SnO2与氢氧化物复合阻燃剂对软PVC的阻燃消烟作用

研究了SnO2和无机氢氧化物阻燃剂对软PVC的阻燃消烟作用。通过热分析的方法研究了阻燃处理后的软PVC从室温到800℃的热降解过程,通过剩炭率的测定以及用电子扫描显微镜(SEM)对燃烧后所生成炭层的观察探讨了不同体系的阻燃抑烟的机理。结果表明:经SnO2和氢氧化物复合阻燃处理的样品具有较高的极限氧指数(LOI)和剩炭率,烟密度等级(SDR)和最大烟密度(MSD)明显降低,与未处理的样品相比具有较好的阻燃和消烟性能。SnO2的加入可改变PVC的热降解过程,使起始降解温度降低,SnO2可能是在凝聚相和气相同时起作用,但主要是在凝聚相起Lewis酸催化作用。     

ZnO与Al(OH)3在阻燃软PVC中的协同阻燃消烟作用

研究了ZnO和Al(OH)3复合阻燃剂对软PVC的协同阻燃消烟作用.通过热分析的方法研究了阻燃处理后的软PVC从室温到800℃的热降解过程,用Kissinger方程给出了热降解反应的活化能,通过剩炭率的测定以及用电子扫描显微镜(SEM)对燃烧后所生成炭层的观察探讨了协同体系阻燃抑烟的机理.结果表明经阻燃处理的样品具有较高的极限氧指数(LOI)、剩炭率较低的烟密度等级(SDR)和最大烟密度(MSD),与未处理的样品相比具有较好的阻燃和消烟性能.加入适量的ZnO与Al(OH)3复合使用可明显地提高软PVC的LOI和剩炭率,降低材料的SDR和MSD.ZnO的加入可改变PVC的热降解过程,使起始降解温度降低并且使反应的活化能增大,可能属于固相Lewis酸催化机理.     

ZnO与Mg(OH)_2在软PVC中的协同阻燃消烟作用

用热分析的方法研究了ZnO和Mg(OH)2复合阻燃剂对软PVC的协同阻燃消烟作用,考察了经阻燃处理的软PVC从室温到800℃的热降解过程,用Kissinger方程给出了热降解反应的活化能。通过极限氧指数(LOI)、剩炭率、烟密度等级(SDR)和最大烟密度(MSD)的测定以及用电子扫描显微镜(SEM)对燃烧后所生成炭层的观察,探讨了协同体系阻燃抑烟的机理。结果表明:经阻燃处理的样品尤其是加入适量ZnO和Mg(OH)2复合阻燃剂的样品具有较高的极限氧指数(LOI)和剩炭率、较低的烟密度等级(SDR)和最大烟密度(MSD),与未处理的样品相比具有较好的阻燃和消烟性能。ZnO的加入可改变PVC的热降解过程,使起始降解温度降低,并且使反应的活化能增大,可能属于固相Lewis酸催化机理。     

羟基锡酸锌包覆硫酸钡的制备以及在软PVC中的阻燃应用

通过均匀沉淀法制备了羟基锡酸锌包覆硫酸钡(ZHSCB)样品,并与硫酸钡(BaSO4)对比应用于软PVC的阻燃消烟处理。利用X-射线衍射(XRD)及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等手段对ZHSCB进行了表征,并通过极限氧指数(LOI)和烟密度等级(SDR测试)研究了ZHSCB对PVC的阻燃消烟作用。通过热分析的方法研究了阻燃PVC从室温到800℃的热降解过程。通过拉伸强度和断裂伸长率测定了ZHSCB对PVC的力学性能的影响。结果表明:ZHSCB对PVC有优异的阻燃消烟作用,能够有效促进PVC第一降解阶段的脱HCl反应,促进交联成炭反应的进行以及剩炭稳定性的提高,并且对于PVC的力学性能影响较小。     

金属配合物对软聚氯乙烯的阻燃消烟作用

利用热分析的方法研究了以Al(OH)3和Mg(OH)2为基础，含有Fe、Co、Ni或Cu的金属配合物的复合阻燃剂对软聚氯乙烯(PVC)的阻燃消烟作用。研究了软PVC从室温到1073K的热降解过程。利用Kissinger方程给出了其动力学参数。结果表明：阻燃处理过的软PVC具有较好的阻燃消烟性能，如较高的氧指数和剩炭率，较低的烟密度等级和最大烟密度，力学性能有所降低。     

硅酸盐阻燃木材的阻燃性能和热性能研究

通过二次浸渍工艺获得了硅酸盐阻燃木材样品,通过极限氧指数(LOI)测试了样品的阻燃性能,通过热分析结合扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究了样品的热降解过程。结果表明:通过二次浸渍工艺可获得阻燃性能优良的阻燃木材,过渡金属硅酸盐可有效的催化木材第二阶段的降解反应,促进炭的生成,还可以在高温下形成熔体覆盖在剩炭的表面,有效提高剩炭的稳定性,同时隔绝可燃性气体的逸出,避免热量和O2的进入,使木材具有良好的阻燃性能。     

系列羟基锡酸盐对半硬质PVC的阻燃消烟作用

研究了系列羟基锡酸盐阻燃剂对半硬质PVC的阻燃消烟作用。通过对样品燃烧后剩炭含量及扫描电镜(SEM)分析,探讨了锡酸盐体系阻燃抑烟的机理。结果表明:经阻燃处理的样品具有较高的极限氧指数(LOI)和剩炭率,较低的烟密度等级(SDR)和最大烟密度(MSD),与未处理的样品相比具有较好的阻燃和消烟性能。由于阻燃剂的添加量较少,对材料力学性能影响不大。     

二氰二胺和磷酸对大豆蛋白纤维的阻燃研究

本文分别用二氰二胺、磷酸以及二氰二胺和磷酸协同体系对大豆蛋白纤维(天鹅绒,38%大豆蛋白纤维/38%棉/24%涤纶)进行阻燃整理(主要对天鹅绒制品中的大豆蛋白纤维的处理),通过极限氧指数、剩炭率、热分析和扫描电子显微镜等分析方法对其阻燃性能进行研究,并用Broido方程计算其热降解活化能的变化。结果表明:与未经阻燃处理的大豆蛋白纤维相比,阻燃大豆蛋白纤维的极限氧指数、剩炭率均有所增加;热降解起始温度降低;热降解活化能减小;剩炭较为膨胀,其中经二氰二胺和磷酸协同体系处理后的样品阻燃效果最佳。     

三聚氰胺和磷酸对大豆蛋白纤维的阻燃研究

用三聚氰胺和磷酸协同体系对大豆蛋白纤维（天鹅绒,38％大豆蛋白纤维／38％棉／24％涤纶）进行阻燃处理（主要对天鹅绒制品中的大豆蛋白纤维的处理）,并采用了限氧指数（LOI）、剩炭率、热分析、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）等方法对处理前后大豆蛋白纤维的阻燃性能及其热降解机理进行了研究．对比未阻燃的样品,阻燃处理后的大豆蛋白纤维的剩炭率、氧指数升高,热降解起始温度降低,阻燃性得到明显改善．     

模板法合成锡酸钴及其对PVC的阻燃应用

以活性炭为模板、五水四氯化锡和六水硝酸钴为原料,制备纯相的多孔锡酸钴（CoSnO3）阻燃剂,通过X射线衍射（XRD）和扫描电镜（SEM）对其结构、形貌进行表征,并将其应用于PVC的阻燃研究中。当CoSnO3的添加量为15份时,其极限氧指数（LOI）达到35.6％、烟密度等级（SDR）为75.2％、断裂伸长率为168.32%、拉伸强度为 22.50 MPa。通过热重分析（TGA）对阻燃前后PVC的热降解行为进行了初步探讨,研究发现： 经CoSnO3阻燃处理后,PVC样品的初始降解温度降低,高温时的剩炭量增加,表明CoSnO3对PVC材料具有较好的阻燃消烟性能。     

Thermal behavior and flame retardancy of flexible poly(vinyl chloride) treated with zinc hydroxystannate and zinc stannate

The flame‐retardant and smoke‐suppressant properties of inorganic tin compounds such as zinc hydroxystannate (ZHS) and zinc stannate (ZS) were studied in comparison with those of alumina trihydrate and magnesium hydroxide through the limiting oxygen index test and a smoke density test. The thermal degradation in air of flexible poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) treated with the above compounds was studied by thermal analysis from ambient temperature to 800°C. The activation energy was calculated by using the Vyazovkin model‐free kinetic method and the Kissinger method. The results showed that tin compounds such as ZHS and ZS could be used as highly effective flame retardants for flexible PVC; these flame retardants enhanced the stability and the activation energy of the oxidation of the char. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL, 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Metal chelates as synergistic flame retardants for flexible PVC

The thermal degradation of flexible PVC treated with various metal chelates containing Cr, Al, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, or Zn combined with two compounds, Al(OH)₃ and Mg(OH)₂, was studied by thermal analysis. Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI), Smoke Density Rating (SDR), and mechanical properties were investigated. The structure of the char formed after combustion of the PVC compounds was observed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The high LOI and char yield of flexible PVC treated with flame retardants showed that there was a good synergistic effect between Al(OH)₃, Mg(OH)₂, and metal chelates. J. VINYL. ADDIT. TECHNOL., 11:70–75, 2005. © 2005 Society of Plastics Engineers.     

磷-胺-醛树脂型阻燃剂处理落叶松的热分析及其动力学

将落叶松用一系列磷-胺-醛树脂型阻燃剂进行阻燃处理,所得阻燃落叶松采用热分析、锥形量热研究其热解行为,用氧指数、剩炭率、热释放速率、总热释放量等参数表征它的阻燃性能,并用Broido方程计算落叶松的动力学参数. 结果发现,阻燃落叶松氧指数、剩炭率增加,热释放速率、总热释放量降低,表明经阻燃剂处理的落叶松燃烧性降低. 落叶松经阻燃剂处理后,热解活化能降低很多,表明阻燃剂对落叶松热解具有催化作用,其主要热解阶段在低于300℃进行. 在此温度下,落叶松热解主要发生脱水、重排交联炭化反应,产生水、CO及CO2、固体残渣,可燃性气体大大降低,达到降低落叶松燃烧性的目的.     

绝缘纸的阻燃改性及其热降解研究

比较了硼酸、磷酸脒基脲两种阻燃剂对绝缘纸热降解过程、剩炭率、击穿电压的影响,结果表明:①阻燃处理的绝缘纸热降解起始温度提前,硼酸提前约20℃,磷酸脒基脲提前约50℃;②硼酸处理的绝缘纸剩炭率升高到18.92%,磷酸脒基脲处理的升高到30.79%;③击穿电压:硼酸维持不变,磷酸脒基脲下降100 kV。同时考察两阻燃剂复配比例对绝缘纸阻燃效果的影响,结果表明,复配阻燃剂中硼酸含量在10%~20%阻燃效果、绝缘性最佳。并通过热重分析方法,对阻燃剂,绝缘纸以及浸渍处理前后绝缘纸的热降解过程进行了比较,从热降解的角度分析阻燃效果的差异。     

Zinc hydroxystannate and zinc stannate as flame‐retardant agents for flexible poly(vinyl chloride)

The flame‐retardant and smoke‐suppressant properties of inorganic tin compounds such as zinc hydroxystannate (ZHS) and zinc stannate (ZS) were investigated in a comparison with alumina trihydrate, magnesium hydroxide, and Sb₂O₃ through the limiting oxygen index test and smoke density test. The flame‐retardant mechanisms were studied through the char yield test, SEM, quantitative analysis, thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis. The thermal degradation in air of flexible PVC treated with the above compounds was studied by thermal analysis from ambient temperature to 800°C. The results showed that tin compounds such as ZHS and ZS could be used as a highly effective flame retardant for flexible PVC, and it appears that the tin compound may exert its action in both the condensed and vapor phases, but mainly in condensed phases as a Lewis acid. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1469–1475, 2005     

Zn2SnO4的制备及其对软质聚氯乙烯的阻燃研究

以结晶四氯化锡和硝酸锌为原料,通过2步煅烧法制备锡酸锌(Zn2SnO4)阻燃剂;通过极限氧指数、烟密度等级和残炭量研究了Zn2SnO4对软质聚氯乙烯（PVC）的阻燃和消烟性能的影响,同时对力学性能进行了研究。结果表明,Zn2SnO4的用量为15份时,对软质PVC的阻燃消烟效果明显,其极限氧指数可达36.0 %、烟密度等级为86.2 %、残炭率为29.7 %、拉伸强度为25.47 MPa、断裂伸长率为168 %;利用热重分析、差热分析和扫描电子显微镜等方法对阻燃PVC进一步进行表征,结果表明Zn2SnO4的加入促使软质PVC的起始分解温度降低,残炭量增加,燃烧后剩炭结构致密,阻燃效果明显。     

Tin dioxide coated calcium carbonate as flame retardant for semirigid poly(vinyl chloride)

The flame retardant and smoke suppressant properties of semirigid PVC treated with calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), tin oxide (SnO₂), the mixture of CaCO₃/SnO₂ and SnO₂‐coated CaCO₃ have been studied through the limiting oxygen index, char yield, and smoke density rating (SDR) methods. The thermal degradation in air of the treated semirigid PVC was studied by thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) from ambient temperature to 1073 K. The morphologies of the additives and the char formation were studied through SEM. The mechanical property was also studied. The results showed that the semirigid PVC treated with SnO₂‐coated CaCO₃ has a higher limiting oxygen index and char yield, lower SDR and MSDR, a more compact structure of char formation than the semirigid PVC without flame retardant and the semirigid PVC with the equivalent CaCO₃, or SnO₂, or the mixture of CaCO₃/SnO₂, a similar tensile property and greatly improved impact strength compared with that of the semirigid PVC without flame retardant. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 731–738, 2006