磁化学合成（Al2O3＋Al3Zr）p/Al复合材料的微观组织与力学性能

以氧氯化锆(ZrOCl2·8H2O)为反应物,采用熔体反应法,并在反应过程中施加脉冲涡流磁场,磁化学合成了(Al2O3+Al3Zr)p/Al复合材料.扫描电镜(SEM)与X射线衍射(XRD)分析表明生成的颗粒为α-Al2O3和Al3Zr,颗粒细小,形状一致,且弥散分布于铝基体中;在相同反应条件下,与常规原位反应相比,磁场下反应更快、更完全,缩短了反应时间,并从反应动力学角度进行了分析.复合材料的力学性能研究表明,其屈服强度σs和抗拉强度σb均随颗粒体积分数的增加而升高,延伸率δ先升后降.(Al2O3+Al3Zr)p/Al复合材料的拉伸断口形貌表明,其断裂属塑性断裂.     

脉冲磁场下原位合成(Al2O3+Al3Zr)p/Al复合材料的微观组织及力学性能

采用熔体反应法,以Al-ZrSiO4为反应体系,在反应过程中施加脉冲磁场,原位合成Al3Zr和Al2O3颗粒增强铝基复合材料.X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和电子探针(EPMA)分析表明:脉冲磁场作用下,原位合成的颗粒细小,尺寸为1～3 μm,且弥散分布于基体中;随外加脉冲磁场强度的增大,反应生成的增强颗粒变得更加细小,分布更均匀.拉伸实验结果表明:脉冲磁场作用下原位合成复合材料的抗拉强度随着脉冲磁场强度的增大而升高,当磁场强度为0.05 T时,复合材料的抗拉强度比未施加脉冲磁场的复合材料提高28%;伸长率随磁场强度的增大略微下降.拉伸断口形貌分析表明:脉冲磁场作用下复合材料断口形貌中的韧窝和撕裂纹大大减少,但仍属于塑性断裂.     

脉冲磁场下原位合成（Al203＋Al3Zr）p／Al复合材料的微观组织及力学性能

采用熔体反应法，以Al-ZrSi04为反应体系，在反应过程中施加脉冲磁场，原位合成Al3Zr和Al203颗粒增强铝基复合材料。X射线衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）和电子探针（EPMA）分析表明：脉冲磁场作用下，原位合成的颗粒细小，尺寸为1～3μm，且弥散分布于基体中；随外加脉冲磁场强度的增大，反应生成的增强颗粒变得更加细小，分布更均匀。拉伸实验结果表明：脉冲磁场作用下原位合成复合材料的抗拉强度随着脉冲磁场强度的增大而升高，当磁场强度为0．05T时，复合材料的抗拉强度比未施加脉冲磁场的复合材料提高28％；伸长率随磁场强度的增大略微下降。拉伸断口形貌分析表明：脉冲磁场作用下复合材料断口形貌中的韧窝和撕裂纹大大减少，但仍属于塑性断裂。     

低频交变电磁场对(Al2O3+Al3Zr)p/Al复合材料凝固组织和干滑动磨损性能影响

在低频交变电磁场条件下,研究了Al-Zr(CO3)2组元通过熔体反应法原位合成的Al2O3、Al3Zr颗粒增强铝基复合材料,结果表明:外加低频交变电磁场能够有效地改善反应动力学条件,对固液两相反应的传质和扩散起到了很好的促进作用,凝固组织中增强相颗粒在铝基体中的体积分数增加,分布弥散均匀.复合材料干滑动磨损机制是磨粒磨损,磨损量31.7 mg,比未加电磁场时的磨损量下降了46.1%,耐磨性提高.     

原位Al2O3颗粒增强铜基复合材料的制备及微观组织

采用原位反应的方法成功制备了Al2O3颗粒增强铜基复合材料.对原位反应过程进行了热力学分析和动力学分析.SEM观察和EDS分析显示,原位反应生成的Al2O3颗粒分布于Cu基体中,且颗粒平均直径约为0.5μm,在材料中平整圆滑的Al2O3颗粒与基体结合良好.     

低频交变电磁场对（Al2O3＋Al2Zr）p／Al复合材料凝固组织和干滑动磨损性能影响

在低频交变电磁场条件下,研究了Al-Zr(CO3)2组元通过熔体反应法原位合成的Al2O3、Al3Zr颗粒增强铝基复合材料,结果表明：外加低频交变电磁场能够有效地改善反应动力学条件,对固液两相反应的传质和扩散起到了很好的促进作用,凝固组织中增强相颗粒在铝基体中的体积分数增加,分布弥散均匀。复合材料干滑动罾损机制是磨粒磨损,磨损量31．7mg,比未加电磁场时的磨损量下降了46．1％,耐磨性提高。     

超声化学原位合成(Al2O3+Al3Zr)p/A356复合材料

采用熔体反应法,以A356-Zr（CO3）2为反应体系,并在反应过程中施加高能超声,超声化学原位合成了（Al2O3＋Al3Zr）p/A356复合材料。扫描电镜（SEM）与X衍射（XRD）分析表明：生成的颗粒为Al2O3和Al3Zr,颗粒细小,形状一致,且弥散分布于铝基体中;试验发现：在相同反应条件下,与常规原位反应相比,超声作用下反应更快、更完全,缩短了反应时间,并从反应动力学角度进行了分析。复合材料的力学性能研究表明：经过超声处理的复合材料的抗拉强度达到了391 MPa,比未加超声的提高了23%。拉伸断口形貌分析表明：在超声作用下,复合材料断口上韧窝数量明显增加,韧窝变小、变深,材料韧性断裂特征明显。     

电磁搅拌法合成(Al2O3+Al3Zr)p/A356复合材料的凝固组织

在电磁搅拌作用下用A356-Zr（CO3）2组元通过熔体反应法原位合成了Al2O3、Al3Zr颗粒增强铝基复合材料，扫描电镜观察试样凝固组织发现：复合材料中内生增强颗粒粒度为1～3μm，并随着搅拌强度的增加，增强颗粒在基体中的体积分数和弥散度显著提高，原因是电磁搅拌促进了传热和传质扩散，改善了原位合成动力学条件；同时Si相形貌由片状初晶硅向针状、细棒状共晶Si转变，随搅拌强度的增加硅相变质，这是电磁搅拌和内生颗粒共同作用的结果。     

磁化学原位合成Al—Zr（CO3）2复合材料颗粒形貌及长大机制

利用磁化学原位反应技术成功制备了Al2O3和Al3 Zr颗粒增强Al-Zr(cQ).体系铝基复合材料.XRD、SEM和TEM分析结果表明,反应所生成的Al2O3和Al3Zr增强颗粒在基体中均匀分布;颗粒尺寸为90～120 nm.内生Al3 Zr的形貌主要有粒状、块状、板条状和针状.对Al-Zr(CO3)2体系,在脉冲磁场条件下,反应温度在850、900、950、1 000℃时,Al3 Zr形貌分别为粒状、块状、板条状和长针状或者纤维状.Al2 zr晶体表面存在生长小面facets,在晶体中观察到了清晰可见的孪晶面和孪晶形成的凹角沟槽,孪晶面为(114),孪生方向为[221],孪晶的存在及其数量对Al3Zr的生长形态起着重要的作用.内生Al2O3的形态主要为等轴粒状,受反应温度的影响不大.     

脉冲磁场下Al-ZrSiO4体系原位合成复合材料及其微观组织

在脉冲磁场下，以Al-ZrSiO4为反应体系成功制备了内Al3Zr和Al2O3颗粒增强铝基复合材料。用X射线衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电镜（sEM）、电子探针（EPMA）等研究了（Al2O3＋Al3Zr）p／Al复合材料的相组成、凝固组织和内生增强体的特征。试验结果表明，在脉冲磁场作用下，原位合成的颗粒细小，呈矩形或短棒状的A13Zr颗粒尺寸为1～3μm，形状圆整的Al2O3颗粒尺寸小于2μm，且弥散分布于基体中。随着外加脉冲磁场强度的增大，反应生成的增强颗粒变得更加细小，分布更均匀。外加脉冲磁场作用时间短，颗粒体积分数低，颗粒粗大；作用时间长，颗粒体积分数明显下降，部分颗粒开始团聚长大，最佳的作用时间为15～20min。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.