马来酸酐接枝乙烯-辛烯共聚物对聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯的增韧作用

研究了马来酸酐接枝乙烯-辛烯共聚物(POE—g—MAH)和POE—g—MAH／聚丙烯(PP)共混物对聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT)的增韧作用。结果表明,POE—g—MAH／PP共混物对PBT的增韧效果优于POE—g—MAH的,POE—g—MAH和PP并用具有显著的协同增韧作用。扫描电镜照片表明,POE—g-MAH／PP共混物增韧PBT具有软壳-硬核结构。     

Studies on the rheological,phase morphologic,thermal and mechanical properties of poly(trimethylene terephthalate)/ethylene propylene diene monomer copolymer grafted with maleic anhydride/metallocene polyethylene blends

The rheological, phase morphologic, thermal and mechanical properties of poly(trimethylene terephthalate)/metallocene polyethylene (PTT/mPE) blends in the presence of ethylene propylene diene monomer copolymer grafted with maleic anhydride (EPDM-g-MAH) as compatibilizer are studied by means of a capillary rheometer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). Results suggest that the compatibility of PTT/mPE blends is improved greatly after the addition of a compatibilizer. The radius of the dispersed phase in the system decreases greatly when the compatibilizer is added into the blend. When the amount of compatibilizer exceeds 8 wt-%, the size of dispersed phase becomes larger again. This phenomena could be attributed to the higher viscosity of the EPDM-g-MAH phase, which is dispersed more difficulty in the PTT phase of lower viscosity, thus the mixing efficiency is apparently decreased during the melt blending process. Moreover, the melt viscosity of the blend reaches the maximal value in case of 4 wt-% compatibilizer content, above which it would decrease again. This result is associated with the generation of more and bigger dispersed phase inside the bulk phase, thus the grafting efficiency at the interface is decreased, which could result in lower viscosity. The DSC results suggest that the mPE component shows a nucleating effect, and could increase the overall degree and rate of PTT crystallization, while the addition of a compatibilizer might slightly diminish these effects. In addition, the blend with 4 wt-% compatibilizer shows the best thermal stability. Furthermore, the Izod impact strength and the tensile strength at room temperature of the blend are also markedly improved by the addition of a 4 8 wt-% compatibilizer.     

Studies on the rheological,phase morphologic,thermal and mechanical properties of poly(trimethylene terephthalate)/ethylene propylene diene monomer copolymer grafted with maleic anhydride/metallocene polyethylene blends

The rheological, phase morphologic, thermal and mechanical properties of poly (trimethylene terephthalate)/metallocene polyethylene (PTT/mPE) blends in the presence of ethylene propylene diene monomer copolymer grafted with maleic anhydride (EPDM-g-MAH) as compatibilizer are studied by means of a capillary rheometer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). Results suggest that the compatibility of PTT/mPE blends is improved greatly after the addition of a compatibilizer. The radius of the dispersed phase in the system decreases greatly when the compatibilizer is added into the blend. When the amount of compatibilizer exceeds 8 wt-%, the size of dispersed phase becomes larger again. This phenomena could be attributed to the higher viscosity of the EPDM-g-MAH phase, which is dispersed more difficulty in the PTT phase of lower viscosity, thus the mixing efficiency is apparently decreased during the melt blending process. Moreover, the melt viscosity of the blend reaches the maximal value in case of 4 wt-% compatibilizer content, above which it would decrease again. This result is associated with the generation of more and bigger dispersed phase inside the bulk phase, thus the grafting efficiency at the interface is decreased, which could result in lower viscosity. The DSC results suggest that the mPE component shows a nucleating effect, and could increase the overall degree and rate of PTT crystallization, while the addition of a compatibilizer might slightly diminish these effects. In addition, the blend with 4 wt-% compatibilizer shows the best thermal stability. Furthermore, the Izod impact strength and the tensile strength at room temperature of the blend are also markedly improved by the addition of a 4–8 wt-% compatibilizer.     

One-step compatibilization of polyamide 6/ poly (ethylene-1-octene) blends with maleic anhydride and peroxide

Polyamide 6/poly(ethylene-1-octene) (POE) blends were prepared in the presence of both maleic anhydride and peroxide via melt blending. The intrinsic viscosity, mechanical properties, rheology, and phase morphology of blends were evaluated. Molau test was adopted to confirm the formation of a graft copolymer between PA 6 and POE, rheology property also indicated the graft reaction. The SEM analysis showed a significant reduction in particle size of seperation phase after one-step compatibilization. It provides a promising method to obtain toughened polyamide material.     

顺酐化聚苯乙烯对PVC/SEBS共混物的增容作用

以顺酐化聚苯乙烯(PS-g-MAH)为增容剂,研究了苯乙烯-乙烯-丁烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物(SEBS)对聚氯乙烯(PVC)的共混增韧改性,讨论了该共混物在常温、低温下的力学性能及动态力学性能。结果表明,PS-g-MAH能明显改善SEBS与PVC的相容性,使PVC/SEBS共混物中分散相颗粒尺寸明显减小,分布更均匀,共混物的玻璃化转变温度内移,常温和低温下缺口冲击强度增大。当PVC/PS-g-MAH/SEBS(质量比)为75/6/25时,共混物的常温缺口冲击强度为50.6 kJ/m2,低温(-20℃)缺口冲击强度为29.8 kJ/m2。     

Toughening of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) with a maleic anhydride grafted SEBS triblock copolymer

Toughening of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) was carried out by blending with a maleic anhydride grafted styrene‐ethylene/butylene‐styrene triblock copolymer (SEBS‐g‐MA). With 30 wt % of the SEBS‐g‐MA, the notched Izod impact strength of the recycled PET was improved by more than 10‐fold. SEM micrographs indicated that cavitation occurred in just a small area near the notch root. Addition of 0.2 phr of a tetrafunctional epoxy monomer increased the recycled PET melt viscosity by chain extension reaction. Different from the positive effect of the epoxy monomer in toughening of nylon and PBT with elastomers, the use of the epoxy monomer in the recycled PET/SEBS‐g‐MA blends failed to further enhance dispersion quality and thus notched impact strength. This negative effect of the epoxy monomer was attributed to the faster reactivity of the epoxy group with maleic anhydride of the SEBS‐g‐MA than with the carboxyl or hydroxyl group of recycled PET. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 1462–1472, 2004     

Effects of maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene on rheological,thermal, and mechanical properties of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene/poly(ethylene glycol) blends

Ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) has gained considerable fame due to its excellent wear and mechanical properties, though the inferior processability has restricted its further extensive applications. In this study, a combination of UHMWPE and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) was considered based on the recent reports, and aiming to further exploit the potential of PEG that acts as processing aid, and also to obtain greater enhanced processability along with other properties, the effects of incorporating maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (MAPE) was thoroughly investigated. Rheological tests revealed a further significant reduction in melt viscosity of UHMWPE/PEG blends after MAPE introduced, showing a potential of better processability, while the flexural strength and toughness of UHMWPE blends experienced a satisfying increase without any obvious compromises in other mechanical properties. A slight improvement of thermal stability in UHMWPE ternary blends along with an increase of vicat softening temperature were characterized by thermal tests, while the crystallinity of UHMWPE was diminished after the introduction of MAPE. Morphology analysis indicated that better dispersion and decreased size of PEG particles were achieved in UHMWPE matrix when MAPE was incorporated, which confirmed the improved interfacial interactions and other reinforcements obtained in UHMWPE/PEG/MAPE blends. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42701.     

Thermal properties and morphology of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate)/maleic anhydride grafted linear low‐density polyethylene blends

Properties of recycled Poly(ethylene terephthalate) were greatly improved. Recycled PET was blended with LLDPE‐g‐MA by low‐temperature solid‐state extrusion. Mechanical properties of the blends were affected obviously by the added LLDPE‐g‐MA. Elongation at break reaches 352.8% when the blend contains 10 wt % LLDPE‐g‐MA. Crystallization behavior of PET phase was affected by LLDPE‐g‐MA content. Crystallinity of PET decreased with the increase of LLDPE‐g‐MA content. FTIR testified that maleic anhydride group in LLDPE‐g‐MA reacted with the end hydroxyl groups of PET and PET‐co‐LLDPE‐g‐MA copolymers were in situ synthesized. SEM micrographs display that LLDPE‐g‐MA phase and PET phase are incompatible and the compatibility of the blends can be improved by the forming of PET‐co‐LLDPE‐g‐MA copolymer. LLDPE‐g‐MA content was less, the LLDPE‐g‐MA phase dispersed in PET matrix fine. With the increase of LLDPE‐g‐MA content, the morphology of dispersed LLDPE‐g‐MA phase changed from spherule to cigar bar, then to irregular spherule. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Mechanical and thermal properties of gamma irradiated ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber/vermiculite clay/maleic anhydride composites

Vermiculite clay (VMT) was first treated with 2 M of hydrochloric acid. The VMT, before and after acid‐treatment, was characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy. The untreated (VMT) and acid‐treated vermiculite clay DVMT) at different contents (2.5–10 phr) and maleic anhydride (MA) at different contents (3–10 phr) were mixed with ethylene polyethylene diene rubber (EPDM) via direct melt compounding in an internal mixer. The mechanical and thermal properties of gamma irradiated composites were studied. The results indicated that the physical properties of gamma irradiated EPDM/DVMT/MA nanocomposites were greatly improved after loading with either DVMT or MA. The improvement was achieved when the content of DVMT clay was 5 phr, MA 7 phr and irradiation dose at 75 kGy. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 25:E3–E11, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Toughening of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate)/glass fiber blends with ethylene–butyl acrylate–glycidyl methacrylate copolymer and maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene–octene rubber

The aim of this study was to improve the toughness of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/glass fiber (GF) blends through the addition of ethylene–butyl acrylate–glycidyl methacrylate copolymer (EBAGMA) and maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene–octene (POE‐g‐MAH) individually. The morphology and mechanical properties of the ternary blend were also examined in this study. EBAGMA was more effective in toughening recycled PET/GF blends than POE‐g‐MAH; this resulted from its better compatibility with PET and stronger fiber/matrix bonding, as indicated by scanning electron microscopy images. The PET/GF/EBAGMA ternary blend had improved impact strength and well‐balanced mechanical properties at a loading of 8 wt % EBAGMA. The addition of POE‐g‐MAH weakened the fiber/matrix bonding due to more POE‐g‐MAH coated on the GF, which led to weakened impact strength, tensile strength, and flexural modulus. According to dynamic rheometer testing, the use of both EBAGMA and POE‐g‐MAH remarkably increased the melt storage modulus and dynamic viscosity. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis showed that the addition of EBAGMA lowered the crystallization rate of the PET/GF blend, whereas POE‐g‐MAH increased it. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Mechanical and morphological study of polyphenylene sulfide/liquid crystalline polymer blends compatibilized with a maleic anhydride grafted copolymer

Blends of thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer (LCPA‐950), based on a copolyester of hydroxynapthoic acid and hydroxybenzoic acid with an engineering thermoplastic, poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS), were prepared using a corotating twin‐screw extruder. Addition of a third component, a functionalized polypropylene (maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene, MA‐PP), that interact with the thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer (TLCP) facilitates the structural development of the TLCP phase by acting as a compatibilizer at the interface. Differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis results, however, show that there is an interaction between the polymers in the presence of compatibilizer. This means that MA‐PP can be used as a compatibilizer for the PPS/LCP in situ composite system. The viscosity of the compatibilized in situ composite was decreased by the compatibilizer, and this is mainly due to the fibrous structure of the LCP at the high shear rate. The mechanical properties of the ternary blends were increased when a proper amount of MA‐PP was added. This is attributed to fine fibril generation induced by the addition of MA‐PP. Morphological observations determined the significance of the third component in immiscible polymer blends, and an optimum amount of MA‐PP exists for the best mechanical performance. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007     

Rheological,mechanical, thermal,and morphological properties of blends poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate), thermoplastic starch,and cellulose nanoparticles

The objective of the present study was the preparation and characterization of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) and thermoplastic starch (TPS) blends reinforced with cellulose nanoparticles (CNCs) by extrusion. The work was conducted in four steps. Initially, the CNCs were prepared from eucalyptus cellulose pulp by acid hydrolysis. The second step was the preparation of the nanocomposite (TPS-CNC), composed of cassava starch, CNC, glycerol, and citric and stearic acids, by double screw extrusion. The third step was the preparation of PBAT/TPS-CNC blends in twin-screw extruders. In the fourth step, the films were produced by flat extrusion. Blends exhibited similar rheological behavior, increasing the CNC concentration in blends increased the viscosity as a function of the shear rate, and altered the behavior of the shear storage (G′) and shear loss (G″) curves as a function of the oscillation frequency (ω). The presence of CNC in blend provided improvements significant in mechanical properties, with 120% increase in Young's modulus, and 46% increase in maximum tensile. Thermal behavior (thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry) was altered with the incorporation of the CNC, showing a single melt peak (T_m) and a slight increase in T_g, indicating good dispersion between the phases of the blends, corroborating with the fracture surface microscopy of films.     

Effect of maleic anhydride grafted ethylene propylene diene monomer (MAH‐g‐EPDM) on the properties of kaolin reinforced EPDM rubber

Due to pollution issue and dark color of carbon black, nonblack filler are getting more importance for reinforcing elastomer. EPDM‐kaolin composites with variable maleated EPDM concentration have been prepared by mixing on a two roll mill. Optimum cure time increases with increasing compatibilizer concentration without decreasing torque value indicating that acidic functional groups comes from compatibilizer could retard cure rate and increase optimum cure time rather than change in ultimate cure state. As the concentration of filler increases, the edge to edge and face to edge interaction between filler and EPDM increases and the free volume between EPDM molecules is reduced, leading to less solvent swelling increasing crosslinking density. The results obtained shows that with increasing filler concentration the modulus and elongation at break increases due to the intertubular diffusion of EPDM inside the clay. The morphological study revealed that homogeneity of filler dispersion increases with increase in compatibilizer concentration which support the results obtained from tensile test. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Rheological,mechanical and thermal properties of propylene‐ethylene block copolymer/polyalphaolefins blends

The rheological, thermal, and mechanical properties of propylene–ethylene block copolymer (PPB) blends with predominantly atactic molecular structure of low molecular weight polypropylene and propylene copolymers with either ethylene or 1‐butene (APAO) have been studied. It has been found that blend properties depend on comonomer type, content, and molecular weight of APAO as well as blend composition. APAO having ethylene comonomer showed better miscibility with PPB than the other ones, and high comonomer content of APAOs gave dramatic increase in impact strength over 30 wt%. It has been concluded that APAO can be used as an effective modifier of PPB. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:1905–1911, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Improved thermal stability and mechanical properties of poly(propylene carbonate) by reactive blending with maleic anhydride

To extend the application of a carbon dioxide sourced environmental friendly polymer: poly (propylene carbonate) (PPC), a small amount of maleic anhydride (MA) was melt blended to end‐cap with PPC to improve its thermal stability and mechanical properties. Thermal and mechanical properties of end‐capped PPC were investigated by TGA, GPC, mechanical test, and DMA. TGA and titration results demonstrate that PPC can be easily end‐capped with MA through simple melt blending. TGA results show that the thermal degradation temperature of PPC could be improved by around 140°C by adding MA. GPC measurement indicates that the molecular weight of PPC can be maintained after blending with MA, where pure PPC experiences a dramatic degradation in molecular weight during melt process. More importantly, the tensile strength of PPC after blending with MA was found to be nearly eight times higher than that of pure PPC. It has approached the mechanical properties of polyolefin polymers, indicating the possibility of replacing polyolefin polymers with PPC for low temperature applications. The method described here could be used to extend the applications of PPC and fight against the well known global warming problem. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Polymer blends with modified coupling agent. I. Preparation and thermal properties of LICA 44 grafted styrene–maleic anhydride copolymer

Neopentyl(diallyl)oxy, tri(N-ethyleneamino)ethyl titanate (LICA 44) was grafted to the styrene/maleic anhydride (SMA) copolymer for the purpose of obtaining a new interfacial coupling agent for flame retardant ABS blends. The graft reaction was proceeded in DMSO under 80°C and reduced pressure. Samples were prepared under various amine/anhydride ratios (AAR) in feed and reaction time. The verification of reaction was based on FTIR spectra and the results of elemental analysis. The reaction percentages were high but decreased with the rising AAR. Both combination types, amide acid and imide, of SMA and LICA 44 were found, and the ratio of amide acid and imide is related to the AAR and reaction time. After the graft reaction, both the initial pyrolysis temperature (T_pi) and the char yield at 800°C of SMA increased significantly. LICA 44 is believed to cause the char promoting effect on SMA-g-L44. And the dealcohol phenomenon of trimethylolpropane diallyl ether (TMPDE) away from SMA-g-L44 was observed during the thermal analysis. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 68:37–44, 1998     

Rheology, phase morphology, mechanical, impact and thermal properties of polypropylene/metallocene catalysed ethylene 1-octene copolymer blends

Blends of a polypropylene (PP) and a metallocene catalysed ethylene-octene copolymer (EOC) were prepared using a single screw extruder fitted with a barrier screw design. The EOC used had 25 wt% 1-octene content and the weight fraction of EOC in the blends covered the range 1-30 wt.% Viscosity values for the blends determined experimentally from dual capillary rheological studies were similar to those calculated theoretically using the log additivity principle described by Ferry. This result together with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations and evidence from tan δ curves from dynamic mechanical thermal analysis showed PP and EOC to be partially miscible for blends having 10 wt% EOC or less. The tensile modulus, break strength and flexural modulus of the blends decreased with respect to virgin PP as the weight fraction of EOC was increased to 30 wt.% The diminution in mechanical properties was concomitant with an initial increase in elongation at break from 40% for neat PP to 140% for the blend with 15 wt% EOC before decreasing to 65% when 30 wt% EOC was blended. The optimum impact modification of the PP used in this study, in the temperature range −40 to 23 °C, was achieved by blending with between 20 and 30 wt% EOC.     

Rheological,mechanical, thermal,and morphological properties of polypropylene/ethylene‐octene copolymer blends

Rheological and morphological studies were performed on polymer blends of ethylene‐octene copolymer [polyethylene elastomer (PEE)] and polypropylene (PP). The viscosities of PEE, PP, and PEE/PP blends were analyzed using an Instron capillary rheometer and a Rheometrics Dynamic Stress Rheometer, SR 200. A non‐Newtonian flow behavior was observed in all samples in the shear rate range from 27 to 2700 s⁻¹, whereas at shear rates in the range from 0.01 to 0.04 s⁻¹, a Newtonian flow behavior was verified. The scanning electron micrographs showed that dual‐phase continuity may occur between 50 and 60 (wt %) of PEE. This result is consistent with the Sperling's model. The mechanical analysis showed that PEE/PP, with 5 wt % of PEE, presented an increase on the mechanical properties and as the PEE content increased, a negative deviation in relation to an empirical equation was observed. Thermal analysis showed that there were no change in the crystallization behavior of the matrix when different elastomer contents were added. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis showed that samples with low PEE contents presented only one peak, indicating a certain degree of miscibility between the components of these blends. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 75: 692–704, 2000     

Mechanical,morphological, and thermal properties of poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) and copolyester LCP blends

Binary blends of a liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) and poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) (PEN) were melt blended and injection molded. The mechanical properties were studied as a function of LCP content. Both the ultimate tensile strength and Young's modulus are higher than the theoretical values predicted by the rule of mixtures and they display a synergistic behavior at 70 wt % LCP content. However, the tensile strength decreases with LCP content and Young's modulus remained unchanged at lower LCP contents (10 to 30 wt %). The poor mechanical property is attributed to the immiscibility between PEN and LCP and the fibrillation behavior of LCP as revealed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results. However, LCP and PEN are found to be partially miscible at higher LCP content, ascertained by DSC and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). This is attributed to the transesterification reaction between PEN and PET moiety in the LCP molecules. SEM micrographs reveal a skin/core morphology in the tensile bars, that is, the LCP is better oriented in the skin than in the core region. At lower LCP content, the dispersed LCP phase is spherical in the core and ellipsoidal in the skin, with long axes oriented in the flow direction. DSC studies show that the crystallization rate is significantly enhanced by the presence of LCP up to 50 wt %, where the LCP acts as a nucleating agent for PEN crystallization. The melting temperature decreases with LCP content, probably as a result of imperfect crystals formed in the presence of LCP heterogeneous nucleating centers and the increasing miscibility between LCP and PEN. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 477–488, 2001     

Uniaxial orientation and tensile properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/poly(ethylene-2,6-naphthalate) blends

Amorphous films of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/poly(ethylene-2,6-naphthalate) (PET/PEN) blends with different blend ratios were uniaxially drawn by solid-state coextrusion and the structure development during solid state deformation was studied. As-prepared blends showed two T_gs. The lower T_g was ∼72 °C, independent of the blend ratio. In contrast, the higher T_g increased with increasing PEN content. Thus, the coextrusion was carried out around the higher T_g of the sample. At a given draw ratio of 5, which was close to the achievable maximum draw ratio, the tensile strength of the drawn samples from the initially amorphous state increased gradually with increasing PEN content. On the other hand, the tensile modulus was found to decrease initially, reaching a minimum at 40-60 wt% PEN, and then increased as the PEN content increased. The results indicate that we can get the drawn films with a moderate tensile modulus and a high tensile strength. The drawn samples from the blends containing 40-60 wt% of PEN showed a maximum elongation at break, and a maximum thermal shrinkage around 100 °C. Also, the degree of stress-induced crystallinity showed a broad minimum around the blend ratio of 50% of PEN. These morphological characteristics explained well the effects of blend ratio on the tensile modulus and strength of drawn PET/PEN blend films.