GIS互操作性初探

互操作性是ＧＩＳ发展的趋势,它实现窨数据和系统操作的共享。实现互操作性是ＧＩＳ用户的要求,万维网的发展为ＧＩＳ互操作性提供了技术基础。分布式空间数据模型和ＧＩＳ部件化是互操作笥ＧＩＳ的特征,Ｏｐｅｎ ＧＩＳ政致力于互操作性ＧＩＳ的空间标准。     

基于INTERNET的分布式组件GIS集成的实现方法

信息共享是提高地理信息系统应用深度和广度、走向社会化的必由之路。基于ＩＮＴＥＲＮＥＴ的分布式、组件化开发为ＧＩＳ信息资源的共享开辟了广阔的应用领域。简要介绍和比较了几种软件组件模型在ＧＩＳ系统开发中的应用,并提出了一个经改进的基于ＩＮＴＥＲＮＥＴ的分布式组件ＧＩＳ应用模型     

SDB：一个面向分布式GSI的空间数据库

ＳＤＢ是一个面向分布式地理信息系统的空间数据库系统,该系统采用软件组件模型,符合ＯｐｅｎＧＩＳ规范,具有互操作性,支持数据共享和功能共享,能够用于ＧＩＳ软件的集成,支持面向因特网的组件化ＧＩＳ软件的开发。     

GIS与二维泥石流数学模型集成系统研究

针对栅格式ＧＩＳ－ＥＲＤＡＳ和二维泥石流流团模型系统（ＤＥＢＲＩＳ），从模型参数自动获取、数据处理、ＧＩＳ与模型系统的集成策略与操作机制、模型产生的多时相泥石流数据的ＧＩＳ管理与可视化表达、泥石流模拟数据的深层次分析等多个方面探讨了两者之间的系统集成问题。依此为基础，设计并实现了系统间的有效连接。     

基于ActiveX技术的GIS构件

本文通过对介绍地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）的发展变化，并以具有代表性的ＭａｐＯｂｊｅｃｔｓ构件为例，探讨了基于ＡｃｔｉｖｅＸ技术的ＧＩＳ构件原理，应用方法及存在问题，并指出了未来分布式ＧＩＳ构件的发展趋势和应用前景。     

分布式空间对象关系运算的研究

针对当前面向网络ＷｅｂＧＩＳ的特点,对空间关系运算进行了系统的研究以提供分布式空间分析的需要。采用数据抽取率与运算复杂性两个定性指标来考虑空间关系运算的分布式方案,设计了空间对象关系运算的分布式方案和相应的空间分析Ｗｅｂ传输协议。并在ＷｅｂＧＩＳ中得到了实现。     

地理信息系统用户界面设计

地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）是利用计算机采集、处理和分析地理信息的系统，已广泛应用于资源利用和开发、环境保护、国土整治和城市规划等众多领域。然而，传统的ＧＩＳ设计主要强调数据结构和数据模型、数据库的设计和管理及ＧＩＳ应用分析模型等，却很少考虑ＧＩＳ用户界面设计，这使得ＧＩＳ难于为用户掌握、操作不便、界面不友好，降低了系统的效率和实用性。本文以国家基础地理信息系统用户界面设计为例，简要探讨了ＧＩＳ用户界面设计原则、方法和要求等。     

开放式地理信息系统应用开发平台的理论与实现

首先，以开放ＧＩＳ协会（ＯｐｅｎＧＩＳＣｏｎｓｏｒｔｉｕｍ，ＯＧＣ）提出的开放地理数据互操作规范（ＯｐｅｎＧｅｏｄａｔａＩｎ－ｔｅｒｏｐｅｒａｂｉｌｉｔｙＳｐｅｃｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ，ＯＧＩＳ）为核心，结合ＷＷＷ技术来探讨开放式地理信息系统应用开发平台的实现方案。然后，描述了一个遵循ＯＧＩＳ规范的ＧＩＳ应用开发平台ＯＧＩＳＤＰ（ＯｐｅｎＧＩＳａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｐｌａｔｆｏｒｍ）的设计与实现方案，提出了应用开发平台的构成要素和新的ＧＩＳ应用程序范型，以及基于ＯＧＩＳＤＰ技术的项目实例——ＷｅｂＧＩＳ。     

协同应用中组通信服务的研究与设计

为了有效地支持办同应用的开发和集成,如ＣＡＤ工具的集成,在对分布对象技术及组通信技术深入研究的基础上,设计实现了一个支持组通信的分布式集成环境ＤＩＥ／ＧＣＳ。文中首先讨论了ＣＯＲＢＡ和组通信模型的优缺点,指出两者具有互补性,它们的结合将能够很好地满足分布式作应用的需求,其次,描述了ＤＩＥ／ＧＣＳ的框架结构以及ＧＣＳ的组成部分和ＧＣＳ的实现;最后,提出了一个成员开发框架,以方便分布式协同应用中成员的     

地理信息系统的数据模型与系统结构

数据模型是描述数据内容及其相互关系的工具，它是数据库设计的核心问题之一。空间数据相对于一般事务性数据具有数据量大和更加复杂的特点，因此，地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）中空间数据模型的研究显得尤为重要。商业化的ＧＩＳ一般采用关系数据模型，而关系数据模型缺乏表达空间实体及其相互关系的能力，因此形成了图形库与属性库相分离的ＧＩＳ系统结构。这种结构不便于空间实体的整体管理。为解决这一问题，人们探索了扩展的关系模型     

基于Client/Server模式的Office GIS设计与应用

基于RDBMS的空间数据库技术目前已经发展成为构建空间数据库的主流技术,同时也为建立基于Client/Server模式的空间信息系统提供了强有力的技术支撑。该文首先简要介绍了OfficeGIS的概念以及Client/Server模式,接着讨论了基于Client/Server模式的OfficeGIS的主要特点,然后提出了基于Client/Server模式OfficeGIS应遵循的设计原则,最后给出了基于Client/Server模式OfficeGIS的具体应用实例,其良好的应用效果证明了设计的有效性和实用性。     

Linking GIS and water resources management models: an object-oriented method

Many challenges are associated with the integration of geographic information systems (GISs) with models in specific applications. One of them is adapting models to the environment of GISs. Unique aspects of water resource management problems require a special approach to development of GIS data structures. Expanded development of GIS applications for handling water resources management analysis can be assisted by use of an object oriented approach. In this paper, we model a river basin water allocation problem as a collection of spatial and thematic objects. A conceptual GIS data model is formulated to integrate the physical and logical components of the modeling problem into an operational framework, based on which, extended GIS functions are developed to implement a tight linkage between the GIS and the water resources management model. Through the object-oriented approach, data, models and users interfaces are integrated in the GIS environment, creating great flexibility for modeling and analysis. The concept and methodology described in this paper is also applicable to connecting GIS with models in other fields that have a spatial dimension and hence to which GIS can provide a powerful additional component of the modeler’s tool kit.     

Evaluating strategies for integrating environmental models with GIS: Current trends and future needs

Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) as an environmental modeling framework allows modelers to use database, data visualization, and analytical tools in a single integrated environment. Environmental modelers can take advantage of GIS by taking one of the two general approaches: loosely coupling or tightly coupling. Loosely-coupled modeling is primarily for taking advantage of database and visualization tools in GIS. Loosely-coupled modeling can be improved by capitalizing on GIS analytical tools and techniques. Conversely, tightly-coupled models, which are completely encapsulated within a GIS environment, take full advantage of the database, the visualization, and the analysis capabilities of a GIS. These two general strategies for integrating environmental models with GIS, a case study to integrate a groundwater flow model with GIS, and needed improvements for GIS integration in environmental modeling are discussed in this paper.     

GIS与工程模型耦合应用模式研究

现有GIS的空间分析功能还很有限，无法满足工程模型的实际需要，而且大多数应用的工程模型是在没有考虑GIS的基础上发展的，因此目前基于GIS的专业分析都是将GIS的功能模块与工程分析模块耦合集成来实现。为了实现GIS与工程模型的有机耦合，在分析现有耦合应用模式的基础上，提出了基于开放式GIS的耦合应用模式，利用组件模型实现两者的有机耦合，达到数据共享和高效无缝集成。     

基于GIS和RS的应用分析系统集成研究

分析了当前遥感与地理信息系统集成方式,并以作物品质遥感监测与调优栽培系统为例,以实现以遥感为主要数据源的多源数据融合分析为目标,探讨了基于组件技术、空间数据库技术、模型库管理系统技术等技术的遥感与地理信息系统集成应用系统设计与实现,解决了遥感、专业应用模型与地理信息系统之间的一体化集成。     

A GIS based component-oriented integrated system for estimation, visualization and analysis of road traffic air pollution

Road traffic is a dominant source of air pollution. Therefore it is necessary to provide decision-makers with up-to-date emission information in an easily understandable form. To achieve this goal we have integrated existing emission calculation software with a graphical user interface, which includes a GIS (geographical information system) component. The paper first gives a summary of the basic road traffic emission model and then focuses on the design and implementation of the computer application with the emphasis on the used component and GIS technology. The integrated emission evaluation system offers entirely new ways of using the emission model and gives additional visualization and analysis possibilities.     

面向城市固体废物管理辅助决策的GIS解决方案

把城市固体废物产生预测、固体废物的运输、固体废物的处理的优化决策、固体废物的处理的定量经济评价等作为一个整体考虑，提出了一体化的GIS解决方案。利用灰色预测模型进行固体废物产生量及成分预测，并借助于组件GIS的开发技术增强其空间表达和分析能力，为城市固体废物产生预测、评价、处理提供决策支持。     

Prediction of river discharge and surface water quality using an integrated geographical information system approach

A methodology is developed for the prediction of river discharge and surface water quality (indexed by nitrogen loading) of a predominantly rural catchment using simple models in an integrated Geographical Information System (GIS). River discharge is predicted using the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) runoff Curve Number model, and surface water quality by the export coefficient model. Main input variable to these models is information on land-use along with ancillary information such as soils. Land-use is an important parameter that affects both discharge and water quality, and it can be derived from classification of remotely sensed images. Unlike conventional models, the models employed here do not require large amounts of data on several hydro-meteorological variables. The models are applied to a rural catchment in eastern England where major land-use changes have occurred in the recent past. Historical land-use data are derived from a variety of sources including maps, aerial photographs and remotely sensed satellite images for various dates ranging from 1931 to 1989. A GIS is a valuable means to enable large amounts of spatial data to be integrated, and to facilitate data manipulation for the specific application of the models. Results are validated using observed runoff and water quality records, and it is shown that the model predictions are of acceptable accuracy. This study demonstrated an application of a GIS to employ simple models to predict river discharge and water quality.     

GIS空间数据与属性数据的存储结构研究

对GIS中所涉及的各要素进行抽象,并给出其存储结构,在此基础上提出了整体GIS空间数据与属性数据的存储结构,包括逻辑存储结构和物理存储结构。采用层次模型和关系模型相结合的记录式文件系统来对空间数据和属性数据进行存取,并结合索引和数据字典技术加快了数据的存取速度,解决了传统GIS中空间数据和属性数据分开存储带来的问题,提高了大数据量的GIS应用的存取效率。     

From 3d geomodelling systems towards 3d geoscience information systems: Data model,query functionality,and data management

Two-dimensional GIS are extensively used in geology to create, analyse, and interpret geological map models. However, these systems are unable to represent the Earth's subsurface in three spatial dimensions. The objective of this article is to overcome this deficiency and to provide a general framework for a 3d GIS.The presented approach is based on existing 3d geomodelling theory and software, and is characterized by an integrated data model for geological observation data and geomodels, data management supported by an XML-enabled database server, and functionality for querying observation data and 3d geomodels based on their 3d spatial and geological properties. The resulting 3d GIS framework enables geologists to manipulate, analyse and interpret 3d geomodels analogously as they work with 2d geological maps.