磁控等离子体弧金属板件柔性成形技术研究

等离子体弧柔性成形技术（FFUPA）是近年来发展起来的金属板件成形技术．利用该技术得到表面光滑、弯曲曲率小的工件较困难。为解决此关键技术问题,由等离子体的“与磁场可作用性”这一特点,利用低强度的均匀磁场来控制电子运动和增加在等离子体系统（磁控装置）中电子运动路径的长度,分散单位时间内单位面积上的等离子体数量,从而得到表面较光滑、弯曲曲率较小的工件。通过交变磁场再约束等离子体弧柔性成形实验,研究了等离子体弧在交变磁场中的特性,分析了加入交变磁场对板件弯曲成形表面质量、弯曲成形速度的影响规律。     

横向磁场约束等离子弧的研究

阐述了磁场约束等离子孤的原理，并进行了横向磁场约束等离子弧的加工试验和分析。     

直流横向磁场作用下钴基合金的组织及性能

为了提高堆焊层的性能,研究直流横向磁场对等离子弧堆焊层的组织和性能的影响.在低碳钢表面进行钴基合金粉末等离子弧堆焊时施加直流横向磁场,焊后对堆焊层进行硬度、磨损、显微组织以及X射线衍射分析,并系统地分析直流横向磁场对等离子堆焊层硬度和耐磨性的影响规律.结果表明,施加磁场时堆焊层性能比无磁场时堆焊层性能好.当堆焊电流为1...     

磁场作用下镍基等离子弧堆焊层的组织及耐磨性能

采用等离子弧堆焊设备将镍基合金粉末堆焊到低碳钢表面的过程中施加直流横向磁场,此后对堆焊层进行硬度、磨损和金相试验以及EDS,XRD分析,并系统地研究直流横向磁场对镍基粉末等离子弧堆焊层组织及耐磨性能、硬质相形态及数量的影响规律,对直流横向磁场的作用机理进行了初步的分析和讨论.结果表明,堆焊电流和磁场电流相匹配,即堆焊电流为140 A和磁场电流为2 A时,堆焊层才能获得最佳的性能,此时堆焊层的硬度为66.3 HRC,磨损量为0.0767 g,并且堆焊层组织中硬质相数量最多且分布均匀,从而增强了堆焊层金属的综合力学性能.     

外加磁场作用下铁基碳弧堆焊层的组织和性能

为了利用磁场的作用提高堆焊层的性能,研究了磁场对铁基碳弧堆焊层组织和性能的影响,在对Cr—B—Ni—V系铁基合全进行碳弧堆焊时加入直流横向磁场,以求细化堆焊层金属的组织,控制硬质相的形态及分布。通过对堆焊层进行硬度试验、磨损试验、金相试验,得出了堆焊电流和磁场电流对堆焊层金属的硬度和耐磨性的影响规律。结果表明：施加磁场的堆焊层比未施加磁场的堆焊层硬度高,耐磨性好;堆焊电流与磁场电流相匹配（堆焊电流180A,磁场电流3A）时,堆焊层的性能达到最佳,即硬度最高,耐磨性最好,此时堆焊层中硬质相细小且分布均匀,呈“六角形”,方向一致。     

间歇交变磁场频率对堆焊金属组织及性能的影响

为了研究间歇交变磁场频率对堆焊层金属组织及性能影响,对低碳钢表面进行等离子弧堆焊时外加间歇交变纵向磁场,并利用光学金相、X射线衍射、显微硬度和湿砂橡胶轮磨损试验等方法系统分析了不同磁场频率对等离子弧堆焊试件的影响.结果表明:适当的交变磁场频率能有效地增加堆焊金属中硬质相的数量,控制硬质相的生长方向,提高堆焊层金属的硬度和耐磨性,从而进一步获得最佳的电磁搅拌效果.     

磁场作用下堆焊速度对堆焊层组织性能的影响

在铁基合金碳弧堆焊过程中加入直流横向磁场。通过外加磁场对电弧、熔池的相互作用,细化堆焊层金属的组织,控制硬质相的形态及分布,进而提高堆焊层的综合力学性能。通过对堆焊层进行硬度﹑磨损试验以及显微组织分析,研究堆焊速度、磁场强度对堆焊层金属的硬度和耐磨性的影响规律。结果表明,堆焊速度应与磁场电流配合,才能使堆焊层的性能得到充分改善;当堆焊速度为12cm/min,磁场电流为3A时,堆焊层的硬度最高,为HRC54.4;磨损量最小,为0.0335g。     

交变磁场作用下金属液面的变形和波动行为

采用低熔点Sn-32%Pb-52%Bi合金模拟钢液,研究交变磁场作用下金属熔池液面的波动和变形行为。结果表明:交变磁场会使金属液面发生弧形变形,液面一直处于波动状态;熔池在三相点附近形成汇聚撞击的两个回流区,导致液面上三相点附近的波动最剧烈,易造成表面卷渣;增加线圈电流强度,液面变形增大,波动加剧;当熔池外壁面的磁感应强度达到约50mT时,液面的波动幅度达到约±3mm,应有一个合理的电流强度;适当增加频率可减小电磁力对自由表面波动的影响范围,有利于增大弯月面变形和减小液面波动,频率控制在30kHz左右较适宜;液面位于线圈中心高度附近时,弯月面变形较大,液面波动较剧烈,初始液面控制在线圈高度中心有利于节能。波动规律可解释电磁软接触连铸中铸坯表面振痕随电流强度大小的变化规律。     

交变磁场净化金属液时金属液紊流的形成及其控制

使用金属嫁液对交变磁场作用下的金属液紊流现象进行了直接观察,并对相应的成因进行了探讨,结果发现交变磁场中为磁场分布不均匀是引起紊流的根本原因。提出采用磁场分布不均度参数来衡量磁场不均匀性,该参数的提出为电磁净化器的设计和提高净化提供了理论依据。为了探讨控制紊流的方案,还采用了模拟体系,研究了不同截面形状的管型及不同磁感应分布不均度下颗粒的迁移规律,并分析了管型影响紊流形成的原因。     

横向交流脉冲磁场对堆焊金属组织及性能的影响

通过在低碳钢表面进行等离子弧堆焊时外加交流脉冲横向磁场,研究了交流脉冲磁场对镍基自熔合金组织及性能的影响,并利用光学金相、X射线衍射、显微硬度和湿砂橡胶轮磨损试验等方法,系统分析了不同脉冲磁场电流、占空比作用下的堆焊试样的硬度、耐磨性及组织.结果表明,外加横向交流脉冲磁场可以有效改善堆焊层金属的结晶形态,细化晶粒,在适当的脉冲磁场电流、占空比作用下,可以获得最佳的电磁搅拌效果,增加堆焊层金属中硬质相的数量,控制硬质相的生长方向,提高等离子弧堆焊层的硬度和耐磨性.     

横向交流磁场频率对堆焊金属组织及性能的影响

在镍基堆焊合金等离子弧堆焊过程中引入横向交流脉冲磁场,研究了横向交流脉冲磁场频率对等离子弧堆焊层金属组织及性能的影响,并利用光学金相、X射线衍射、显微硬度和湿砂橡胶轮磨损试验等方法,系统分析了不同脉冲磁场频率作用下堆焊试样的硬度、耐磨性及组织.结果表明,外加横向交流脉冲磁场可以有效改善堆焊层金属的结晶形态,细化晶粒,在适当的脉冲磁场频率作用下,可以获得最佳的电磁搅拌效果,增加堆焊层金属中硬质相的数量,控制硬质相的生长方向,提高等离子弧堆焊层的硬度和耐磨性.     

The speed of flows in the pool in arc welding in a transverse magnetic field

Physical modelling of arc welding with a wire shows that the flow speed of liquid metal, directed into the tail part of the pool and induced by the constant transverse magnetic field, increases with the increase of current and the transverse component of induction of the field. Experimental results show that the distribution of the flows is determined by the distribution of the density component of the current spreading in the liquid metal of the weld pool. The results can be used in the determination of the optimum frequency of the transverse magnetic field for controlling the dimensions of the penetration zone of the metal and the process of solidification of the weld pool metal in arc surfacing and welding.     

Modelling the transverse magnetic field generated by equipment in arc welding

The design of equipment for generating the transverse magnetic field in arc welding can be optimised by modelling the direct magnetic field produced by the device for generating (GD) the transverse magnetic field (TMF) by the electric field of the current flowing in flat models made of electrically conducting materials. The lines of force of the electric field in the flow of the current in the modelling medium correspond to the lines of force (induction lines) of the magnetic field generated by GD TMF. Using these modelling methods, it is shown that to obtain the maximum values of the transverse component of the induction of the magnetic field in the zone of the welding arc of the electrode droplet and liquid metal of the weld pool, the optimum design of GD TMF is the one in which the angle of inclination of the bars to the vertical is equal to 45° and the end surfaces have chamfers parallel to the plane of the welded sheets.     

埋弧焊磁控电弧焊缝跟踪系统中的横向磁场ANSYS模拟

针对埋弧焊磁控电弧焊缝跟踪系统中磁控电弧传感器产生的外加横向磁场,文中采用有限元分析方法建立了由磁控电弧传感器产生的横向磁场计算模型.应用ANSYS软件对横向磁场进行了模拟;对该横向磁场的纵截面分布、磁流密度矢量的分布规律进行了仿真;并对模拟结果的偏差进行了分析.实际测试结果说明了磁感应强度模拟值与实测值的一致性.针对励磁电流对焊接电弧运动状态的影响进行了实际焊接试验.结果表明,焊接电弧随励磁电流的增大而摆动,且励磁电流越大电弧摆动幅度也越大.     

横纵磁场下铁基合金堆焊层组织性能的对比分析

将Fe5自熔合金采用等离子弧堆焊设备堆焊到低碳钢表面,在堆焊的过程中施加直流横向和直流纵向磁场,并调节磁场参数和堆焊工艺参数,对不同参数下堆焊试样进行硬度和磨损试验,采用显微电镜和扫描电镜对堆焊层显微组织进行分析,研究两种磁场状态下堆焊层组织、性能的差异性,并对其中的机理进行探究.结果表明,直流横向磁场和直流纵向磁场均可提高硬质相的形核率,改善堆焊层的组织性能;横向磁场作用下堆焊层中硬质相杂乱分析,而纵向磁场使堆焊层中的硬质相以规则的"六边形"出现,这使得横向磁场对提高堆焊层的硬度较明显,纵向磁场对提高堆焊层耐磨性效果明显.     

Shape control of TIG arc plasma by cusp-type magnetic field with permanent magnet

The shape of arc plasma in gas-shielded arc welding is an important factor for the quality and efficiency of the welding. The arc plasma changes its shape by an external magnetic field because the arc is a flow of electricity and is subjected to the electromagnetic force. In this study, we examined the control of arc plasma by a cusp-type magnetic field. The field produces a high and low magnetic area alternatively, and changes the cross-section of the arc plasma from a circular to an elliptical shape. The previous study using solenoid coils to produce a cusp-type magnetic field reported that magnetized arc plasma provided deeper penetration. However, the solenoid device developed for the cusp magnetic field was too large in comparison with the size of the welding torch used for production welding. Therefore, this study investigated the magnetic control of arc plasma with permanent magnets that have recently become smaller in size and higher in intensity. Theoretical analysis model was constructed to determine the optimum arrangement of the magnets. This analysis requires a three-dimensional numerical model because the temperature-, velocity-, and electromagnetic fields of arc plasma change three-dimensionally by the additional magnetic field. It was analytically and experimentally shown in TIG arc welding that the arc shape could be elliptical cross-section even using the permanent magnets. Furthermore, our analysis showed that the effective magnetization direction of magnets was vertical, and this result was confirmed experimentally. As a result, we obtained the good bead appearance in the high-speed welding with this magnetic control.     

外加纵向磁场对等离子弧堆焊层组织与性能的影响

对铁基合金Fe5进行等离子弧堆焊时外加纵向磁场来控制堆焊层的硬质相的形态及分布,并对堆焊层进行了硬度、磨损试验,显微组织及X射线衍射分析,对堆焊层组织性能进行研究.结果表明,施加纵向磁场的堆焊层明显比无磁场作用的堆焊层硬度高、耐磨性好;磁场电流为3 A时的堆焊层性能最佳;合金堆焊层的显微组织α,γ固溶体被充分细化,并获得理想的硬质相Cr7C3,CrB等.     

Experimental study of magnetic arc blow for plasma arc cutting

Oxygen plasma arc cutting (PAC) is widely used in various industrial fields. In the case of cutting magnetized plates, the magnetic field is concentrated around the cutting front according to the progress of the cutting, and the electromagnetic force induced by leakage magnetic field deflects the plasma jet. The deflected plasma jet causes poor cutting quality and sometimes causes fatal damage on the electrode and the nozzle by a double arc as abnormal discharge. This phenomenon is called magnetic arc blow, and it is a critical issue of applying plasma cutting on magnetized plates. The purpose of this study is to investigate the arc blow behaviour and to devise a method to prevent it. We examined the relationship between operating conditions and double arc with external magnetic fields on the plasma jet. We found criteria of operation conditions that induce the arc blow. In addition, we have succeeded in suppressing the double arc generation attributed to the external magnetic field with a mild steel shield cap attachment around the nozzle tip.