进行数值仿真,重点研究切削参数对铣削力的影响规律。结果表明:随着每齿进给量和径向切深的增加,切削力有不同程度的增加;随着轴向切深的增加,切削力呈正比增加趋势,但主轴转速对铣削力影响并不明显。分析结果为钛合金Ti-6Al-4V高速铣削加工工艺参数优化奠定了基础。     

Toughness and the transition between cutting and rubbing in abrasive contacts

The transition between rubbing and cutting when a facet-first pyramid is slid along the surface of a ductile material is investigated with new experiments under both constant depth of groove and constant load, and with a new ductile fracture mechanics analysis for the cutting regime. The critical attack angle at which the transition occurs is shown to be controlled by the toughness/strength (R/τ_y) ratio of the material, the depth of groove, friction and the face angle of the tool. The new analysis is contrasted with the Bowden and Tabor approach in Sedriks and Mulhearn [A.J. Sedriks, T.O. Mulhearn, Mechanics of cutting and rubbing in simulated abrasive processes, Wear 6 (1963) 457–466; A.J. Sedriks, T.O. Mulhearn, The effect of work-hardening on the mechanics of cutting in simulated abrasive processes, Wear 7 (1964) 451–459] and with other approaches for the same events, and it explains why certain assumptions in Sedriks and Mulhearn can be justified.The analysis shows that the vertical load during sliding is different from that required for indentation to the same depth below the surface. Consequently the depth of the groove during sliding under deadweight loading is different from the depth resulting from initial indentation. At very small attack angles, the depth can be smaller than the static indentation depth, but as the attack angle increases, so does the depth of groove formed by cutting.The relevance of the model to abrasive wear and polishing is discussed, along with implications for Krushschov–Babichev wear resistance diagrams and the Archard equation. The analysis explains why the specific energy in grinding increases at small depths of cut.Measurement of the critical attack angle in scratching with a facet-first indenter may possibly be a way to estimate the fracture toughness of small samples when other, more conventional, methods are difficult to carry out.