一个应用于自动化加工系统的综合刀具监测系统

对于自动化加工系统、刀具破损和异常磨损的有效实时监测是一个亟待解决的问题。本文用声发射信号监测加工中心上各种刀具的破损、折损,针对多种工序、多咱切削条件的复杂情况,进行了可变参数的模式识别算法的研究。基于这个算法,开发了一个综合刀具破损监测系统。这个系统针对自动化加工基本单元——加工中心的车、镗、铣多种工序,使得自动化加工系统的综合监测成为可能。实验验证表明,识别成功率大于90%。     

机械数控加工过程刀具高效使用优化分析

在数控加工中,刀具属于基础部件,对产品安全与质量具有直接影响。同时刀具使用情况与控制情况也会对数控加工经济效益产生一定影响。对此,本文介绍数控加工的刀具选择,充分阐述切削原理为刀具高效施工提供保障,并提出几点优化策略。     

CAM/CNC走刀轨迹的实时重构

走刀轨迹的优化对复杂型面的高速高精度加工起着十分关键的作用。目前大多数CAM/CNC系统采用大量小直线段逼近原始曲线和直线插补的做法,只能获得零阶连续的走刀轨迹,逼近精度低,不能保证高速加工运动的平稳性,因而加工精度、光洁度和加工速度都难以提高;由小直线段构成的NC代码数据量庞大,也增加了数控系统在内存容量和数据传输方面的成本。本文采用3次参数样条曲线和B样条曲线来实时重构CAM生成的走刀轨迹,以少量的数据点便能达到比直线和圆弧插补高得多的加工精度。文中讨论了数据分段、样条拼接及首尾振荡问题,以及程序实现中的面向对象和多线程技术。在实际使用中显著地提高了数控系统的加工速度和加工精度。     

Integration of cutting force control and chatter suppression control into automatic cutting feed adjustment system design

Abstract

This study designed an automatic cutting feed adjustment system for computer numerical control (CNC) turning machine tools, which integrate the operational characteristics of cutting force control and chatter suppression control to shorten the machining time and maintain the quality of workpieces. The setting of appropriate machining conditions (such as cutting feed, spindle speed and depth of cut) to consider both machining quality and efficiency often causes difficulties for machine tool operators. Therefore, this study uses cutting force control to design an automatic cutting feed adjustment method for cutting tools, and then, the chatter suppression control design is used to modify the cutting force command to suppress cutting chatter. The experimental results of the CNC turning machine tool show that the use of the cutting force control to adjust the cutting feed can shorten the machining time; however, the cutting chatter results in larger surface waviness on the workpiece surface. When the cutting force command is properly modified by actuating the chatter suppression control, the workpiece shows better surface roughness with prolonged machining time. Therefore, the cutting tests demonstrate that the proposed system is feasible for satisfying the machining requirements of the manufacturing processes of mechanical parts for high speed and high accuracy.     

Cutting force reduction and surface quality improvement in machining of aerospace duralumin AL-2017-T4 using carbon onion nanolubrication system

In machining of very high precision Duralumin AL-2017-T4 for aerospace applications, the shape varieties of the product lead to many different complicated shapes to be developed. The computer numerical control (CNC) milling machine facilities provides a wide variety of parameter set-up, making the machining process on the Duralumin AL-2017-T4 excellent in manufacturing complicated special products compared with other machining processes. However, the demand for high quality and fully automated production focuses attention on the cutting process, which are partial determinant of the quality of surface and affects the appearance, function, and reliability of the products. The key solution is to increase the effectiveness of existing lubrication systems in the machining process in order to improve product quality as it could reduce the friction component at the tool–chip interface. For further improvement, introducing the nanolubrication system could reduce the cutting force and produce much better surface quality as the rolling action of billions units of nanoparticles at the tool–chip interface could reduce the coefficient of friction significantly. In this study, carbon onion has been used as nanoparticle mixed with ordinary mineral oil at different concentrations to investigate the cutting force reduction and the surface quality improvement of CNC end-milling machined Duralumin AL-2017-T4. From the results, with using of carbon onion nanolubricant, the cutting force and surface roughness values are reduced by 21.99 and 46.32 %, respectively, compared with the case of using ordinary lubrication systems. This can be attributed to the tribological properties of carbon onion, which reduces the coefficient of friction at the tool–chip interface during the machining process.     

基于刀具跳动的环形铣刀切削厚度模型的切削力计算

数控铣削过程中,切削变形引起的瞬时切削厚度是影响铣削加工切削力建模的重要参数之一,针对环形铣刀的切削特点,在考虑刀具跳动的情况下,对真实刀刃轨迹运动进行分析。将微细铣削的加工过程用宏观铣削来表示,从而建立了基于宏观铣削过程中刀具跳动下精密加工的瞬时切削厚度。通过仿真模拟和切削力试验来预测切削力,预测结果和试验结果具有一致性,表明该模型可以更好的预测加工过程中的切削力。     

Prediction of regenerative chatter in the high-speed vertical milling of thin-walled workpiece made of titanium alloy

With the wide application of high-speed cutting technology, high-speed machining approach of titanium alloy has become one of the most effective ways to improve processing efficiency and to reduce the processing cost, but the cutting chatter which often occurs in the cutting process not only affects the machining surface quality but also reduces the production efficiency. Regenerative chatter is a typical phenomenon during actual cutting, and it has the greatest impact on the cutting process. With the purpose of avoiding regenerative chatter and selecting appropriate cutting parameters to achieve a steady cutting process and a high surface quality, it is necessary to determine the critical boundary conditions where chatter occurs. Built on the work of previous theoretical researches of regenerative chatter, this paper utilized Visual C++ software to calculate the chatter stability domain during the finish machining of titanium alloy. It was shown that the border between a stable cut and an unstable cut can be visualized in terms of the axial depth of cut as a function of the spindle speed. Using the result, it can find the specific combination of machining parameters, which lead to the maximum chatter-free material removal rate. In order to verify the result, the high-speed milling experiment of an I-shaped thin-walled workpiece made of titanium alloy was conducted. It revealed that the actual machining result was consistent with the calculation prediction. This study will offer a useful guide for effective parameter selection in future CNC machining applications.     

基于多层次细节模型的动态切削力仿真

为了缓解雕刻曲面数控加工过程物理仿真的仿真速度与仿真精度的矛盾,减少仿真的计算量和缩短仿真时间,介绍了雕刻曲面数控加工过程仿真的多层次细节模型和基于该模型的动态切削力的仿真方法。基于雕刻曲面的多层次细节模型的动态切削力的仿真,可以根据工件毛坯不同的几何形状、仿真要求、工艺参数等在曲面上不同的区域和不同的细节层次上进行,为校验和优化数控加工程序提供依据。     

数控机床半实物仿真培训系统的研究

为满足数控机床操作人员培训的需要,研究开发数控机床半实物仿真培训系统。该系统可以模拟数控加工的整个过程,包括数控程序的编辑、数控机床的操作控制以及工件材料的去除过程。具有操作真实感强、成本低、便于更新和维护等特点。     

基于随机森林与主成分分析的刀具磨损评估

刀具是数控机床的重要零部件,其性能直接影响着生产加工精度。为实现机床刀具磨损程度的在线分级评估,提出一种刀具磨损状态的评估方法,该方法结合随机森林与主成分分析模型,建立不同工况下主轴电机电流传感器信号样本与刀具磨损等级的非线性映射关系。在不同加工条件下进行刀具性能试验,采集主轴电机的电流信号和铣削加工参数。对信号利用小波包分解、时域统计、频域分析提取特征,利用随机森林得到刀具磨损的分级评估结果。该方法可有效解决样本不平衡的问题,与常见的组合分类方法AdaBoost所得结果相比,该模型能准确地反映刀具的磨损程度,鲁棒性更好。该方法仅利用数控机床内置传感器实现,无需改动机床结构,不影响主轴动态加工性能,可广泛应用于工业数控机床刀具的磨损评估。     

Shared and service-oriented CNC machining system for intelligent manufacturing process

To improve efficiency, reduce cost, ensure quality effectively, researchers on CNC machining have focused on virtual machine tool, cloud manufacturing, wireless manufacturing. However, low level of information shared among different systems is a common disadvantage. In this paper, a machining database with data evaluation module is set up to ensure integrity and update. An online monitoring system based on internet of things and multi-sensors "feel" a variety of signal features to "percept" the state in CNC machining process. A high efficiency and green machining parameters optimization system "execute" service-oriented manufacturing, intelligent manufacturing and green manufacturing. The intelligent CNC machining system is applied in production. CNC machining database effectively shares and manages process data among different systems. The prediction accuracy of online monitoring system is up to 98.8% by acquiring acceleration and noise in real time. High efficiency and green machining parameters optimization system optimizes the original processing parameters, and the calculation indicates that optimized processing parameters not only improve production efficiency, but also reduce carbon emissions. The application proves that the shared and service-oriented CNC machining system is reliable and effective. This research presents a shared and service-oriented CNC machining system for intelligent manufacturing process.     

FANUC数控系统刀具半径补偿的应用

介绍了FANUC数控系统刀具半径补偿功能的作用、动作过程和C40、G41、G42X编程的使用方法,以及在加工中出现多切、少切、粗精加工、凸凹模加工过程对刀具半径补偿功能的应用,使其在实际应用时更为方便、灵活.     

Lifespan prediction of cutting tools for high-value-added products

The traditional system for estimating lifespan of machining tools is based on the F. W. Taylor’s equation that uses fixed cutting factors. In this paper, an integrated model is proposed to get a better prediction of tool lifespan in machining process. The lifespan prediction of cutting tools having multiple affecting factors is studied here for machining parts with stochastic behavior of Taylor’s measuring parameter, k. The measuring variable k used to be regarded normally as a constant under predetermined conditions. In practice, lifespan of a tool lies in the range of a time interval rather than a fixed value. So, by calculating the impact of the stochastic variable k, a relative precise range of tool lifespan can be computed and this is particularly important for high-value-added products in manufacturing process because high-value-added products are usually extremely sensitive to the performance quality and failure cost of cutting tools, resulting in economic loss of the company both in terms of tool cost and product cost. A multiple linear regression approach is employed here to estimate the range of tool lifespan for the predictive model. A case study is conducted to show how this model works. The results of the improved manipulation of the parameters could influence the manufacturing system with a better control accuracy. To illustrate the significance of the transformed model, a case study was introduced that shows how the stochastic variable k influences the lifespan of a cutting tool. Relatively precise numerical results can be computed with this kind of analysis to direct a better comprehension of the factors for the cutting tools.     

高速加工理论在普通数控机床上的应用

高速加工在切削速度、材料去除率以及表面加工质量等方面较普通数控加工具有明显优势。在工艺研究中,将高速加工切削理论应用在现有的普通数控设备上,在主轴转速不变或相应提高的情况下,提高切削移动速度同时减小切削深度进给量,从而达到提高切削效率、减小切削应力以及改善加工表面质量的目的。     

基于有限元数值模型和进给速度优化的薄壁件侧铣变形在线控制

为实现在加工过程中对薄壁件侧铣产生的较大切削变形进行在线控制,提出基于有限元数值模型和进给速度优化的在线控制策略。根据薄壁件切削过程的有限元仿真结果,建立数控机床进给速度、切削力、工件切削变形间的数值模型,进而确定用于控制变形的最优目标切削力。在具有开放式模块化的数控系统平台上开发了切削力信号实时采集、滤波功能和基于Brent-Dekker算法的进给速度在线优化策略,并根据滤波后的切削力及相应算法在加工过程中实时调整机床进给速度,保证切削力逐渐接近最优控制目标而实现切削变形的在线控制。试验结果表明,经过进给速度在线优化后的切削过程可将薄壁件侧铣变形控制在规定范围内,同时提高了切削效率。     

Intelligent monitoring and prediction of tool wear in CNC turning by utilizing wavelet transform

In order to realize an intelligent CNC machine, this research proposed the in-process tool wear monitoring system regardless of the chip formation in CNC turning by utilizing the wavelet transform. The in-process prediction model of tool wear is developed during the CNC turning process. The relations of the cutting speed, the feed rate, the depth of cut, the decomposed cutting forces, and the tool wear are investigated. The Daubechies wavelet transform is used to differentiate the tool wear signals from the noise and broken chip signals. The decomposed cutting force ratio is utilized to eliminate the effects of cutting conditions by taking ratio of the average variances of the decomposed feed force to that of decomposed main force on the fifth level of wavelet transform. The tool wear prediction model consists of the decomposed cutting force ratio, the cutting speed, the depth of cut, and the feed rate, which is developed based on the exponential function. The new cutting tests are performed to ensure the reliability of the tool wear prediction model. The experimental results showed that as the cutting speed, the feed rate, and the depth of cut increase, the main cutting force also increases which affects in the escalating amount of tool wear. It has been proved that the proposed system can be used to separate the chip formation signals and predict the tool wear by utilizing wavelet transform even though the cutting conditions are changed.     

基于UG的维纳斯雕像五轴数控加工工艺设计

论述了应用五轴联动数控机床加工维纳斯雕像的工艺设计。首先,通过三坐标测量仪对石膏雕像进行点位测量并将测量数据导入UG软件,分析其基于UG软件的多轴编程刀路轨迹,选择曲面区域的刀路驱动方式并绘制出刀轴驱动曲面矢量图,根据刀路轨迹、刀具及设备制订出数控加工工艺;其次,计算刀具进给速度并校核、修正,根据UG软件前置处理的刀轨文件,设定相应的机床参数,并以FANUC系统五轴联动单摆头单转台加工中心为例,利用UGPOSTBUILD处理器完成后处理,生成可加工的程序代码;最后,设定坐标系及精确对刀后加工出实体雕像。     

谈数控机床刀具的监控技术

数控机床刀具中的检测与监控就是采用检测与监控系统通过传感和分析处理相关信息,从而对数控机床运行状态和加工过程进行检测与控制,保证数控机床的加工质量,防止产生废品,减少废品率,提高机械加工生产率,提高加工过程的安全性,优化配置制造资源。而检测与监控系统的成败主要取决于系统所收集的信号即有关监控参数的正确选择,也取决于其物理结构上的传感器和监控器以及硬件和软件系统。     

Progressive development of an absolute sensorless compensation system for cutting force-induced error

Cutting forces in traditional machining processes solely originates from the contact points on the cutting tool and workpiece. Therefore comprehensive mechanistic modeling of the machining process offers a means for realizing a sensorless cutting force monitoring system. This paper presents the progressive development of a sensorless compensation system for cutting force-induced error, whereby a learning and intelligent computer system is established, based on machining mechanics modeling and a reference compensation system. Experiences from normal machining sessions of new cutting tools and workpieces are modeled progressively and incorporated into the system. Finally with ample experience available, a full-fledged sensorless system is developed as a stand-alone solution. The sensorless system is economical, convenient, reliable and efficient. Administered on a CNC face milling machine, the model demonstrated exceptional performance and robustness.     

Modeling and Analytical Solution of Chatter Stability for T-slot Milling

T-slot milling is one of the most common milling processes in industry. Despite recent advances in machining technology, productivity of T-slot milling is usually limited due to the process limitations such as high cutting forces and stability. If cutting conditions are not selected properly the process may result in the poor surface finish of the workpiece and the potential damage to the machine tool. Currently, the predication of chatter stability and determination of optimal cutting conditions based on the modeling of T-slot milling process is an effective way to improve the material removal rate(MRR) of a T-slot milling operation. Based on the geometrical model of the T-slot cutter, the dynamic cutting force model was presented in which the average directional cutting force coefficients were obtained by means of numerical approach, and leads to an analytical determination of stability lobes diagram(SLD) on the axial depth of cut. A new kind of SLD on the radial depth of cut was also created to satisfy the special requirement of T-slot milling. Thereafter, a dynamic simulation model of T-slot milling was implemented using Matlab software. In order to verify the effectiveness of the approach, the transfer functions of a typical cutting system in a vertical CNC machining center were measured in both feed and normal directions by an instrumented hammer and accelerators. Dynamic simulations were conducted to obtain the predicated SLD under specified cutting conditions with both the proposed model and CutPro?. Meanwhile, a set of cutting trials were conducted to reveal whether the cutting process under specified cutting conditions is stable or not. Both the simulation comparison and experimental verification demonstrated that the satisfactory coincidence between the simulated, the predicted and the experimental results. The chatter-free T-slot milling with higher MRR can be achieved under the cutting conditions determined according to the SLD simulation.