基于局部熵双子空间的多模态过程故障检测

为了提高非高斯工业过程的检测性能, 提出局部熵双子空间(LEDS)的多模态过程故障检测方法. 运用局部 概率密度估计构建数据的局部熵矩阵, 消除数据的多模态特性. 用Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS)检验局部熵数据中变 量的正态分布特性, 对高斯分布和非高斯分布的数据分别建立基于PCA的高斯子空间和ICA的非高斯子空间故障 检测模型. 利用Bayesian决策将检测结果转化成发生故障概率的形式, 将检测结果组合成最终的统计信息, 进行故 障检测. 将该方法应用于数值例子和田纳西–伊斯曼多模态过程, 仿真结果表明, 该方法在误报率较低的情况下, 故 障检测率最高, 优于PCA、局部熵PCA(LEPCA)和局部熵ICA(LEICA)方法.     

Integrating independent component analysis and support vector machine for multivariate process monitoring

This study aims to develop an intelligent algorithm by integrating the independent component analysis (ICA) and support vector machine (SVM) for monitoring multivariate processes. For developing a successful SVM-based fault detector, the first step is feature extraction. In real industrial processes, process variables are rarely Gaussian distributed. Thus, this study proposes the application of ICA to extract the hidden information of a non-Gaussian process before conducting SVM. The proposed fault detector will be implemented via two simulated processes and a case study of the Tennessee Eastman process. Results demonstrate that the proposed method possesses superior fault detection when compared to conventional monitoring methods, including PCA, ICA, modified ICA, ICA–PCA and PCA–SVM.     

Online monitoring of nonlinear multivariate industrial processes using filtering KICA–PCA

In this paper, a novel approach for processes monitoring, termed as filtering kernel independent component analysis–principal component analysis (FKICA–PCA), is developed. In FKICA–PCA, first, a method to calculate the variance of independent component is proposed, which is significant to make Gaussian features and non-Gaussian features comparable and to select dominant components legitimately; second, Genetic Algorithm is used to determine the kernel parameter through minimizing false alarm rate and maximizing detection rate; furthermore, exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) scheme is used to filter the monitoring indices of KICA–PCA to improve monitoring performance. In addition, a novel contribution analysis scheme is developed for FKICA–PCA to diagnosis faults. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method are validated on the Tennessee Eastman (TE) process.     

基于信息增量矩阵的故障诊断方法

主元分析(Principal component analysis, PCA)是一种常用的故障检测方法,由于特征提取不准确, 在用于故障诊断时常存在误报率和漏报率较高的现象.为此,本文首先介绍了基于全局的协方差矩阵的信息增量矩阵的故障诊断方法,虽然相比PCA方法它能有效减少误报率和漏报率, 但随着采样样本的增加,会因计算得到的阈值越来越不具代表性和计算量较大等原因而影响该方法的性能.然后,建立了基于局部数据的移动窗口协方差矩阵的信息增量矩阵的故障诊断方法, 以克服上述方法中存在的不足. 该方法主要通过定义局部协方差矩阵、局部信息增量矩阵、局部信息增量均值、 局部动态阈值、异常检测与判定等过程完成.最后,通过两个数值仿真例子来验证PCA方法、 基于全局的协方差矩阵的信息增量矩阵方法以及本文方法在故障误报和漏报方面的检测效能. 实验结果表明,本文方法具有最好的检测性能.     

一种基于各向异性高斯核核惩罚的PCA特征提取算法

提出了一种基于各向异性高斯核核惩罚的主成分分析的特征提取算法.该算法不同于传统的核主成分分析算法.在非线性数据降维中,传统的核主成分分析算法忽略了原始数据的无量纲化.此外,传统的核函数在各维度上主要由一个相同的核宽参数控制,该方法无法准确反映各维度不同特征的重要性,从而导致降维过程中准确率低下.为了解决上述问题,首先针对现原始数据的无量纲化问题,提出了一种均值化算法,使得原始数据的总方差贡献率有明显的提高.其次,引入了各向异性高斯核函数,该核函数每个维度拥有不同的核宽参数,各核宽参数能够准确地反映所在维度数据特征的重要性.再次,基于各向异性高斯核函数建立了核主成分分析的特征惩罚目标函数,以便用较少的特征表示原始数据,并反映每个主成分信息的重要性.最后,为了寻求最佳特征,引入梯度下降算法来更新特征惩罚目标函数中的核宽度和控制特征提取算法的迭代过程.为了验证所提出算法的有效性,各算法在UCI公开数据集上和KDDCUP99数据集上进行了比较.实验结果表明,所提基于各向异性高斯核核惩罚的主成分分析的特征提取算法比传统的主成分分析算法在9种公开的UCI公开数据集上准确率平均提高了4.49%.在KDDCUP99数据集上,所提基于各向异性高斯核核惩罚的主成分分析的特征提取算法比传统的主成分分析算法准确率提高了8%.     

一种改进的马氏距离相对变换主元分析方法及其故障检测应用

目前, 主元分析方法(PCA)在数据处理、模式识别、过程监测等领域得到了越来越广泛的应用, 但仍存在部分关键问题亟待解决. 本文为了提高PCA方法的故障检测性能, 进行了一系列的改进, 首先, 本文引入相对变换的概念, 使用马氏距离相对变换直接消除量纲, 通过理论推导证明了马氏距离相对变换可以对数据不进行标准化直接进行数据变换, 而且给出了在相对空间内数据进行PCA变换的合理解释, 表明了基于马氏距离相对变换的PCA故障检测方法可以有效的消除变量量纲对数据的影响, 提高数据的可分性. 其次, 改进了SPE监控指标, 提出一种基于马氏距离的平方预测误差指标, 更有效地实现对工业过程的故障检测. 最后, 将两种改进方法相结合, 提出改进的马氏距离相对变换PCA故障检测方法, 并以轧钢过程活套系统为背景, 实际数据仿真结果表明: 与PCA以及其它改进方法相比, 本文提出的方法具有更好的故障检测性能和实时性, 能准确、有效地检测出活套故障.     

一种基于局部模型的非线性多工况过程监测方法

针对复杂工业过程中的非线性、非高斯特性以及多工况问题, 提出了一种基于局部模型的在线统计监测新方法. 首先利用局部最小二乘支持向量机回归 (Least square support vector regression, LSSVR) 模型对过程输出进行预测, 与真实的输出相比较构成残差序列. 然后利用 ICA-PCA 两步特征提取策略, 完整地提取残差的高斯和非高斯信息, 最后用三个统计量 (I2、T2 和 SPE) 对过程进行监测, 建立了一种具有非线性、非高斯特性的多工况过程在线监测算法. 通过对 TE (Tennessee Eastman) 过程的仿真研究, 验证提出的方法是可行、有效的, 并显示出了一定的故障检测能力.     

基于概率密度PCA的多模态过程故障检测

为了提高故障检测和分类能力,提出基于概率密度PCA的多模态过程故障检测算法。对各模态的训练数据建立PCA模型,计算各个模型的控制限和匹配系数。根据匹配系数计算各模态统一的控制限。对新来的数据,运用概率密度确定其模态。新来数据向对应模态的模型上投影并计算统一的统计量,比较统计量与控制限进行多模态过程故障检测。把该方法应用到数值例子和半导体过程中,仿真结果表明,该算法在分类及多模态过程故障检测方面具有很高的准确性。     

基于PCA多变量统计的故障检测与诊断

主元分析(PCA)是一种能够对过程生产进行监测和质量控制的有效方法,在保证数据信息丢失最少的情况下,大大降低了原始数据空间的维数。为了更好地进行故障检测与诊断,介绍了基于PCA多变量统计的故障检测与诊断,给出了广泛应用在多变量统计过程上的T2和Q(或SPE)统计量。利用PCA分析建模可以消除变量间的非线性关联,降低噪声影响。用田纳西-伊斯曼过程TEP(Tennessee-Eastman Process)平台产生仿真数据,并利用Matlab软件建立故障检测与诊断模型。通过T2和Q(或SPE)统计量与其阈值的判断,进行对系统的故障检测与诊断。实验表明,基于PCA的故障诊断方法能够对过程的非正常变化做出反应,也能较正确地找出发生故障的原因以及相应环节。     

Plant-wide detection and diagnosis using correspondence analysis

This paper presents an approach based on the correspondence analysis (CA) for the task of fault detection and diagnosis. Unlike other data-based monitoring tools, such as principal components analysis/dynamic PCA (PCA/DPCA), the CA algorithm has been shown to use a different metric to represent the information content in the data matrix X. Decomposition of the information represented in the metric is shown here to yield superior performance from the viewpoints of data compression, discrimination and classification, as well as early detection and diagnosis of faults. Metrics similar to the contribution plots and threshold statistics that have been developed and used for PCA are also proposed in this paper for detection and diagnosis using the CA algorithm. Further, using the benchmark Tennessee Eastman problem as a case study, significant performance improvements are demonstrated in monitoring and diagnosis (in terms of shorter detection delays, smaller false alarm rates, reduced missed detection rates and clearer diagnosis) using the CA algorithm over those achievable using the PCA and DPCA algorithms.     

Multimode process monitoring with PCA mixture model

For multimode processes, Gaussian mixture model (GMM) has been applied to estimate the probability density function of the process data under normal-operational condition in last few years. However, learning GMM with the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm from process data can be difficult or even infeasible for high-dimensional and collinear process variables. To address this issue, a novel multimode process monitoring approach based on PCA mixture model is proposed. First, the PCA technique is directly applied to the covariance matrix of each Gaussian component to reduce the dimension of process variables and to obtain nonsingular covariance matrices. Then the Bayesian Ying-Yang incremental EM algorithm is adopted to automatically optimize the number of mixture components. With the obtained PCA mixture model, a novel process monitoring scheme is derived for fault detection of multimode processes. Three case studies are provided to evaluate the monitoring performance of the proposed method.     

基于改进偏最小二乘法的多模态过程故障检测方法

针对传统的数据驱动方法偏最小二乘法（PLS）中存在的多模态数据故障检测效果不佳的问题,提出了一种新的故障检测方法——基于局部近邻标准化（LNS）的PLS（LNS-PLS）。首先,利用LNS方法对原始数据进行高斯化处理,在此基础上建立PLS的监控模型,确定T²和平方预测误差（SPE）的控制限;其次,对测试数据同样进行LNS标准化处理,再计算出测试数据的PLS监控指标来进行过程监视及故障检测,解决了PLS中无法处理多模态的问题。将所提方法应用于数值例子和青霉素生产过程,并将其测试结果与主成分分析（PCA）、K最近邻（KNN）、PLS等方法进行对比分析。实验结果表明,所提方法的故障检测效果优于PLS、KNN、PCA,该方法在分类及多模态过程故障检测方面有较高的准确性。     

用于非高斯系统降维的最小残差熵主元网络

基于最小均方误差的主元分析和主元神经网络是有效的多变量降维统计技术,它们所提取的主元含有系统最大方差.非高斯随机系统的近似模型应当含有系统最大信息熵,但包含最大方差并不一定包含最大信息熵.该文提出一种以最小残差熵为通用指标的非线性主元神经网络模型,并给出了一种基于Parzen窗口密度函数估计的熵近似计算方法和网络学习算法.然后从信息论角度分析了,在高斯随机系统中基于最小残差熵和最小均方差为指标的主元网络学习结果具有一致性.最后以仿真验证该方法的有效性,并与基于最小均方误差的主元分析和主元神经网络方法的计算结果进行对比性分析.     

Principal component analysis based signal-to-noise ratio improvement for inchoate faulty signals: Application to ball bearing fault detection

This paper addresses the development of an algorithm that can improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in inchoate faulty signals. The removal of noise and preservation of fault information components cannot be easily achieved. Many techniques for SNR improvement in healthy signals rely on frequency bands. Such techniques have been proven to be efficient in improving the SRN by filtering out frequency bands (FoFBs). However, these techniques cannot reduce noise and preserve fault information when dealing with inchoate faulty signals. Thus, a feature extraction technique based on statistical parameters, which are free from Gaussian noise, is proposed in this paper. The proposed signal subspace-based approach for SNR improvement in inchoate faulty signals is based on a modified principal component analysis (PCA), in which the optimal subspace is selected via a cumulative percent of variance (CPV) criterion and the test statistic condition of the true information loss, which has the tendency to alleviate the impact of Gaussian and non-Gaussian noise and provides useful time domain analysis for non-stationary signals such as vibration, in which spectral contents vary with respect to time. Furthermore, the modified PCA algorithm is combined with a low-pass filter (LPF) to achieve an optimum balance between noise reduction efficiency and the conservation of inchoate fault information. The proposed PCA-LPF algorithm is compared with different filters under different noise levels to find the most efficient approach in terms of optimizing the trade-off between noise reduction efficiency and precision of inchoate fault information conservation, with the final goal of improving the fault detection capability. Further, the performance of the proposed PCA-LPF algorithm was demonstrated with an experimental study on vibration-based ball bearing fault detection.     

Fault detection based on robust characteristic dimensionality reduction

In this paper, a novel fault detection method is developed based on robust characteristic dimensionality reduction (RCDR). The time-constrained sparse representation (TCSR) method is firstly introduced by considering the space and time characteristics of industrial process monitoring data simultaneously. It can remove space-related outliers, time-related outliers and noises by solving an optimization problem. Then, a new RCDR method is proposed, which fully utilizes the constructed robust adjacency graph and considers the data characteristics. Its scatter matrices are specially designed by consideration of the data characteristics of fault detection. The within-class scatter matrix only characterizes normal data set with a classic covariance matrix, while the inter-class scatter matrix characterizes the separability between normal data and fault data through a pre-defined scatter matrix. It is worth mentioning that our method does not make Gaussian assumptions about the distribution of the fault data, and the number of projection directions is not limited as well. The TCSR is also embedded into our proposed dimensionality reduction method, enabling it to handle the fault detection problem under strong disturbances. Simulations on Tennessee Eastman process (TEP) and a case study of electric multiple unit (EMU) braking system of high-speed trains fully demonstrate the effectiveness and applicability of our proposed fault detection method.     

基于高斯混合模型与PCA-HOG的快速运动人体检测

针对传统人体检测系统中由于检测窗口标扫描区域过大,帧的特征维度过高使其在实际应用中内存消耗量大且检测速度慢的情况,提出了改进的运动人体检测方法。该方法利用高斯混合模型进行背景建模剔除掉大部分图像背景,减少了侦测扫描区域,从而在减少负例样本误检率的同时提升了检测速度。同时对处理HOG的高维度,提出了一种基于主成分分析(PCA)降维的梯度方向直方图(HOG)的描述子,即PCA-HOG描述子,它在不降低识别率的前提下,很大程度地提升了侦测窗口的分类速度。实验验证了混合高斯模型与PCA-HOG相结合显著提升了人体检测速度。     

基于鲁棒主成分分析的智能电网虚假数据注入攻击

基于主成分分析（PCA）的盲攻击策略仅对具有高斯噪声的测量数据有效,在存在异常值的情况下,上述攻击策略将被传统的坏数据检测模块检测。针对异常值存在的问题,提出一种基于鲁棒主成分分析（RPCA）的盲攻击策略。首先,攻击者收集含有异常值的测量数据;然后,通过基于交替方向法（ADM）的稀疏优化技术从含有异常值的测量数据中分离出异常值和真实的测量数据;其次,对真实测量数据进行PCA,得到系统的相关信息;最后,利用获得的系统信息构造攻击向量,并根据得到的攻击向量注入虚假数据。该攻击策略在IEEE 14-bus系统上进行了测试,实验结果表明,在异常值存在的情况下,传统的基于PCA的攻击方法将被坏数据检测模块检测,而所提方法基于鲁棒PCA的攻击策略能够躲避坏数据检测模块的检测。该策略使得在异常值存在的情况下虚假数据注入攻击（FDIA）仍然能够成功实施。     

基于医疗文本数据聚类的帕金森病早期诊断预测

针对多发于老龄人群的帕金森病（PD）的早期智能化诊断的问题,提出基于医疗检测文本信息数据的聚类技术来对PD进行分析预测。首先,对原始数据集进行预处理以获取有效特征信息,并通过主成分分析（PCA）方法将原始特征分别降维到8个不同维度的维度空间;然后,应用5个传统的经典聚类模型和3种不同的聚类集成方法分别对8个维度空间的数据进行聚类;最后,采用4个聚类性能指标来预测数据集中的多巴胺异常PD患者、健康体和无多巴胺缺失（SWEDD） PD患者。仿真结果显示,PCA特征维度值取30时,高斯混合模型（GMM）的聚类准确度达到89.12%;PCA特征维度值取70时,谱聚类（SC）的聚类准确度达到61.41%;PCA特征维度值取80时,元聚类算法（MCLA）的聚类准确度达到59.62%。对比实验结果表明,5种经典聚类方法中,PCA的特征维度值小于40时,高斯混合模型聚类效果最佳;3种聚类集成方法中,对于不同的特征维度,MCLA的聚类性能均表现优异,进而为PD的早期智能化辅助诊断提供了技术和理论支撑。     

基于可拓物元模型的故障诊断研究与应用

制冷系统由于内部物质形态的多样性以及系统参数间的高度耦合,增加了故障检测及诊断的难度,为解决此问题,提出了一种基于主元分析（PCA）和可拓物元模型的诊断算法,利用主元分析法提取故障特征参数;建立以可拓物元模型算法为基础的故障诊断模型;该模型借助主元分析方法获取属性互不相关的训练集,通过建立其物元模型,利用关联函数定量计算待测对象对于每一种故障模式的关联程度,进而判断可能的故障模式;同时利用实验数据加以验证,结果表明：该模型有效地提高了故障诊断率,同时优于单纯的可拓物元模型,且该模型对小样本的处理能力优于BP神经网络模型,其诊断正确率更高,训练耗时较少。     

基于局部近邻标准化和动态主元分析的故障检测策略

针对工业过程的动态和多模态特性,提出一种基于局部近邻标准化（LNS）和动态主元分析（DPCA）相结合的故障检测方法（LNS-DPCA）。首先,在训练数据集中寻找样本的K近邻集;然后,应用K近邻集的均值与标准差对当前样本进行标准化处理;最后,在新的数据集中应用DPCA方法确定T²和SPE控制限进行故障检测。LNS方法能够消除过程的多模态特征,使得标准化后数据近似服从多元高斯分布,且保持过程离群点偏离正常样本轨迹;而结合DPCA方法则能够提高对具有动态特性过程的监视性能。利用数值例子和青霉素发酵过程进行仿真,并将测试结果与主元分析法（PCA）、DPCA、K近邻故障检测（FD-KNN）等方法进行对比分析,验证了LNS-DPCA方法的有效性。