基于加速度补偿的无人机吊挂飞行抗摆控制

为了抑制四旋翼无人机(UAV)吊挂飞行中的载荷摆动,研究了一种新的基于加速度补偿的抗摆控制方法.首先,基于拉格朗日法建立了四旋翼UAV吊挂系统的非线性动态特性方程,并构建了能量函数来设计飞行控制系统,使四旋翼UAV跟踪参考轨迹;然后,利用吊挂载荷运动轨迹广义误差设计抗摆控制器,对四旋翼UAV进行加速度补偿以修正UAV的...     

基于群智能-一致性理论的无人机编队全过程飞行航迹规划方法

针对无人机编队执行任务全过程飞行规划问题,提出一种基于多步粒子群优化的无人机编队航迹规划算法.首先,对无人机和执行任务策略进行建模,将编队执行任务全过程划分为编队成形、执行任务、返航、解散和无人机降落5个阶段,设计不同阶段的飞行策略;其次,针对不同的终端约束条件,设计多类多层优化指标,提出多步粒子群算法,并引入模型预测控制滚动优化航路点,得到适用于不同阶段的能严格满足约束条件的航路规划方法;然后,建立旋转坐标系,将航路点信息转换为编队控制律中的理想航向和高度信息,得到能通过航路点的编队控制算法;最后,利用编队控制算法去执行航路规划方法给出的航路点,生成航迹,得到编队航迹规划算法.仿真结果表明,所提规划方法比传统方法更适用于编队飞行,能为编队规划执行任务全过程的平滑航迹,具有良好的通用性.     

基于非线性制导的四旋翼轨迹跟踪控制

四旋翼是一种欠驱动、强耦合的可垂直起降的飞行器,为了实现其能够以设定速度跟踪空间轨迹,设计了一种基于非线性制导算法的轨迹跟踪控制方法。该方法分为了导引与控制两部分组成,导引部分以任务轨迹与期望速度为输入量通过非线性制导算法输出当前四旋翼的期望加速度,控制部分以得到的期望加速度为输入量采用串级PID算法对四旋翼进行姿态控制,从而实现四旋翼保持设定速度对任务轨迹的跟踪。仿真结果表明,所提方法能够实现四旋翼对复杂任务轨迹的精确跟踪,二维复杂轨迹跟踪距离偏差不超过±0.6m,速度偏差不超过2m/s;三维复杂轨迹除了受自身控制力限制的飞行段外,跟踪距离偏差基本控制在±4m以内,速度偏差不超过2m/s。     

面向自由飞行目标捕获的四旋翼最优轨迹规划

自由飞行目标物捕获作为动态任务，在其被执行的过程中，四旋翼不仅要规划出一条时间最优的追踪轨迹，而且还要根据目标物的位置反馈信息实时对轨迹进行重新规划，以实现在最短的时间内追上目标物.针对这一问题，提出了诱导时间最优MPC （model predictive control）算法用于四旋翼的轨迹规划.该算法通过宽松约束条件下时间最优轨迹的引导，利用MPC的滚动优化策略，可以在每个控制周期内用反馈信息实时求解时间最优的追踪轨迹.为了躲避追踪路径中的障碍物，本文还提出了一种用动态线性约束表示障碍物的方法，以提高障碍物约束下轨迹求解的效率.结合诱导时间最优MPC的算法，可以在线实时地求解出具有障碍物避碰能力的时间最优轨迹.仿真结果表明了本文提出算法的有效性，其高效的计算效率也能满足实际系统对算法实时性的要求.     

Flying on point clouds: Online trajectory generation and autonomous navigation for quadrotors in cluttered environments

Micro aerial vehicles (MAVs), especially quadrotors, have been widely used in field applications, such as disaster response, field surveillance, and search‐and‐rescue. For accomplishing such missions in challenging environments, the capability of navigating with full autonomy while avoiding unexpected obstacles is the most crucial requirement. In this paper, we present a framework for online generating safe and dynamically feasible trajectories directly on the point cloud, which is the lowest‐level representation of range measurements and is applicable to different sensor types. We develop a quadrotor platform equipped with a three‐dimensional (3D) light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and an inertial measurement unit (IMU) for simultaneously estimating states of the vehicle and building point cloud maps of the environment. Based on the incrementally registered point clouds, we online generate and refine a flight corridor, which represents the free space that the trajectory of the quadrotor should lie in. We represent the trajectory as piecewise Bézier curves by using the Bernstein polynomial basis and formulate the trajectory generation problem as a convex program. By using Bézier curves, we can constrain the position and kinodynamics of the trajectory entirely within the flight corridor and given physical limits. The proposed approach is implemented to run onboard in real‐time and is integrated into an autonomous quadrotor platform. We demonstrate fully autonomous quadrotor flights in unknown, complex environments to validate the proposed method.     

基于RFID技术的四旋翼无人机轨迹跟踪控制系统设计

为促进四旋翼无人机的飞行自主性,增强无人监管情况下飞行器主机所具备的避障行进能力,设计基于RFID技术的四旋翼无人机轨迹跟踪控制系统;采用RFID标签识别技术,调制处理既定控制信号,利用标签识别协议,连接微型四旋翼轨迹控制器与内环姿态控制器,通过数据通信链路,提取轨迹跟踪控制所需的传输电子量,完成轨迹跟踪控制系统硬件设计;利用动力系统中的参数辨识策略,确定与轨迹姿态控制相关的物理规律标注,实现四旋翼无人机轨迹跟踪控制;实验结果表明,与机器视觉型控制系统相比,基于RFID技术的控制系统的SSI避障行进指标数值相对较高,全局最大值达到了 79％,四旋翼无人机滚转角平均值为85°,能够有效抑制四旋翼无人机滚转角的数值上升趋势,增强无人监管情况下飞行器主机避障行进能力.     

基于ADRC的四旋翼飞行器抗干扰控制研究

近年来随着自动控制技术的飞速发展,四旋翼飞行器在军事领域和民用方面均得到了广泛应用。飞行器控制系统的抗干扰能力决定了四旋翼飞行器飞行性能的稳定性和可靠性。飞行器控制系统常采用经典PID(Proportional Integral Derivative)方法,该方法容易受到外界的干扰,增大了控制难度。本文采用自抗扰控制(Auto Disturbances Rejection Control,ADRC)算法对四旋翼飞行器模型的飞行位置和姿态进行了控制。通过与PID算法控制结果对比,可以得到以下结论:基于ADRC算法控制的四旋翼飞行器起飞1-2s后,其飞行位置、姿态、位置和姿态回路扰动均与期望值有较高的重叠性,同时飞行器的水平和空间飞行轨迹呈现出圆滑、平稳。因此,ADRC能够有效地解决飞行器的内部通道耦合和外部干扰等问题,使得四旋翼飞行器能更加方便、可靠、稳定地应用于各个领域。     

基于HOD的无模型四旋翼RBF滑模控制

为了探索解决在无模型控制算法中如何对系统的未知模型和扰动进行准确估计,提出一种基于高阶微分器(HOD)的无模型RBF神经网络滑模控制器(HODRBFSMC).引入HOD估计系统模型的各阶状态变量,并将系统模型的未知项和外界干扰统一归为总扰动,通过RBF神经网络对总扰动进行估计,并根据Lyapunov定理证明所设计控制器的闭环稳定性.为验证控制器的有效性,所设计的控制器被应用于四旋翼飞行器的轨迹控制,解决其模型参数复杂且飞行过程中易受外界干扰的问题.仿真实验表明,所提出方法能够有效估计并补偿总扰动,其轨迹跟踪能力和抗干扰性能相比PID和高阶微分反馈控制(HODFC)具有一定的优越性,能够很好地满足四旋翼飞行器控制的需求.     

平面四旋翼无人飞行器运送系统的轨迹规划与跟踪控制器设计

对于四旋翼无人飞行器运送系统而言,需要保证飞行过程中负载的摆幅维持在适当的范围内,并且在飞行器到达目的地后负载无残余摆动.本文针对四旋翼无人飞行器运送系统,提出了一种新颖的轨迹规划与跟踪控制方法.论文首先得到了平面四旋翼无人飞行器的运动特性与负载摆角之间的非线性耦合关系.通过相平面内的几何分析,分别设计了两个轴方向上的分段式加速度轨迹.这种轨迹具有简洁的解析表达式并可获得较高的运送效率,同时满足飞行器的速度,加速度等物理约束.为了使四旋翼无人飞行器准确跟踪规划好的轨迹,本文基于反步法设计了一种非线性跟踪控制器,并通过李雅普诺夫方法对其闭环稳定性进行分析,证明其能使跟踪误差指数收敛于零.论文最后通过仿真结果验证了本文所提出方法的可行性与有效性,及其对外界干扰的鲁棒性.     

基于多传感器的四旋翼飞行器硬件系统设计

四旋翼飞行器由于其简单的机体结构与较为复杂的姿态控制,近年来在军用和民用领域广泛应用。旨在通过四旋翼飞行器飞控平台的搭建,实现对飞行器姿态的稳定控制。首先论述了四旋翼飞行器的飞行原理与机械结构,给出了硬件系统总体结构。在对各功能模块整合的基础上,实现基于多传感器的控制系统硬件电路设计。仿真与实验证明：多传感器使用过程中,通过卡尔曼滤波进行姿态数据的融合,有效地解决了加速度计、陀螺仪易受外界干扰问题,所设计硬件系统在飞行实验中性能稳定,为四旋翼的稳定控制提供了参考。     

基于路标点追踪的差速驱动机器人运动规划

首先,针对三角网格路径规划方法采用D-P算法提取路标点时,其最大阈值不易确定等问题,提出基于碰撞检测的抽取路标点方法.同时采用Pure Pursuit算法跟踪路标点,对差速驱动机器人进行运动规划;然后,通过实验对比分析表明,在提取路标点时,与D-P算法相比,碰撞检测方法更加优越;最后,通过差速驱动机器人的运动规划实验表明:Pure Pursuit算法追踪路标点方法规划的运动轨迹为一条光滑曲线,能够有效地避开地图上的障碍物;机器人角速度和线速度均为光滑函数,变化平缓,在路标点附近出现较小波动,波动范围均在允许值内;运动规划时间为0.049s,完全能够满足实际需求.研究结果表明,基于路标点追踪的移动机器人运动规划是一种简单有效的运动规划方法.     

四旋翼无人机飞行过程孪生仿真研究

为了满足无人机在实际飞行过程中的虚实交互、实时响应和精确控制等要求,以四旋翼无人机的飞行过程作为任务需求,提出基于数字孪生技术的四旋翼无人机飞行过程仿真研究。搭建了四旋翼无人机飞行数字孪生系统架构,分析了数字孪生体仿真数据的流向及其作用,并对四旋翼无人机飞行数字孪生系统的功能和意义进行了介绍。从几何、物理、行为和规则等四个方面融合构建了四旋翼无人机的数字孪生体模型。最后进行了四旋翼无人机巡航过程的案例研究,通过仿真案例中的各项参数分析,考察了虚实无人机之间的交互性,证明了数字孪生体模型的精确性,验证了四旋翼无人机飞行数字孪生系统的可行性。     

An algorithm for trajectory prediction of flight plan based on relative motion between positions

Traditional methods for plan path prediction have low accuracy and stability. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for plan path prediction based on relative motion between positions (RMBP) by mining historical flight trajectories. A probability statistical model is introduced to model the stochastic factors during the whole flight process. The model object is the sequence of velocity vectors in the three-dimensional Earth space. First, we model the moving trend of aircraft including the speed (constant, acceleration, or deceleration), yaw (left, right, or straight), and pitch (climb, descent, or cruise) using a hidden Markov model (HMM) under the restrictions of aircraft performance parameters. Then, several Gaussian mixture models (GMMs) are used to describe the conditional distribution of each moving trend. Once the models are built, machine learning algorithms are applied to obtain the optimal parameters of the model from the historical training data. After completing the learning process, the velocity vector sequence of the flight is predicted by the proposed model under the Bayesian framework, so that we can use kinematic equations, depending on the moving patterns, to calculate the flight position at every radar acquisition cycle. To obtain higher prediction accuracy, a uniform interpolation method is used to correct the predicted position each second. Finally, a plan trajectory is concatenated by the predicted discrete points. Results of simulations with collected data demonstrate that this approach not only fulfils the goals of traditional methods, such as the prediction of fly-over time and altitude of waypoints along the planned route, but also can be used to plan a complete path for an aircraft with high accuracy. Experiments are conducted to demonstrate the superiority of this approach to some existing methods.     

Model‐assisted extended state observer and dynamic surface control–based trajectory tracking for quadrotors via output‐feedback mechanism

In this paper, an output‐feedback trajectory tracking controller for quadrotors is presented by integrating a model‐assisted extended state observer (ESO) with dynamic surface control. The quadrotor dynamics are described by translational and rotational loops with lumped disturbances to promote the hierarchical control design. Then, by exploiting the structural property of the quadrotor, a model information–assisted high‐order ESO that relies only on position measurements is designed to estimate not only the unmeasurable states but also the lumped disturbances in the rotational loop. In addition, to account for the problem of “explosion of complexity” inherent in hierarchical control, the output feedback–based trajectory tracking and attitude stabilization laws are respectively synthesized by utilizing dynamic surface control and the corresponding estimated signals provided by the ESO. The stability analysis is given, showing that the output‐feedback trajectory tracking controller can ensure the ultimate boundedness of all signals in the closed‐loop system and make the tracking errors arbitrarily small. Finally, flight simulations with respect to an 8‐shaped trajectory command are performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme in obtaining the stable and accurate trajectory tracking using position measurements only.     

Conflict Detection and Resolution Method for Cooperating Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

This paper presents a Conflict Detection and Resolution (CDR) method for cooperating Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) sharing airspace. The proposed method detects conflicts using an algorithm based on axis-aligned minimum bounding box and solves the detected conflicts cooperatively using a genetic algorithm that modifies the trajectories of the UAVs with an overall minimum cost. The method changes the initial flight plan of each UAV by adding intermediate waypoints that define the solution flight plan while maintaining their velocities. The method has been validated with many simulations and experimental results with multiple aerial vehicles platforms based on quadrotors in a common airspace. The experiments have been carried out in the multi-UAV aerial testbed of the Center for Advanced Aerospace Technologies (CATEC).     

Aerial robotic contact-based inspection: planning and control

The challenge of aerial robotic contact-based inspection is the driving motivation of this paper. The problem is approached on both levels of control and path-planning by introducing algorithms and control laws that ensure optimal inspection through contact and controlled aerial robotic physical interaction. Regarding the flight and physical interaction stabilization, a hybrid model predictive control framework is proposed, based on which a typical quadrotor becomes capable of stable and active interaction, accurate trajectory tracking on environmental surfaces as well as force control. Convex optimization techniques enabled the explicit computation of such a controller which accounts for the dynamics in free-flight as well as during physical interaction, ensures the global stability of the hybrid system and provides optimal responses while respecting the physical limitations of the vehicle. Further augmentation of this scheme, allowed the incorporation of a last-resort obstacle avoidance mechanism at the control level. Relying on such a control law, a contact-based inspection planner was developed which computes the optimal route within a given set of inspection points while avoiding any obstacles or other no-fly zones on the environmental surface. Extensive experimental studies that included complex “aerial-writing” tasks, interaction with non-planar and textured surfaces, execution of multiple inspection operations and obstacle avoidance maneuvers, indicate the efficiency of the proposed methods and the potential capabilities of aerial robotic inspection through contact.     

Data Retrieving From Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network Nodes Using UAVs

This paper describes a method and experimental results of a flight planning method that takes into account uncertainties to determine a safe UAV trajectory. It uses particle filters to predict UAV trajectories taking into account the model of the UAV and of the atmospheric conditions and also considering uncertainties. A waypoint generation module computes intermediate waypoints in order to ensure that the trajectory achieves the required levels of safety (avoids forbidden zones) and mission achievement (passes through way-zones). The method has been applied to collection of data from wireless sensor network and has been validated in the airfield of Bollullos in the Spanish province of Seville.     

Finite-time Adaptive Integral Backstepping Fast Terminal Sliding Mode Control Application on Quadrotor UAV

International Journal of Control, Automation and Systems - This paper presents a reliable and novel quadrotor flight control system designed to enhance trajectory tracking performance, robustness...     

On Trajectory Tracking Model Predictive Control of an Unmanned Quadrotor Helicopter Subject to Aerodynamic Disturbances

In this article a model predictive control (MPC) strategy for the trajectory tracking of an unmanned quadrotor is presented. The quadrotor's dynamics are modeled using a hybrid systems approach and, specifically, a set of piecewise affine (PWA) systems around different operating points of the translational and rotational motions. The proposed control scheme is dual and consists of an integral MPC for the translational motions, followed by an MPC scheme for the tracking of the quadrotor's attitude motions. By the utilization of PWA representations, the controller is computed for a larger part of the quadrotor's flight envelope, which provides more control authority for aggressive maneuvering. The proposed dual control scheme is able to calculate optimal control actions with robustness against atmospheric disturbances (e.g. wind gusts) and with respect to the physical constraints of the quadrotor (e.g. maximum lifting forces or fixed thrust limitations in order to extend flight endurance). Extended simulation studies indicate the efficiency of the MPC scheme, both in trajectory tracking and aerodynamic disturbance attenuation.     

四旋翼飞行器增稳混合控制器

针对四旋翼飞行器在不同环境下的飞行稳定性问题,提出反步法和模糊自适应比例积分微分(PID)方法的混合控制方法。该方法根据无人机(UAV)飞行环境和大倾角、大倾角变化率选择当前合适的控制器。在系统未受扰动时,基于Backstepping的控制方法能够完成飞行器的轨迹跟踪;在受扰动时,基于模糊自适应PID能够极大地抑制扰动带来的影响,实现对四旋翼飞行器的精确控制。通过Matlab仿真分析及实际飞行器实验,验证了增稳混合控制器的稳定性。