Evaluation of concrete mixes and mineral additions when used with controlled permeable formwork (CPF)

The influence of concrete mixes and commonly used mineral additions and their effects on the near surface performance of vertically cast concrete against controlled permeable formwork (CPF) are the focus of this study. Three grades of concrete (C25, C30 and C45) and mineral additives including GGBS and PFA have been tested for surface performance in situ with CPF. The various loadings were chosen to represent the minimum and maximum levels seen in standard industry practice. The range of tests used to characterise the near surface performance include subjective assessment of surface quality, surface hardness and surface tensile strength. Permeability studies of the liners after casting indicate that no excessive embedding of fine particles occurred irrespective of constituents used. Surface quality was dramatically improved in each case and changes to surface colour through densification were quantified. Near surface performance studies indicated a significant improvement for all systems studied.     

Combined effect of two sustainable technologies: Self-compacting concrete (SCC) and controlled permeability formwork (CPF)

The work presented in this paper aims at contributing to sustainable construction through enhancement of durability of concrete structures. Full size precast elements were cast with both self-compacting concrete (SCC) and conventional vibrated concrete (CC) using controlled permeability formwork (CPF). SCC is known to impart a more homogeneous and finer microstructure, compared to conventional concrete, therefore leading to more durable reinforced and pre-stressed concrete structures. CPF enables, in fresh concrete, drainage of excess water and air besides retaining binder particles at the concrete surface, leading to a blow-hole free surface and enhanced quality of the outer layers. The research program developed was designed to compare performance of two different CPF systems and also assess the combined effect of using CPF on SCC compared to CC.     

有机硅烷与透水衬里模板对提高混凝土表层渗透性试验研究

有机硅烷与透水衬里模板(CPF)都是通过降低混凝土表层渗透性而提高混凝土耐久性的技术,通过空气渗透性试验与表层水吸附试验(ISAT)分别研究了有机硅烷、透水衬里模板单独使用时,以及有机硅烷与透水衬里模板共同使用时对混凝土表面渗透性的影响,试验表明有机硅烷能有效降低普通混凝土表层水吸附作用但对空气渗透性没有明显影响,透水衬里模板对普通混凝土表层的空气渗透性与水吸附作用都有明显降低作用,有机硅烷和透水衬里模板同时使用能进一步提高混凝土表层上的抗渗透性.     

透水模板改善混凝土性能试验

对比分析了2种透水模板(CPF)的主要物理性能;结合宏观、微观试验,探讨了透水模板改善混凝土性能的机理与效果.结果表明:透水模板能有效降低混凝土浇注时的表面水灰比,提高混凝土的表面密实度,改善混凝土的孔隙分布和表观质量,提高混凝土抗渗性和耐久性.     

真空脱水工艺改善混凝土抗冲磨性能试验研究

采用透水模板衬与真空脱水工艺相结合的方法浇注低水灰比混凝土,探讨以中高强度配比的真空成型混凝土达到高强混凝土抗冲磨性能的可行性.试验结果表明： 降低水泥的比表面积可提高低水胶比混凝土的真空脱水率,进而提高混凝土抗冲磨性能;采用透水模板衬和真空脱水工艺相结合的方法,可使配制强度为C50的真空成型混凝土抗冲磨性能达到或超出配制强度为C70的非真空高强混凝土,由此可减少单方混凝土胶凝材料用量,有利于减少混凝土的收缩.真空脱水工艺提高混凝土抗冲磨性能的机理在于其明显降低了混凝土孔隙率,靠近表层的混凝土最可几孔径、临界孔径和平均孔径均明显减小,孔结构得到明显优化.     

基于现场条件下混凝土空气渗透性检测CLAM test法和Sch(o)nlin法的应用研究

透水衬里模板(CPF)通过其滤层排除新拌混凝土表层水分和因振捣而富集于混凝土表层的气体来提高混凝土表层强度和抗渗透性。通过混凝土表层水吸附试验(ISAT)评价了透水衬里模板对混凝土抗渗透性的提高作用,并利用文献提供的混凝土表层水吸附试验(ISAT)与压汞法(MIP)之间的关系式分析了采用透水衬里模板后混凝土表层孔结构参数的变化。在对比分析用压力试验机获得的混凝土整体抗压强度与回弹法得到的表层抗压强度后,可以发现透水衬里模板可以提高混凝土的表层抗压强度而不是混凝土的整体抗压强度。     

现浇钢筋混凝土楼板裂缝的成因与防治

对现浇钢筋混凝土楼板裂缝的原因进行了分析 ,阐述了现浇钢筋混凝土楼板裂缝的施工防治措施 ,提出了其裂缝的处理方法和有效控制现浇钢筋混凝土楼板裂缝的重要手段     

Foundation heat loss from heated concrete slab-on-grade floors

In recent years, there has been a renewed interest in heated concrete slab floors to provide for space heating in both residential and commercial buildings. The existing design procedures for these heating systems are based on simplified thermal models with several assumptions. In particular, the simplified models assume that both the upper and the lower concrete slab surface are isothermal and that the heat transfer through the bottom of the slab surfaces is uniformly distributed over the entire surface. In this paper, a more realistic and flexible model for heated or cooled concrete slab floors is considered to determine the heat transfer between the concrete slab and the ground. In particular, steady-state and steady-periodic semi-analytical solutions are developed to determine the temperature field within the ground medium and within the concrete slab-on-grade floor where hot or chilled water pipes are embedded. The solution presented in this paper is applied to determine the ground heat loss/gain for a heated or cooled floor under various design conditions including the level of floor insulation, and the temperature of the water pipes. These solutions are obtained using the interzone temperature profile estimation (ITPE) procedure. Detailed analysis is presented to determine the effect of the slab insulation configuration on soil and slab temperature field and on the monthly variation of the total slab heat loss.     

电渗结合透水模板成型混凝土表观质量试验

基于电渗均匀快速的排水特性,建立了电渗滤水试验模型,阐述电压加载初始时点、电压值、电渗历时及电极间距对混凝土成型效果的影响,并研究了结合透水模板垫层来改善电渗混凝土成型外观的方法.结果表明:电渗结合透水模板工艺排水可形成致密无孔洞混凝土表面,显著降低混凝土渗水透气性能,且可提高混凝土表面强度.     

密封固化剂对混凝土性能的影响研究

研究分析了无机密封固化剂对混凝土物理力学性能、耐久性能和微观结构的影响。试验结果表明该密封固化剂可使混凝土的吸水率降低18%左右,摩氏硬度、抗压强度和耐磨性均有不同程度的提高。混凝土抗渗等级由P10提高到P14,抗氯离子渗透性和碳化性能得以明显提高。密封固化剂是通过毛细渗透作用和化学反应提高密实度,阻碍有害介质的侵入,从而提高混凝土耐久性。     

Storm water runoff measurements of copper from a naturally patinated roof and from a parking space. Aspects on environmental fate and chemical speciation

Release of copper from a naturally aged copper roof on a shopping centre building in a suburban site of Stockholm has been measured during different rain events after its interaction with the internal drainage system and storm drains made of cast iron and concrete. Concentrations of copper removed by means of urban storm water from a nearby parking space have been determined for comparison. Predictions and measurements of the chemical speciation of released copper are discussed compared to the total concentration, and to threshold values for freshwater and drinking water.The results clearly illustrate that the major part of the released copper from the roof is readily retained already during transport through the internal drainage system of the building, a pathway that also changes the chemical speciation of released copper and its bioavailable fraction. Most copper, not retained by cast iron and concrete surfaces, was strongly complexed to organic matter. The median concentration of free cupric ions and weak copper complexes was less than, or within the range of reported no effect concentrations, NOECs, of copper in surface waters. The parking space contributed with significantly higher and time-dependent concentrations of total copper compared to measured concentrations of copper from the roof after the interaction with the drainage system. Most copper in the surface runoff water was strongly complexed with organic matter, hence reducing the bioavailable fraction significantly to concentrations within the NOEC range. Dilution with other sources of urban storm water will reduce the released concentration of copper even further.The results illustrate that already the internal drainage system and the storm drains made of cast iron and concrete act as efficient sinks for released copper which means that any installation of additional infiltration devices is redundant.     

混凝土现浇楼盖裂缝的成因和控制

从混凝土材料本身、施工、设计三个方面分析了混凝土现浇楼盖产生裂缝的原因，并提出了相应的预防控制措施。指出当前混凝土现浇楼盖裂缝日趋增多的主要因素是混凝土材料的收缩和温度变形。     

混凝土结构钢筋脱钝的随机可靠度分析

根据混凝土临界氯离子浓度和氯离子扩散系数与水灰比、环境温度等的关系式,计算出不同条件下受氯盐侵蚀混凝土结构50年内钢筋表面的氯离子浓度。在分析钢筋混凝土结构钢筋表面氯离子浓度随服役年限关系的基础上,用Monte Carlo方法对钢筋脱钝的随机可靠度进行分析。对保护层厚度、水灰比和环境温度等随机变量对海工混凝土结构钢筋脱钝概率的影响进行探讨。     

现浇空心板的质量控制

介绍了现浇混凝土空心板，分析了现浇混凝土空心板的优点，简述了现浇空心板的施工准备，并详细地阐述了现浇混凝土空心楼盖板的施工质量控制措施，以促进该技术的发展应用。     

自燃煤矸石砂轻混凝土单向叠合板的受弯性能

以混凝土组合形式及预制底板自燃煤矸石砂轻混凝土(SSC)的强度等级为变量,制作了5块SSC单向叠合板,通过静力加载试验,对其变形特征、破坏形态和裂缝开展情况进行了分析.结果 表明:5块单向叠合板表现出相似的变形特征;分形维数分析表明,适当提高预制底板SSC的强度等级,保证了叠合面不出现滑移;合理设计的半普通混凝土-半SSC和全SSC单向叠合板,均具有良好的整体性和较高的极限荷载,能够作为楼板使用.     

The effects of permeable formworks with sucker liners on the physical properties of concrete surfaces

In this study, the effects of formwork, with drainage holes that are attached with different liners, on the physical properties of concrete surfaces are investigated. Nine formworks, three of them normal (reference) and six of them with drainage holes, were prepared. The three formworks, which had drainage holes, were attached with type I geotextile+hessian and the remaining three were attached with type II geotextile. Blow hole ratio, surface hardness by using the rebound hammer test, pull-off strength, carbonation, chloride penetration, sorptivity and abrasion resistance tests were measured on concrete blocks which were cast with the three types of formwork. It was observed that the concrete that was made with formwork attached with type II geotextile had better surface properties than that made with the reference formwork and formwork attached with type I geotextile+hessian.     

不同粘结介质中CFRP筋锚固性能的试验研究

为寻求一种更好的粘结介质以改善CFRP筋粘结式锚具的锚固性能,通过静载试验研究了不同表面形状和锚固长度的CFRP筋在超高性能混凝土RPC、环氧铁砂、环氧石英砂和普通混凝土等四种不同粘结介质中的受力锚固特征。结果表明:CFRP筋的表面形状显著影响其锚固性能;CFRP筋在环氧铁砂和环氧石英砂中的锚固性能基本一致;在其他条件相同时,RPC对CFRP筋的锚固性能最好,环氧砂次之,普通混凝土较差;对于抗拉强度保证值2550MPa、直径10mm的表面压纹CFRP筋,其在抗压强度为130MPa的RPC中的锚固长度达到25d(d为CFRP筋的直径)时即可保证CFRP筋的强度予以充分发挥,而同样的CFRP筋在环氧砂和普通混凝土中的锚固长度为35d时亦不能保证CFRP筋被拉断。因此,在目前可供选择的粘结介质中,RPC作为综合性能优良的粘结介质可在粘结式锚具中对具有表面压纹的高强CFRP筋提供最有效的锚固。     

现浇无梁楼盖技术经济性研究

介绍了现浇混凝土空心楼盖体系的构造特点及设计原理,并结合具体案例分析了空心楼盖的微观经济性能和综合经济性能,结果表明在大荷载大柱网的情况下比传统梁板结构体系具有较好的经济效益和社会效益。     

预制混凝土空心板式电缆工作井技术经济分析

总结了整体现浇电缆工作井的工作特点和不足,分析采用预制装配式电缆工作井的优势,指出后者亟须解决的关键技术问题和可能的解决办法。针对现有预制电缆工作井专利技术的不足,建议采用混凝土空心板技术,并综述了现浇混凝土空心楼盖的研究与应用现状。通过SAP2000分析了实际电缆工作井的受力状况,用现有混凝土理论按空心井壁进行配筋设计,将其与现浇混凝土实心井壁进行技术经济对比分析后可知：在预制装配式电缆工作井中采用混凝土空心板技术是可行的,可取得节省材料、减轻自重和减少拼装接缝的效益,但空心板在压弯受力状态下的承载力计算理论尚需作进一步的研究。     

大跨度预应力现浇空心板设计工程实践

大跨度预应力空心板的设计有不同于普通混凝土空心板和预应力实心板之处,需要在设计中加以注意。基于近年来在北京地区做的大量的预应力现浇空心板的设计与施工工作,就预应力现浇空心板的工程设计中的一些要点及经验进行了简单的论述。