裸土表层含水量高光谱遥感的最佳波段选择

在自然状况下，对裸土进行人为干湿处理，利用ASD PRO FR2500地物光谱仪测得土壤在350nm～2500nm反射光谱并适时采取表层土，利用烘干法测得土壤体积含水量。依据土壤湿度与土壤光谱反射率之间的相关关系，得出土壤含水量与土壤光谱反射率的非线性方程。利用该方程和光谱反射率值进行土壤水分反演，通过对反演结果的误差分析，结合光谱反射率与体积含水量的指数回归分析，笔认为采用1950nm～2250nm波段的光谱反射率估测土壤含水量效果较好。     

基于地面定标技术的地物光谱反演方法研究

阐述了利用地面光谱定标和实验室遥感仪器定标技术和遥感方程对成像光谱遥感数据进行反射率反演的理论基础、技术方案及操作规范。结合航空遥感飞行试验,对成像光谱遥感数据进行了地物反射率反演,并讨论分析了该方法的可行性条件。研究结果表明:(1)该方法简便、实用、可行;(2)地面定标点的选择及光谱测量精度是影响反射率反演准确性的主要因素;(3)遥感器的几何参量、遥感数据获取的时间跨度、地形因子及二向反射因素是造成反射率反演误差的重要原因,在实际应用中也应加以重视。     

珠海一号高光谱遥感的表层土壤有机质含量反演方法

表层土壤有机质含量影响土壤光谱特性且在空间分布上呈异质性。采用光谱分辨率高、波段连续性强的高光谱遥感影像反演区域表层土壤有机质空间分布状况,可为精准农业提供科学管理依据。针对以往方法很少基于高光谱影像大尺度反演土壤表层有机质含量,以安徽省淮南市舜耕山以南的三和镇、曹庵镇为研究区,探索珠海一号高光谱遥感反演表层土壤有机质含量的方法。研究结果表明,研究区表层土壤有机质含量与珠海一号高光谱影像原始光谱反射率最大相关波段为656nm(r=-0.680);采用小波包分解原始光谱后,低频分量和高频分量与表层土壤有机质的最大相关性均有所提高,低频分量最大相关波段为656nm(r=-0.797),高频分量最大相关波段为700nm(r=-0.804)。采用多元线性回归对原始光谱、小波包分解低频分量、小波包分解高频分量建立土壤有机质预测模型取得了良好的效果,R2分别为0.747、0.770、0.789。依据小波包分解的低频分量、小波包分解的高频分量建立的基于高斯核变换的支持向量回归模型预测效果优于多元线性回归模型,预测值与实测值更接近。研究结果为开展大尺度遥感反演表层土壤有机质工作提供了新方法、新思路。     

褐潮土的光谱特性及用土壤反射率估算有机质含量的研究

本文通过ASDFR便携式光谱仪对132个风干土壤样品的光谱反射率进行了实验室测定。根据土样光谱反射率变化,获得了褐潮土土壤剖面的不同诊断层反射光谱特征。结果表明,在400～1200nm范围之间,土壤有机质含量与土壤光谱反射率有较好的相关性。利用导数光谱方法建立了预测土壤有机质含量的方程,提出了预测北京地区褐潮土有机质光谱的最佳波段。在波长447nm处采用反射率和A值(反射率倒数的对数)所建立的预测方程的预测精度较高。采用反射率的一阶微分建立的预测方程的最佳波段在516nm处。而A值一阶微分光谱在615nm处相关性最好。作为一项参考指标用光谱分析法评价土壤中有机质含量,以期对精准农业中土壤养分或肥力的预测具有一定的指导作用。     

滨海盐渍土可见近红外高光谱特征

土壤光谱是遥感监测的物理基础,盐渍化土壤光谱特征研究对于盐渍化土地的监测有着重要的意义。以黄河三角洲地区的滨海盐渍土为研究对象,通过野外土壤样品采集和高光谱测量,研究在去除水分以及剔除土壤质地影响后,不同盐渍化程度的滨海盐渍土在350～1 100 nm区间的高光谱反射和吸收特征,并且试图构建光谱预测模型。结果表明:平滑后的光谱曲线能更准确有效地描述光谱的反射特征及吸收峰。不同盐化程度的土壤光谱曲线形态一致,但反射率大小差异较大。连续统去除后,490 nm处轻度盐化土吸收最小,在760～920 nm区间重度盐化土的吸收更强烈。原始光谱不能预测土壤盐渍化信息,但是二阶微分变换能够提高波段敏感性,建立的光谱预测模型能够基本满足预测要求。     

滨海盐渍土可见近红外高光谱特征

土壤光谱是遥感监测的物理基础，盐渍化土壤光谱特征研究对于盐渍化土地的监测有着重要的意义。以黄河三角洲地区的滨海盐渍土为研究对象，通过野外土壤样品采集和高光谱测量，研究在去除水分以及剔除土壤质地影响后，不同盐渍化程度的滨海盐渍土在350~1 100 nm区间的高光谱反射和吸收特征，并且试图构建光谱预测模型。结果表明: 平滑后的光谱曲线能更准确有效地描述光谱的反射特征及吸收峰。不同盐化程度的土壤光谱曲线形态一致，但反射率大小差异较大。连续统去除后，490 nm处轻度盐化土吸收最小,在760~920 nm区间重度盐化土的吸收更强烈。原始光谱不能预测土壤盐渍化信息，但是二阶微分变换能够提高波段敏感性，建立的光谱预测模型能够基本满足预测要求。     

沥青路面老化状况遥感监测与评估模型建立及应用

针对大范围公路路面健康状况快速监测与评估需求,基于地面光谱测量获取的路面光谱数据,对不同老化程度的沥青路面光谱特征进行了分析,通过求导和包络面去除等方法得出老化沥青路面和新沥青路面在400～680nm、860～970nm两个波段范围内存在显著光谱特征差异。然后基于这些特征波段构建了沥青路面老化乘积指数(Multiplication Aging Index,MAI)模型,并利用北京房山良乡地区的WorldView-2卫星影像来刻画沥青路面在道路使用中出现的老化状况。通过与地面实测光谱数据和路面状况描述进行对照,将实地测量得到的Munsell明度色卡值与本文提出的MAI指数进行了统计分析,结果表明:该MAI指数能较好地反映沥青路面的老化状况,可实现对研究区内14条沥青道路的老化状况进行遥感监测与评价,研究结果可为道路管理部门制定养护规划提供新的技术手段。     

黄土高原土壤铁元素含量遥感反演方法

利用光谱技术可快速而高效地获取土壤组分及其空间分布信息,为准确估算黄土高原土壤Fe元素含量与分布特征,通过对榆林东部地区的典型黄土进行野外采集、室内理化分析、光谱测定及其预处理,分析土壤铁含量与反射光谱的相关性,筛选敏感波段,利用偏最小二乘法建模,确定最佳估算模型。光谱反射率及其不同变换后筛选出的敏感波段,主要分布在500、870、1 700、2 200 nm附近;原始反射率(Ref)建模结果相对较稳定且预测效果最佳,预测集相关系数R~2达0.73,均方根误差RMSEP最小;经导数变换(FDR和SDR)及连续统去除CR变换的模型次之,预测集R~2分别达到0.61和0.64;采用波段内插法将土壤Fe含量最优估算模型Ref应用Sentinel-2多光谱遥感影像上,得到土壤Fe含量遥感反演图,结果表明研究区土壤Fe含量的分布特征与地层密切相关;该研究结果可为土壤Fe元素含量遥感分析提供支撑,实现黄土高原土壤铁的光谱快速制图。     

基于Hyperion影像的高光谱水汽含量反演的算法比较研究

基于高光谱遥感图像数据的大气参数反演和一体化辐射校正具有重要研究意义和应用价值。首先,通过6S模型辐射传输计算分析了EO-1/Hyperion遥感影像在940和1 130nm附近水汽吸收区域的光谱吸收特点。其次,采用两通道比值法和三通道比值法,比较了不同波段组合的大气含水量高光谱遥感反演精度并进行了敏感性分析,模拟实验结果表明采用三波段比值算法的相关系数和均方根误差均优于对应的两波段算法。最后,利用张掖地区2008年3景EO-1Hyperion高光谱遥感影像,反演了大气含水量,并与地基CE-318太阳分光光度计测量数据进行对比验证,结果表明:1 124nm水汽吸收通道反演精度优于940nm,两通道和三通道比值法的均方根误差分别为0.369和0.128g/cm2,三通道比值方法优于两通道比值方法,与地面观测结果一致。     

滨海盐渍土可见近红外高光谱特征

土壤光谱是遥感监测的物理基础,盐渍化土壤光谱特征研究对于盐渍化土地的监测有着重要的意义。以黄河三角洲地区的滨海盐渍土为研究对象,通过野外土壤样品采集和高光谱测量,研究在去除水分以及剔除土壤质地影响后,不同盐渍化程度的滨海盐渍土在350~1 100 nm区间的高光谱反射和吸收特征,并且试图构建光谱预测模型。结果表明: 平滑后的光谱曲线能更准确有效地描述光谱的反射特征及吸收峰。不同盐化程度的土壤光谱曲线形态一致,但反射率大小差异较大。连续统去除后,490 nm处轻度盐化土吸收最小,在760~920 nm区间重度盐化土的吸收更强烈。原始光谱不能预测土壤盐渍化信息,但是二阶微分变换能够提高波段敏感性,建立的光谱预测模型能够基本满足预测要求。     

Discrimination of sugarcane varieties in Southeastern Brazil with EO-1 Hyperion data

Hyperspectral data acquired by the Hyperion instrument, on board the Earth Observing-1 (EO-1) satellite, were evaluated for the discrimination of five important Brazilian sugarcane varieties (RB72-454, SP80-1816, SP80-1842, SP81-3250, and SP87-365). The radiance values were converted into surface reflectance images by a MODTRAN4-based technique. To discriminate varieties with similar reflectance values, multiple discriminant analysis (MDA) was applied over the data. To obtain an adequate discriminant function, a stepwise method was used to select the best variables among surface reflectance values, ratios of reflectance, and several spectral indices potentially sensitive to changes in chlorophyll content, leaf water, and lignin-cellulose. Results showed that the five Brazilian sugarcane varieties were discriminated using EO-1 Hyperion data. Differences in canopy architecture affected sunlight penetration and reflectance, resulting in a higher reflectance for planophile (e.g., SP81-3250) than erectophile (e.g., SP80-1842) sugarcane plants. The variety SP80-1842 presented lower reflectance values, deeper lignin-cellulose absorption bands at 2103 nm and 2304 nm, shallower leaf liquid water absorption bands at 983 nm and 1205 nm, and lower leaf liquid water content than the other sugarcane varieties. To discriminate this cultivar, a single near-infrared (NIR) band threshold was used. To discriminate the other four sugarcane varieties with similar reflectance values, MDA was used producing a classification accuracy of 87.5% for a hold-out set of pixels. The comparison between the ground truth data and the MDA-derived classification image confirmed the model' capacity to differentiate the varieties accurately. The best results were obtained for the cultivar SP87-365 that presented the lowest spectral variability in the discriminant space. Some misclassified areas were associated with the cultivars SP80-1816 and SP81-3250 that showed the highest spectral variability.     

土壤全氮含量与碳氮比的高光谱反射估测影响因素研究

基于土壤高光谱反射特征可以实现土壤全氮(TN)含量与碳氮比(C∶N)等土壤属性的快速、无损测定,但其估测模型受土壤颗粒粒径水平与光谱指数(预处理)等因素影响。通过研磨准备2、0.25和0.15 mm共3个水平颗粒粒径的土样,分析了原始(RAW)及多次散射校正MSC(Multiple Scattering Correction)、一阶微分FD(First Derivative)、连续统去除CR(Continuum Removal)等预处理的土壤反射光谱与TN含量、碳氮比变化之间的关系,发现土壤研磨可以提高反射光谱对TN含量变化的响应,而FD、CR与MSC等光谱预处理能够明显缩小不同颗粒粒径水平土样的光谱反射-TN含量、碳氮比相关性差异。结果表明:0.25 mm颗粒粒径土样的FD预处理光谱在2 250 nm和2 280 nm处分别与TN含量、碳氮比变化存在最大相关,但最大相关单波段线性回归模型的TN含量、碳氮比估测精度不如全波段光谱PLSR模型。其中,0.25 mm土样RAW光谱全波段PLSR模型估测TN含量的表现最佳(RPD=3.49,R²=0.92,RMSEP=0.1 g/kg);而碳氮比的估测结果并不十分理想,其最优估测模型(0.25 mm土样FD预处理的全波段PLSR模型)的RPD仅为1.21,可能与土样的碳氮比变化范围较小有关,在以后的研究中可以尝试采集更多的样本数量或土壤类型,使训练样本具有较大的变量范围,以取得较好的估测效果。     

江苏西溪贝丘遗址的高光谱遥感考古研究

针对江苏西溪贝丘遗址,通过样品采集对干净贝壳、自然状况下贝壳、土壤样品和地表裸地进行了光谱测量和分析。研究发现贝壳具有明显的光谱特征吸收峰,中心波长为2288nm处,吸收峰带宽在2098~2335nm范围内,与背景土壤粘土2180nm处的特征吸收峰和大多数碳酸岩类地表矿物质2350nm附近的吸收峰具有很好的可区分性。结合贝壳2288nm处特征吸收峰,利用该贝丘遗址发掘前的空间分辨率为6.6m的128波段OMIS航空高光谱遥感飞行数据成功地对该贝丘遗址信息进行有效地提取和圈定。本研究为利用高光谱遥感进行贝丘遗址考古提供了理论依据和有效技术途径。     

The relationship between leaf water status, gas exchange, and spectral reflectance in cotton leaves

Measurements of leaf spectral reflectance, the components of water potential, and leaf gas exchange as a function of leaf water content were made to evaluate the use of near-infrared reflectance as an indicator of plant water status. Significant correlations were determined between spectral reflectance at 810 nm, 1665 nm, and 2210 nm and leaf relative water content, total water potential, and turgor pressure. However, the slopes of these relationships were relatively shallow and, when evaluated over the range of leaf water contents in which physiological activity occurs (e.g., photosynthesis), had lower r² values, and some relationships were not statistically significant. NIR reflectance varied primarily as a function of leaf water content, and not independently as a function of turgor pressure, which is a sensitive indicator of leaf water status. The limitations of this approach to measuring plant water stress are discussed.     

滏阳河两岸农田土壤Fe、Zn、Se元素光谱响应研究

为了探索遥感技术快速定量化监测土壤元素含量的可行性，本通过对滏阳河两岸农田51个土壤表层样品的室内光谱反射率及其Fe、Zn、Se含量关系的研究，探索了反射光谱快速预测土壤元素含量的技术途径。结果发现预测Fe的最佳光谱间隔为16nm。Zn和Se的为8nm，这说明在使用经验方法预测没有光谱特征的成分时，光谱分辨率不是一个必要条件；土壤中的Fe、Zn、Se元素与土壤的反射光谱存在较好的相关性，各元素含量与土壤平均反射率负复相关系数(R^2)均可达到0．49以上，而与相应TM各波段的平均光谱反射率也都具有较好的负相关关系，与TM7波段的复相关系数最大，Fe、Zn为0．58，Se元素为0．550本研究结果为今后利用高光谱遥感技术定量监测土壤Fe、Zn、Se元素含量提供了一种新的方法和技术途径，对土地质量变化的快速定量监测具有重要的科学意义和应用前景。     

Simulating models for Phaeozem hyperspectral reflectance

It is difficult to analyse soil properties quantitatively with multispectral remote sensing data. An alternative solution is to determine the main spectral characteristic control points of soil hyperspectral reflectance curves by sensitivity analysis methods. Hyperspectral reflectance is simulated using the control points based on multispectral reflectance collected from satellites in this study. The laboratory hyperspectral reflectance and its continuum-removed curve of Phaeozem and the parent material (PM) of samples collected from Heilongjiang Province, China were analysed, and the spectral characteristic control points determined. Hyperspectral simulating linear and quadratic models based on laboratory reflectance were then built. Results show that montmorillonite and illite are the dominant minerals in Phaeozem PM. Organic matter content determines the spectral characteristics of Phaeozem and makes it suitable for reflectance simulation in the spectrum range of 1000 nm and less; the higher the organic matter content the greater the spectral absorption area. There are two absorption valleys at 500 and 660 nm, which determine the spectral characteristic control points of Phaeozem between 450 and 930 nm, namely 450, 500, 590, 660 and 930 nm. Both the linear and quadratic simulation models built with the characteristic control points accurately describe Phaeozem reflectance, which proves that the characteristic control points are selected reasonably and representatively. The hyperspectral simulation method based on multispectral reflectance closely represents the characteristics of Phaeozem hyperspectral reflectance, partly removes noise and improves the precision of predicting organic matter content. Therefore the method is feasible and useful for data compression of Phaeozem hyperspectral reflectance, soil and vegetation indices building, and quantitative remote sensing in the Phaeozem Zone, northeast China.     

Influence of plant pigments on spectral reflectance of maize,groundnut and soybean grown in semi-arid environments

Abstract. Spectral reflectance of leaves is influenced primarily by plant pigments, chlorophyll and carotenoids. Such reflectance can be used to study the changes in chlorophyll content and nitrogen status and in turn measures the amount of biomass accumulation. A field experiment was laid out at the Research Farm of ANGR Agricultural University, Hyderabad. The reflectance observations were taken using a hand-held ground radiometer at an interval of 15 days beginning from 30 days after sowing (DAS) until harvest of the crops. The plant pigments were determined simultaneously using DMSO (dimethyl sulphoxide) method in the laboratory. The experimental results revealed the influence of plant pigments on spectral reflectance of maize, groundnut and soybean. It was observed that there was an increase in chlorophyll- a, chlorophyll- b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid content up to flowering and thereafter chlorophyll- a content declined at a faster rate than chlorophyll- b towards physiological maturity. With the increase in concentrations of chlorophyll and carotenoids, there was a decline in spectral reflectance of the blue band (450-520 nm) and the red band (620-680 nm). Whereas, NIR (near-infrared) reflectance in the case of soybean and groundnut was found to be higher than that of maize by 11% and 2%, respectively. This was attributed to canopy cover of soybean and groundnut crops, where the soil was fully covered with vegetation. In case of maize, due to wider spacing, the soil exposure is greater, which results in low reflectance values of the NIR band. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is linearly related to total chlorophyll content and the growth stages of a crop up to flowering. The NDVI differs significantly during the peak vegetative growth period among the three crop types. The study revealed that the significant differences in reflectance of maize, groundnut and soybean in the red and NIR bands were influenced by concentrations of chlorophyll- a, chlorophyll- b and carotenoids, which indicates the photosynthetic behaviour of the crops.     

Remote estimation of chlorophyll content in higher plant leaves

Indices for the non-destructive estimation of chlorophyll content were formulated using various instruments to measure reflectance and absorption spectra in visible and near-infrared ranges, as well as chlorophyll contents from several non-related species from different climatic regions. The proposed new algorithms are simple ratios between percentage reflectance at spectral regions that are highly sensitive (540 to 630nm and around 700nm) and insensitive (nearinfrared) to variations in chlorophyll content: R NIR / R 700 and R NIR / R 550. The developed algorithms predicting leaf chemistry from the leaf optics were validated for nine plant species in the range of chlorophyll content from 0.27 to 62.9mug cm -2. An error of less than 4.2 mugcm -2 in chlorophyll prediction was achieved. The use of green and red (near 700nm) channels increases the sensitivity of NDVI to chlorophyll content by about five-fold.     

Predicting water content using Gaussian model on soil spectra

This paper presents an approach to estimating soil moisture content through fitting an inverted Gaussian function to the continuum in soil spectra. The soil moisture Gaussian model (SMGM) estimates the water content by the declining reflectance in the near infrared (NIR) and shortwave infrared (SWIR) regions, 1.2-2.5 μm, due to the spreading of the fundamental water absorption at 2.8 μm. Convex hull boundary points were used to isolate the spectral continuum and to fit the inverted Gaussian function. The function extrapolates the continuum to the fundamental water absorption beyond the wavelength limits of common laboratory, field, and airborne instruments. Of the derived functional parameters, both amplitude and area on the shortwave side of the inverted Gaussian curve were highly correlated with soil water content.In this study, laboratory spectra, from 0.4 to 2.5 μm, were measured at sequential moisture levels in soil samples collected in Castilla-La Mancha, Spain and in California, USA. The Gaussian area was determined to be the best indicator of gravimetric water content with the initial modeling of 2592 spectra. The SMGM was validated with a separate set of 849 spectra. The model performance significantly improved for water contents below a critical level of 0.32 g water/g soil. Within this restricted range, the SMGM predicted water contents for all soils with a maximum of 0.027 RMSE for 1901 modeled spectra and 0.026 for 602 validation spectra. The water content estimates were improved slightly by stratifying the model and validation sets by the two locations, reducing the RMSE to 0.023 in Spain and 0.025 in California. Further stratifying the model spectra by landform and soil sodicity improved some predictions substantially, but less consistently. Stratifying the samples locally demonstrated that a priori knowledge of soil surfaces by landforms should be part of an image calibration strategy. The SMGM provides practical water content estimates and has a potential use in correcting the effects of soil moisture in hyperspectral images.     

滨海盐土重金属含量高光谱遥感研究

高光谱遥感凭借其极高的光谱分辨率在获取有机质、矿物质等土壤组分定量信息的研究中表现出非凡的潜力。以如东县洋口镇为研究区,通过对土壤反射光谱的测量和同步的土壤化学分析,研究了土壤重金属Cr、Cu、Ni与土壤粘土矿物、铁锰氧化物以及碳酸盐之间的赋存关系。利用光谱一阶微分、倒数对数和连续统去除法对土壤光谱的处理,获得了土壤成分的特征波段,通过土壤重金属与土壤光谱变量的相关分析,并利用逐步回归分析方法,确立了3种重金属元素的最佳遥感模型。结果表明,研究区3种重金属与波长429 nm、470 nm、490 nm、1 430 nm、2 398 nm、2 455 nm处光谱变量具有很好的相关性,在所建立的逐步回归模型中,以一阶微分处理的模型精度最高。研究结果可以为高光谱遥感技术反演土壤重金属含量,进一步应用空间或航空遥感进行大尺度环境污染遥感、遥测信息提取和反演提供技术支撑。